Lecture 9 Hyponymy,Meronymy and Semantic Field公开课一等奖省优质课大赛获奖课件

Lecture9SenseRelationsbetweenWords(III)Hyponymy,TaxonomyandPartonomyLecturer:Prof.Dr.CHENYanEmail:cyan@Majorcontents9.1Hyponymy(下义关系)9.2Taxonomy(分类关系)9.3Partonomy(部分整体关系)9.4Semanticfield(语义场)hyponymytaxonymypartonymy下义关系部分整体关系分类关系RelationshipofinclusionHyponymy:Definition

Hyponymy[haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ][hypo-orhyp-“below,beneath,under”]dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion,i.e.themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.

tigerwolfsheepanimalswallowcuckoodovebirdInotherwords

species属species属species属genus种

subordinatetermsubordinatetermsuper-ordinatetermhyponym下义词hyponym下义词hyperonym/hypernym上义词co-hyponyms并列下义词flowerrosePlantvegetabletuliplilylotuscabbagecarrotsuperordinate/hypernym

上义词subordinate/hyponym下义词co-hyponyms并列下义词……treeHierarchy层级结构MEATVEGETABLEFRUITBEEFPORKMUTTONCABBAGECELERYSPINACHAPPLEPEACHORANGEFOODswimmingboxingrunningracewrestlingweight-liftinghurdleracerunningrelaysprintinglong-distanceracegymnasticsathleticsballgamessportsmovewalkrunswimflyQuasi-hyponymy

准下义关系Thesuperordinateanditssubordinate(s)areofdifferentpartsofspeech.tastesweetbittersourVivid,exact,concreteTreessurroundthewaternearoursummerplace.Imetawriterwhoisarelationofapolitician.Oldelms(榆树)surroundthelakenearoursummercabin.ImetanewspaperreporterwhoisthebrotherofSenatorBuckley.Practice:RewritingHegotapieceoffurniturerecently.Heboughtacupboardthreedaysago.Itissaidthatamagnificentbuildingwasdestroyedyesterday.ThenewssaysthattheRoyalHotelwasburntdownlastnight.CoherenceTherewasafinerocking-chairthathisfatherusedtositin,adeskwherehewroteletters,anestofsmalltablesandadarkimposingbookcase.Nowallthisfurniturewastobesold,andwithithisownpast.Exercise:cohesionbylexicalrelationships

Peopletodaycantraveltoalmostanyplacetheywish.Ontheirtravels,theymaychoosemanyvehicles.Theycantakeatriptothecountrysidebyb________ortoafarawaycitybyt__________.Theycanvisitaforeigncountrybya________orgoaroundtheworldonash__________.Peoplehaveeventraveledtothemoonbys____________.Whataboutapolysemichypernym?livingvegetableanimalbirdfishinsectanimalhumananimalmammalbeast9.2Taxonomytaxonomy[tæk'sɒnəmɪ]

[<Fr.taxonomie<Gr.taxis,arrangement,division+nomos,law]thescienceofclassificationsInlexicology,taxonomyreferstotherelationshipinwhich“XisakindofY”.Xisakind/sort/type/tokenofY.Pineisakindofconifer,whichisakindoftree,whichisakindofplant.Taxonymy–distinctivefeatureItappearsthatataxonymmustengagewiththemeaningofitssuperordinateinaparticularway,byfurtherspecifyingwhatisdistinctiveaboutit.Notallhyponymsaregoodtaxonyms.Hyponymslargespoon,deepspoon

arenot“akindofspoon”Taxonymsteaspoon,soupspoon

are“akindofspoon”Akittenisacat.Astallionisahorse.Aqueenisawoman.?Akittenisasortofcat.?Astallionisatypeofhorse.?Aqueenisakindofwoman.HyponymyTaxonymy分类关系含有严格层次性，普通不超出五层，每个层次词项必须严格地恪守同一分类标准；而上下义关系中词项即使也能够划分层次，但没有严密定义标准，对层次数目也没有要求。TaxonymyvsHyponymy9.3Partonomy/MeronymyMeronymy

[<Gr.meros,part+-nym,name]Meronymyispart-wholerelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.Fingerisameronymofhand.Handisameronymofarm.Armisameronymofbody.Inverseterm:holonymHolonymisthenameofthewholeofwhichthemeronymnamesapart.[Grkholo“whole”+onuma“name”]…partof…Typesofpartonomy/ponent—object(e.g.branch—tree,page—book)2.member—collection(e.g.tree—forest,fish—shoal)3.portion—mass(e.g.slice—cake,strand—hair)4.stuff—object(e.g.aluminum—airplane,gold—ring)5.feature—activity(e.g.paying—shopping)6.place—area(e.g.Cambridge—Massachusetts)7.phase—process(e.g.adolescence—growingup)holonym

meronym

typebirdwingobject-componentfacemouthobject-componenttreebranchobject-componentforesttreecollection-memberairoxygenobject-substancegrowingupadolescenceprocess-phaseshoppingpayingactivity-featureWhataboutapolysemicholonym?daydaynightdawnmorningafternoontwilighteveningnight9.4Thesemanticfieldtheory

(语义场理论)Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareasorfields,themembersofwhicharejoinedtogetherbysomecommonsemanticcomponent.Thewholevocabularycanbedividedupintofields.Wordsineachfieldaresemanticallyrelatedanddefineoneanother.Vocabularyisseenas‘anintegratedsystemoflexemesinterrelatedinsense’.JostTrier(Germanlinguist)SemanticfieldAsemanticfieldcontainswordsthatbelongtoadefinedareaofmeaning.WemighttalkaboutasemanticfieldofFOODorCLOTHINGorEMOTIONS.WithinCLOTHINGwefindwordsforallthedifferentkindsofgarments,plusthoseformakingandwearingthem.ThesemanticfieldtheoryMostlanguagessharesamesemanticfields.TimeSpaceAgeKinshipFoodColorEmotion………Thesemanticfieldtheoryemotionjoylovehatefeargriefcharacter/virtueeasy-going,aggressive,arrogant,self-conceited,modest,considerate,sympathetic,extrovert,introvert,amicable,Ambitious,honest,loyal,obedient,strong-willed,Iron-willed,trustworthy,obstinate,stubborn,unyielding,confidentLexicalgap(词汇空缺)Alexicalgapreferstoapossiblewordformthatjustdoesn’texistinthelanguage.LexicalgapslexicalgapsThesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguages,thuslexicalgapsoccur.unclefather’syoungerbrotherfather’selderbrotherfather’ssister’shusbandmother’sbrothermother’ssister’shusbandauntfather’ssisterfather’selderbrother’swifefather’syoungerbrother’swifemother’ssistermother’sbrother’swifeALifeandLivingThings生命与生物BTheBody:itsFunctionsandWelfare身体及其机能与健康CPeopleandtheFamily人与家庭DBuildings,Houses,theHome,Clothes,Belongings,andPersonalCare建筑物、房屋、家庭、服装、财物与个人护理EFood,Drink,andFarming食物、饮料与农业FFeelings,Emotions,Attitudes,andSensations感觉、情感、态度与知觉GThoughtandCommunication,LanguageandGrammar