外国新闻史课程-第7讲 信息的全球流动与通讯社事业

第7讲信息的全球流动与通讯社事业的成长《外国新闻传播史》1500人类历史切为两半。1500年之后，世界连为一体。一、西方的殖民扩张与世界新闻市场的雏形初现印刷机的全球扩散1539，墨西哥1581，秘鲁1795，南非1798，埃及西方人在世界各地办报1616，荷兰人在印度尼西亚办《活动追记》1808，葡萄牙人在巴西办《里约热内卢公报》1780，英国人在印度办《孟加拉公报》1795，英国人在南非办《开普敦公报和非洲广知报》西方殖民者的办报特点国际间信息交流需求在上升内容：从宗教出版物世俗出版物资本的渗透权利的主张对资产阶级革命的推动二、西方首批四大通讯社的由来及其国际化在电子媒体出现以前，通讯社是维系世界新闻市场循环的主要方式通讯社的专门化与标准化社会与技术背景工业革命之后统一的世界新闻市场出现巨大的信息需求，报业自身无力满足技术：电报ThedominantnewsagenciesemergeExpandinginternationaltrade,colonisation,warsarousedinterestinnewsFourmajorprivatenewsagenciesor“wireservices”emergedby1851哈瓦斯社（1835－1940）theworld'soldestestablishednewsagency,foundedin1835byCharles-LouisHavas,thefatherofglobaljournalism.

1852Agence

Havassetsupadedicatedadvertisingbranch.

1940InNovember,legislationforcesthesplitoftheadvertisingandnewsgatheringoperationsofAgence

Havas.Thenewsgatheringoperation,nowownedbytheState,becomestheOfficeFrançais

d'Information(OFI,orFrenchInformationOffice).沃尔夫社（1949－1933）创办人伯纳德•沃尔夫1865，为政府控制，改组为公司路透社（1851－）创办人路透（1816－1889）PaulJuliusReuter,thefounderofReuters,theworldnewsandinformationorganisation.BeforePaulJuliusReuterdied,hebuiltaworld-widereputationforcompetenceandtruthfulnessinnews.

1850ReuterrunninganewsagencyinAachen.Agreement(24April)withHeinrichGellertosupplypigeonsforservicebetweenBrusselsandAachen.Agencyoperatedforoverayear,untiltelegraphgapclosed.1851TheReutersarriveinLondon.ReutersetupofficeintworoomsatIRoyalExchangeBuildings,London.Cross-Channelsubmarinetelegraphbeganoperating.1858ReuterbegantosupplydailynewstoLondonpapers.1865ReutersTelegramCompanyregisteredasapubliclimitedcompany.1883MemoReutersentabriefingnotetohisagentsandcorrespondentsrequestingthemtoreport:"fires,explosions,floods,inundations,railwayaccidents,destructivestorms,earthquakes,shipwrecksattendedwithlossoflife,accidentstowarvesselsandtomailsteamers,streetriotsofagravecharacter,disturbancesarisingfromstrikes,duelsbetween,continued

andsuicidesofpersonsofnote,socialorpolitical,andmurdersofasensationaloratrociouscharacter."Itisrequestedthatthebarefactsbefirsttelegraphedwiththeutmostpromptitude,andassoonaspossibleafterwardsadescriptiveaccount,proportionatetothegravityoftheincident.Careshould,ofcourse,betakentofollowthematterup."美联社（1849－）1849，港口新闻联合社1856，纽约新闻联合社1882，西部新闻联合社（芝加哥）取名美联社，取代了纽约新闻联合社1900，美联社迁到纽约三社四边协定（1870）AgreementbetweenReuters,Havas,andWolffsignedtoestablishaworld-widenewsexchange.Somecompetitionbetweenthem.Buttheykeptthestatusquobycooperating,esp1870cartel,whichlasteduntil1934,dividinguptheworldbetweenthem.对世界的瓜分哈瓦斯社范围：包括法国及其属地，以及瑞士、西班牙、葡萄牙、意大利、比利时、罗马尼亚、土耳其、埃及（与路透社共享）、拉丁美洲等；路透社范围：包括英国及其属地、中东、远东、非洲大部分及巴尔干半岛、东印度及南美一部分；沃尔夫社范围：包括德国及其属地、斯堪的纳维亚、奥地利、匈牙利、俄国等地。三、19世纪末20世纪初国家通讯社的成长二战前夕，世界不少国家都拥有了自己的通讯社意大利1853，史蒂芬电讯社俄罗斯1904，圣彼得堡电讯社1918，罗斯塔社1925，塔斯社日本1892，帝国通讯社1901，电报通讯社1914，国际通讯社1936，同盟社美国1907，合众社1909，国际社1958年合并为合众国际社四、二战前后的国际通讯市场业务范围不断扩大技术手段日新月异国际竞争日益激烈新闻“批发商”Theagenciescarvedthemselvesapositionasnews“wholesalers”The“prestige”newspapershadtheirowncorrespondentsbutalsousedthewires,whilesmallerpapersreliedonthemcompletelyRadiosimilarlyfrom1930sWhentelevisionappeared,somewiressetuporacquiredTVnewsagenciesthatsuppliedthedomesticTVstations,againdominatinginternationalnewsdistributionHowtheystayedthere…Theymaintainedtheirpositionthrough:governmentconnections,forAPdomesticcustomerbaseprofessionalefficiency–theiroutputwascomprehensive,credible,accurate,quickcleverbusinesspractices,includingsupplyoffinancialinformationandconstantlykeepingabreastofnewtechnology美联社世界上最大的通讯社非营利合作组织路透社Inthe70sand80softhe20thcentury,Reuterstransformeditselfthroughboldpioneeringventureswhichcreatedarangeofelectronicinformationproductsfortheworld'srapidlygrowingfinancialmarkets.Asitentersthe21stcentury,Reutersisalarge,dynamic,profitablecompanycontendingforfirstplaceamongworldleadersinthebusinessofinformation.法新社（1944－）1944年，4家反法西斯通讯机构合并成AgenceFrance-Presse.MartialBourgeonbecomesitsfirstManagingDirector.Laterthatyear,adecreeconferstheprovisionalstatusofpubliccorporationtoAFP.InBrief

TheAFPbrandAguaranteeofexcellence.TheAFPteamMorethan2000employeesworldwide.AFPproductsAgenceFrance-Presseproduceseachday400,000-600,000wordsintext,1000photosand50newsgraphics.AFParoundtheworldJournalistsin165countries,5regionalheadquarters.俄塔社（1992－）1992，塔斯社与俄罗斯新闻社合并。（1994年，俄罗斯新闻社再度独立）德新社（1949－）其它主要通讯社1939，西班牙埃菲社1945，意大利安莎社1945，日本时事社，共同社1947，印度印度报业托拉斯1955，埃及中东社数字化时代的挑战Computerisationandsatellitetransmissionbecamepossibleinthe80sBothwereexpensive,sothewires,whichwerewelloffandsecure,werewellplacedtotakeadvantageofthenewtechnologyInternationalnewsnowinthehandsofafewproviders–WTN,Visnews,AFP,AP,Reuters,UPI–linkedintoalliancesbetweenthemselvesandwithmajorUS/UKnewsmediaChallenge1:newentrantsCNNwentinternationalin1985,alsoregionalefforts,e.g.Indonesia’sPalapa,STARTVwithBBC,plussyndicationofUSTVnews,regionalandlocaltv

Thesestationscouldbeamdirectintopeople’shomesorarriveviaexpandingcablesystemsAndBloombergwasemergingtochallengeinthefinancialinformationfield,thoughasyetaminorplayerinbizfinnewsThewiresscrambleTheearly1990swasmarkedbyashakeupinownershipandalliancesReutersboughtoutVisnews,renameditReutersTVin1992APopenedAPTVin1994andboughtWTNin1998,renamingitAPTNMid-1990sdigitalsatellitetransmissionallowedencodedsignalstobesenttobroadcastersTheeffectsMuchdown-sizingduringthe1990s,includingparingofexpensivecorrespondentsAPbadlyaffectedbecauseofitsrelianceonthedecliningprintindustryItsnewspaperbusinessdroppedfrom45%in1990to32%in1999,butalsobroadcastbusinessdroppedfrom20%to15%insameperiodUPI合众国际社fadedawayButbytheendofthe1990sthesituationstabilised,thoughwithfewerplayersChallenge2:TheinternetBythispointtheinternetwasgettingfaster,cheaper,moreextensive,easiertosearch–andmuchmorewidelyavailableDboom–majornewsmediasetuptheirownsitesButthisprovidednewdemandbecausemany,e.g.BBC,CNN,Yahoo!,hadtosubscribetothewirestofilltheirspaceChallenge3:BloombergbloomsBloombergstartedin