专题15社会生活说理议论类三年高考(20162018)英语试题分项解析(解析)

专题15社会生活、说理讨论类-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版解析(解析版)专题15社会生活、说理讨论类-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版解析(解析版)专题15社会生活、说理讨论类-三年高考(2016-2018)英语试题分项版解析(解析版)2018年高考题C【2018·全国I】Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whenthetheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialisation.thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish．SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhuntergatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatters.D.Theywerecloselyconnected29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2？A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modem.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6800B.About3400D.About1-200Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.HumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguagesD.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【答案】28.B29.C30.B31.C【解析】本文是一篇讨论文。文章表达了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。29.猜想词义题。依照文章第二段中的dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在取代其他语言。由此推知dominantlanguages意为：强有力的语言。应选C。30.细节理解题。依照文章第三段中的Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.和Themediannumber(中位数

)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld

’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpthat.

可知，目前生界上大概有

6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于

6000

人的占一半即

3400.应选

B。主旨要义题。依照文章第一段中的主题句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但近来时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。应选C。点睛：长难句解读Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.解析：and连接两个并列句，前面的介词短语in...作时间状语，all和前面的名词短语是同位语。句意：在近来的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的延长，特别是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的沟通，这些都是以致好多语言消失的原因。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语这些富强的语言正在不断地据有统治地位。学科@网B【2018·II】全国ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThcolourfulandsweetjewelsformBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.24.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.25.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.Tokeeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.Abiologytextbook.

B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.

D.Atravelbrochure.【答案】

24.C

25.B

26.D

27.B【解析】本文是一篇平时生活类说明文。文中表达了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，特别是香蕉。我们能够利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。24.细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。依照第二段中

Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?（至于樱桃，由于它们很好吃谁在意呢

?）可知，作者在意的是它的美味。应选

C。细节理解题。依照第三段中的Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防范香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。应选B。26.词义猜想题。依照最后一段中theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，此后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故能够推出ajuicer就是一台机器。应选D。文章出处题。文章第一指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用ajuicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。应选B。点睛：做词义猜想题时我们要注意观察，划线单词的构成结构。如此题背划线的单词是juicer，我们都知道“er”是单词的后缀。它既能够表示人，又能够表示物。如：cleaner既能够表示干净工，又能够表示干净工具。依照下文中的意思，能够判断出此题中的ajuicer是表示物。C【2018·全国II】Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.Whilethedeclineoverthepastdecadeissteepforteenreaders,somedatainthereportshowsthatreadingremainsabigpartofmanychildren

’slives,andindicateshowparentsmighthelpencouragemorereading.Accordingtothereport’skeyfindings,“the比proporti例)whonsay(they‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.Thereportdatashowsthatpleasurereadinglevelsforyoungerchildren,ages2—Whenitcomestotechnologyandreading,thereportdoeslittletocounsel(建议)parentslookingfordataabouttheeffectofe-readersandtabletsonreading.Itdoespointoutthatmanyparentsstilllimitelectronicreading,mainlyduetoconcernsaboutincreasedscreentime.Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.Datashowsthatkidsandteenswhodoreadfrequently,comparedtoinfrequentreaders,havemorebooksinthehome,morebookspurchasedforthem,parentswhoreadmoreoften,andparentswhosetasidetimeforthemtoread.Astheendofschoolapproaches,andschoolvacationreadinglistsloom(逼近)ahead,parentsmighttakethischancetostepinandmaketheirownsummerreadinglistandplanafamilytriptothelibraryorbookstore.WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?A.Children’sreadinghabits.B.Qualityofchildren

’sbooks.C.Children’safter-classactivities.D.Parent-childrelationships.29.Wherecanyoufindthedatathatbestsupports"childrenarereadingalotlessforfun"?A.Inparagraph2.B.Inparagraph3.C.Inparagraph4.D.Inparagraph5.Whydomanyparentslimitelectronicreading?A.E-booksareofpoorquality.B.Itcouldbeawasteoftime.C.Itmayharmchildren’shealth.D.E-readersareexpensive.Howshouldparentsencouragetheirchildrentoreadmore?A.Actasrolemodelsforthem.B.Askthentowritebookreports.C.Setupreadinggroupsforthem.D.Talkwiththeirreadingclassteachers.【答案】28.A29.B30.C31.A【解析】据本周一宣告的aCommonSenseMediareport报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父亲母亲对孩子阅读的影响等角度展现了该报告的内容。推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。依照整篇文章，我们能够看出这篇报道表达了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父亲母亲对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父亲母亲与孩子的关系。应选A。29.推理判断题。依照第三段中的theproportion(比率)whosaythey‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比率已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。应选B。31.细节理解题。依照倒数第二段Themosthopefuldatasharedinthereportshowsclearevidenceofparentsservingasexamplesandimportantguidesfortheirkidswhenitcomestoreading.可知，有显然的凭据表示，父亲母亲为孩子们做模范并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父亲母亲能够经过给孩子们作模范来激励孩子们阅读的。应选A。点睛：作此种类的题时，必然要读懂第一段。第一段读懂了，整篇文章马虎也就瓜熟蒂落了。理解了马虎，第28题我们也不难看出答案，本文讲的必然不是质量，不是活动也不是关系。而是习惯，即孩子们的阅读习惯。B【2018·全国I】GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaeidRisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder

5perfamilyaday.Andthe￡

GoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe

’sleantintohome,practicepreparinghermealsownforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11."WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains."Ipay5fora￡portion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries(系列节自),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITVSaveMoney:’sGoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEasterspecialtheycometotheofaaidfamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.24.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.Shedislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadalightbudgetforherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingyourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLess【答案】24.B25.C26.C27.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍怎样减少食品浪费以及怎样以较少的估看作出美味佳肴。24.细节理解题。依照文章第一段知道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。应选B。25.细节理解题。依照文章第二段中的InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder5perfamilyaday.可知，Susanna在MattTebbutt的帮助下，供应怎样减少食品浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。应选C。解题要点词：同义词表达withthehelpof和help。26.写作妄图题。依照文章第四段中的whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.可知，SaveMoney:GoodFood节目是SaveMoney:GoodHealth节目此后，给观众一些建议：怎样从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。应选C。主旨要义题。依照文章的整体内容可知，文章作者向来在讲怎样用较少的钱做出好的食品。依照文章中的preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.在资本紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜；howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder5perfamilyaday.￡怎样减少食品浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱；howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.我们自己做这类食品有多低价；lessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.不贵可依旧可口的食谱。能够推知D正确。点睛：本篇文章学生感觉比较难的是26题，好多学生不知道作者在说什么，不理解作者的妄图，感觉很茫然。依照文章中的SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,可知作者是为读者介绍了SaveMoney这个节目是怎么来的，即是背景信息。D【2018·全国II】We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.ItthatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseitButthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,coinvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.

’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannnsiderthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.ExpertssayitDismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldnevenexistifitweren’altforconversationcasu.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthalkingttothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Relatingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence【答案】32.C33.B34.D35.C【解析】这是一篇讨论文。在现在社会，人们在公共场合或沉醉于智妙手机，或与不愉快的默然抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要合适的发言闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不能少的部分，而且也有好多利处。33.推理判断题。题干问得是关于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。依照第三段最后一句“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem”（成功闲聊的要点是学习怎样与他们沟通，而不能是是与他们沟通。

）由此推断

C吻合题意。

A项意为：表现出优异的礼貌。B项意为：与别人有关的。

C项意为：专注于一个话题。

D项意为：做商业交易。应选

B项。推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。依照第四段的检查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显然的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，

D项吻合题意。

A项意为：闲聊改进了家庭关系。

B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。

C项意为：闲聊和正式发言相同重要。

D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。应选

D项。主旨马虎题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉醉于智妙手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通沟通），接着解析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的利处。A项意为：发言很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的利处。D项意为：不愉快的默然。应选C项。点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有益于整篇文章的掌握，有益于做文章马虎题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是默然，因此ABD都能够轻松消除。学科@网B【2018·全国III】Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒原).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.ThegoldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.【答案】

24.C

25.B

26.B

27.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了

Dawson

这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。24.

细节理解题。依照文章第一段中

Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是由于交通方便，便于经商。而纽约就是在哈德森河口周边的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理地址，故C正确。25.细节理解题。依照文章第二段最后一句Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.可知，在最先挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富饶，因此是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。26.细节理解题。依照文章最后一段中andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.

可知，人们走开

Dawson的主要原因是听闻在Alaska

发现了黄金，也就是他们要去其他地方搜寻发达的机遇。故

B正确。27.主旨马虎题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出

Dawson

这一城市的流行，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择走开该城市的原因及现在的情况，

因此全文围绕

Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故

A正确。【点睛】主旨马虎题的解题技巧：一篇文章都是围绕着一其中心思想或一个话题张开的，因此，有的文章中最显然的特点之一是有一个屡次出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便简单抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕Dawson的发展张开，Dawson屡次出现，再依照每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段经过城市发展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介绍Dawson发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择走开该城市的原因及现在的情况，从而总结出文章的主旨马虎。C【2018·浙江】Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline（装置线）onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury,thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel,theroadmovie,thesearethemosttypicalAmericanideas,bornofabundantpetrol,cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem,thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.then,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive（过分的）energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”28.Whyishamburgermentionedinparagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.29.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.30.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolera【答案】28.B29.B30.C【解析】文章表达了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。28.推理判断题。依照第二段ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.可知现代美国出生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最长远的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，应选B。【点睛】细节理解题详尽方法：1.略读资料，大概认识原文，掌握中心或主旨。2.按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如forexample,first,second等展望应该到哪处寻找自己所需要的事实。3.将精力放在搜寻你所需要的细节上。迅速通篇跳读，全文审察，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，认真核比较较内容，直至找到答案。如小题1要求解析第二段提到hamburger的作用，依照第二段ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.可知现代美国出生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最长远的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响。D【2018·天津】Giveyourselfatest.Whichwayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcouldbe,you

’llhavenotroubleestionsanswering.thesequMostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascinatnewnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb(麻木的）tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimple,althoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.Thefirststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashikingintheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereachedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Latertheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(沉浸)manyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbirdwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a"ruby-crownedkinglet"andcheckeditoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof"time"and"destination"arefurtherblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhattheyseemedbentontheirdestinations.

’dseen."Oh,afewbirds,"tNatureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeinAccordingtoParagraph2,comparedwithadults,childrenaremore____________.A.anxioustodowondersB.sensitivetoothers’feelingsC.likelytodevelopunpleasanthabitsD.eagertoexploretheworldaroundthemWhatideadoestheauthorconveyinParagraph3?A.Toavoidjumpingtoconclusions.B.Tostopcomplainingallthetime.C.TofollowtheteacherD.Toadmitmistakeshonestly.

’sadvice.Thebirdwatchers’behaviorshowsatthey__________.A.areverypatientintheirobservationB.arereallyfascinatedbynatureC.careonlyaboutthenamesofbirdsD.questiontheaccuracyofthefieldguidesWhydothehikerstakenonoticeofthesurroundingsduringthejourney?A.Thenaturalbeautyisn’tattractivetothem.B.Theyfocusonarrivingatthecampintime.C.Theforestinthedarkisdangerousforthem.D.Theyarekeentoseerarebirdsatthedestination.Inthepassage,theauthorintendstotellusweshould__________.A.filloursensestofeelthewondersoftheworldB.getridofsomebadhabitsinourdailylifeC.openourmindtonewthingsandideasD.tryourbesttoprotectnature【答案】51.D52.A53.C54.B55.A【解析】本文是一篇散文。我们有多久没有认真观察我们周围的世界了。作者经过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感觉周围世界的奇妙。51.推理判断题。依照文章第二段Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.可知，与成人对照较，孩子观察得更多，从而能够推断出孩子更急于研究他们周围的世界。应选D。推理判断题。依照文章第三段作者表达在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅游穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传达这样的见解：防范过早下结论。应选A。细节理解题。依照文章第四段全段及首句Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(沉浸)manyofushavewithnamingthings.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，其实不关心它在做什么。应选C。细节理解题。依照文章第五段Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhataroundthem.可知，徒步旅游者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。应选B。推理判断题。文章作者想要经过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感觉周围世界的奇妙。【点睛】本文是一篇散文阅读。整个文章行文自由，不名一格，对考生来说阅读有必然的难度。但我们只要要抓住贯穿全文的主线：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，就不难理解全文马虎了。文章多考查细节理解题和推理判断题，考生需要依照文中事实和线索作出判断和推理。学科@网D【2018·北京】PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturistdream,’syearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,

itshouldbenoted,isn

’leadingtthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictdriverlwhensscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfully

so),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(

排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport

—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与保护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesnextendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajor?concernA.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefuture-drivingofselfcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.C7[2018?北京卷]D【要点综述】本文是一篇社会生活类文章。文章围绕无人驾驶汽车张开，展现了无人驾驶汽车的美好远景以及其必然到来的趋势，呼吁政府采用措施，使无人驾驶汽车为人们的生活带来更多积极的影响。47.A细节理解题。依照文章第一段中的“Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated以及后文中作者所描述的这些汽车带来的有益影响可知，作者认为我们应该注意怎样让这些汽车来帮助我们解决与交通有关的问题。应选A。A词义猜想题。联系上下文，“考虑到无人驾驶技术的可靠性和责任与保护问题，第一批商用无人驾驶汽车几乎会被所有投放到打车行业”。应选A。50.B写作妄图题。由文章的最后一段以及文章很大篇幅都在讲无人驾驶汽车的优点可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车怀有积极态度。应选B。B【2018·江苏】Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有）aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomme.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpe