西方文明史课件westerncivilization2

Chapter8

TheWestintheEarlyMiddleAges500-900ThePalatineChapelinAachenFrankishKingCharlestheGreat,orCharlemagne768-814Romanruins,reminiscentofLateranPalace,pope’sresidence800,coronationceremonyPopeLeoplacedacrownEmperorandAugustus

DarkagesPetrarchregardedthepost-Romancenturiesas"dark"comparedtothelightofclassicalantiquity.Chapter81西方文明史课件westerncivilization22Themakingofthebarbariankingdom,500-750

Italy:fromOstrogothstoLombardsTheOstrogothicKingdomwasestablishedbyTheodorictheGreatinItalyandneighboringareasfrom493to553.in476deposedthelastemperoroftheWesternRomanEmpire,RomulusAugustulus,apuppet-emperorofhisfatherJuliusNeposwhowasmurderedbyhisownsoldiersin480.TheGoths,aneastGermanicpeople,twobranches:theVisigothsandtheOstrogoths,playedanimportantroleinthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireandtheemergenceofMedievalEurope.in535,theByzantineEmpireinvadedItalyunderJustinianI.Lombardconquest

Germanictribe,Arian,acceptedorthodoxChristianity

PopeGregoryI590-604,SaintGregorytheGreatorganizedtheresistance.LaidthefoundationofthemedievalpapacyThemakingofthebarbarianki3VisigothicSpain:intoleranceanddestruction507,Gallo-romanaristocratssupportedtheFrankishkingClovisinhissuccessfulconquestoftheVisigothickingdomofToulouseKingdomoftheVisigoths,418–c.720,Toledo.Diaspora,

thedispersionof

Jewsoutoftheirhomeland(theLandofIsrael)andthecommunitiesbuiltbythemacrosstheworld.AllJewsacceptedbaptismorleavethekingdom711,invadeandconqueredbyMuslimsTheAnglo-Saxons:fromPaganconquerorstoChristianMissionariesGermanicwarriorscarvedoutsmallkingdomsCentralvalue:honorandglory,resembledheroicageofancientGreeceEngland,thelandofAnglesTwoopposingformsoforthodoxChristianityCeltic,monasticanddecentralized.Roman,episcopalandhierarchicalVisigothicSpain:intolerance4Thefranks:anenduringlegacytheKingdomoftheFranks481–843,thedirectancestorofbothFranceandGermanyGermanictribes,ConversionClovisI,crownedfirstKingin496.MerovingiandynastyruledGaulandWGermanyto751DividedbyfoursonsCreatingtheEuropeanAristocracy9century,Parishsystem.Tithe,atenthofone'sincometothechurchAristocraticlifestyle:feasting,hospitality,huntingandwarfareThefranks:anenduringlegacy5TheCarolingianachievementTheCarolingiandynasty,late8thcenturyto1122Duke.Thename"Carolingian"meaning"descendantofCharles",theLatinizednameofCharlesMartel:Carolus.CharlesMartel,thedefactoruleroftheFranksastherealpowersbehindthethrone.Followers,Vassals.Aruthlessscorched-earthpolicyBy751,PepintheShort,wascrownedKingoftheFranksbypope.In800asCharlemagneattendedmassonChristmasDayinthebasilicaofSt.Peter,thepopeplacedacrownonhishead,whiletheRomansassembledforworshipproclaimedhim“emperoroftheRomans.”latercalledtheHolyRomanEmpire.Hisdeathin814begananextendedperiodoffragmentationanddeclinethatwouldeventuallyleadtotheevolutionoftheterritoriesofFranceandGermany.TheCarolingianachievement6Carolingianrenaissance.increaseofliterature,writing,thearts,architecture,jurisprudence,liturgicalreforms,andscripturalstudies.TheHolyRomanEmpire800-1806amulti-ethniccomplexofterritoriesincentralEurope800,PopeLeoIIIcrownedCharlemagneasEmperor,revivingthetitleinWesternEuropeaftermorethanthreecenturies.Thetitlewasrevivedin962whenOttoIwascrownedemperor,asthesuccessorofCharlemagneThelargestterritoryoftheempireafter962wastheKingdomofGermany,thoughitincludedtheKingdomofBohemia,theKingdomofBurgundy,theKingdomofItaly,andnumerousotherterritories.Carolingianrenaissance.7西方文明史课件westerncivilization28GeographicaltourEngland

AlfredofWessex,southernEnglishScandinavia

Nose,Vikings:GermanicNorsesailor,speakingtheOldNorselanguage,whoraidedandtradedfromtheirScandinavianhomelandsacrosswideareasofnorthernandcentralEurope,aswellasEuropeanRussia,duringthelate8thtolate11thcenturies.SwedishmerchantVikings,Rus’.RussiaMuslimSpainUmayyadEmirateGeographicaltour9AftertheCarolingians:fromempiretolordshipsInthelateninthandtenthcenturies,theFrankishkingdomcollapsedLouis’sthreesonsdividedtheempire:Louis,Lothair,CharlesEmergenceofFranceandGermanyWestFrancia,KingdomoftheWestFranks.theearlieststageoftheKingdomofFrance,840until987.CharlestheBaldEast.OttoI,OttotheGreat,DuchyofSaxony.936Germanking962emperoroftheHolyRomanEmpireThreeelementsoftheearlyMiddleAgesOrthodoxChristianityRomanadministrationFrankishmilitarykingshipAftertheCarolingians:frome10Chapter9ThehighMiddleAges,900-1300ThecountrysidePopulationdoubled,lesswar,slowlyimprovingclimateThepeasantry:serfsandfreemenSerf:apersonwhoisboundtothelandandownedbythefeudallord,couldnotleavewithoutpermissionPurchasetheirfreedom,fourteenthcentury,serfswereararityinmanypartofwesternEuropeThearistocracy:WarriorsandHeiressesKnight:

amanofnoblebirth,servedhiskinginbattle.lowernobility.associatedwiththeidealsofchivalry,thesetofrulesandwayofbehavingwhichknightswereexpectedtofollow,courtesytowardswomenSongofRolandandlegendofKingArthurKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderwho,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenceagainstSaxoninvadersinthelate5thandearly6thcenturies.Chapter9ThehighMiddleAge11Feudalism.Knightsbecamevassals,,Fief.apieceoflandheldunderthefeudalsystemthesocialsystemthatdevelopedinEuropeinthe8thcentury;vassalswereprotectedbylordswhotheyhadtoserveinwarThechurch:SaintsandmonksAsaintissomeonewhohasdiedandbeenofficiallyrecognizedandhonoredbytheChristianchurchbecausehisorherlifewasaperfectexampleofthewayChristiansshouldlive.MonasteriesbecamewealthyandpowerfulThemonasteryofCluny,firstinternationalorganizationofmonasticcenters.Theabbotsconsideredtobeequalsofkings,popesandemperorsFeudalism.Knightsbecamevass12RoyalandnobleranksEmperor,King,Queen,Monarch,Lord,Caesar,Tsar/Tsarina,Prince/PrincessDuck/DuchessMarquis/Marchioness[mɑrʃə'nɛs]Earl,Count/countess['kaʊntəs]Viscount['vaɪkaʊnt]/ViscountessBaron/BaronessNoble,AristocratKnightCommonerRoyalandnobleranks13MedievaltownsItaliancitiesGenoa,VeniceVenice’sfleet.Merchantbanking.CommercialinsuranceCrusaderspaidItalianmerchantsFourthCrusade,sidetrackedbyVenetiansintocapturingandsackingConstantinopleNortherntownsScandinavianfishandtimber,Balticgrain,Englishwool,FlemishclothWoocloth,thefirstmajorindustryWealthymerchant-drapiers.BluenailsGuilds,anorganizationofpeoplewhodothesamejobThefairsofChampagneCloth,spices,leatherfromSpain,ironfromGermany,copperfromBohemia,saltedfishandfursfromScandinaviaMedievaltowns14TheUniversityofBologna,Italy.1088.thefirstuniversity

intheworld.firstusedthetermuniversitas,guildofstudents.TheUniversityofBologna,Ita15TheUniversityofParis,foundedcirca1150.bachelorofart.Higherfacultiesoftheology,medicineorlaw,masterEnjoyedlegalimmunityfromcitylaws.tavernsandbrothelsPeterAbelard,philosopherandtheologian,loverofHeloise,castrated,diedinthemonasteryofClunyScholasticmethod,Logicalreasoningcouldbeappliedtoallproblems,eventhoseconcerningthemysteriesoffaithThomasAquinas1225-1274anItalianDominicanfriarandCatholicpriest,philosopher,theologianandjuristinthetraditionofscholasticism,themostinfluentialWesternmedievallegalscholarandethologist.DefendtheintegrityofhumanreasonandtoreconcileitwithdivinerevelationTheUniversityofParis,found16PreachingandpovertyFrancisofAssisi1182-1226anItalianandtheRomanCatholicmonkwhofoundedtheFranciscanorderoffriars.Piety,simplicity,humilityandjoy,couldnotownproperty,touchmoneySaintDominic,1170-1221aSpanishpriestandfounderoftheDominicanOrder.strictpovertybuttheirfocuswasonpreaching,highlyeducatedPreachingandpoverty17TheinventionofthestateThemedievalempire919DukeHenryIofSaxonywaselectedking962OttoIwascrownedemperorPolicyfor300years:conflictwithGermanaristocracy,relianceonbishopsandabbotsasagents,andpreoccupationwithItalyInvestitureandreformLayinvestiture,aninvestitureisaceremonyinwhichsomeoneisgivenanofficialtitle.InvestitureControversy,1075PopeGregoryVII’s

disputewithHenryIV,HolyRomanEmperorthataffirmedtheprimacyofpapalauthority.Depose,excommunicate,stoodinthesnow,marchedonRome,fledThepinnacleofpapalpowerPopeBonifaceVII,FrenchkingPhilipIV,taxclergy,likeservantsKidnapedthepope,plunderedhistreasury,Theinventionofthestate18TheNationSate:FranceandEnglandFrance:Biology,Bureaucracy,andsanctitySanctity,thequalityofbeingholy987,HughCapetwaselectedkingofthewestFranksThedukeofNormandy,Captiondynasty987-1314,asonEngland:conquest,accounting,andcooperation1066KingEdwardtheconfessordied,threeclaimantsWilliamtheconquerorsecuredthethrone1215kingJohn,Greatcharterofliberties,kingwasnotabovethelawHissonEdwardI,conqueredWales,parliamentTheNationSate:FranceandEn19Class5Keywords1Justinian2Muhammad3idolatry4Theocracy5TheEast–WestSchism6Crusades7Charlemagne8Diaspora9Tithe10Charlemagne11TheHolyRomanEmpire12Vikings13Serf14Knight15chivalry16Feudalism17Williamtheconqueror18KingArthur19ThomasAquinas20FrancisofAssisiClass5Keywords1Justinian1120Chapter10TheLaterMiddleAges,1300-1500Websofstoneandblood

SaintVitusCathedralinPragueChapter10TheLaterMiddleAg21PoliticsasafamilyaffairThestruggleforcentralEuropeFourfamilies.1,thehouseofLuxembourg—Luxembourg,Brandenburg,2,Wittelsbach—Bavaria,Holland3,Habsburge—Austria4,Anjou—Anjou,NaplesPrussia,Teutonicorderofknight-monksCentralEuropeanKingdomsPoland,Hungary,Bohemia.Marriagealliances.CharlesⅣ,KingofBohemia,HolyRomanemperorcombineFrenchandCzechtraditionUniversityofPrague,Ownautobiography,JanHuspredecessoroftheReformation.Heresy,burn.Hussites.GoldenBullautonomyofvariousGermanprincesandkingsEmperorelectedbysevenprinceswithoutinterferenceofpope,

Politicsasafamilyaffair22AhundredYearsofWar1346-1652Whythewar?CharlesⅣdiedwithoutaheirKingofEnglandEdwardⅢ,thenephewKingPhilipⅥ,thecousinChivalryandwarfareEdward:obsessedwithKnightlyglory.kingArthurandtheRoundTable,4daysroundtablecelebrationPhilip:avaliantandsuccessfulwarrior,fondofjousting.Dreamingofleadingacrusade.EnglishSuccessesParliament,army.DukeofBurgundy.BattleofCrecy.3000-100.raidingandpillagingJoanofArcVoiceofsaint.Matron,witch,intercoursewiththedevil.savedOrleansandhavethedauphincrowned.CharlesⅦ.CapturedbyBurgundians.burnedatthestakeGunpowder,cannonAhundredYearsofWar1346-1623TheEnglishwarofroses1455-1485HouseofYork,whiterosebadgevsLancaster,redHenryⅦ,HenryTudor.TudordynastyLifeanddeathBlackDeath1347-1352.fleasofinfectedratsPunishmentforsin.JewspoisoningwaterDanceofdeathpopularimageinartInsurrectionFrench—Jacquerie,merchantsuprisinginParisThespritofthelateMiddleAgesUniversalempireanduniversalChurchbothdeclinedTheAvignonPapacy.Avignon,withFrancejustacrosstheriverBishopofBordeaux,PopeClementⅤPetrarchaccusedtheircrimeandsinThesaleifindulgences,penance,purgatoryThesaleofchurchoffices,orbeneficeTheEnglishwarofroses1455-24TheGreatWesternSchism1377PopeGregoryⅪReturnedtoRomeItalianPopeUrbanⅥ,thecardinalselectedaFrenchpopeClementVIIinAvignonaparishpriest,InEverydioceseabishop.Whoappointed?Conciliarism

1408Generalcouncil.Pisa.deposedboth,third1414,CouncilofConstance.Deposed,RomanPopeabdicated.MartinⅤVernacularLiteratureAtrioofTuscanportsPetrarch,FatherofHumanismDanteAlighieri1304-1374.DivineComedy:hell,purgatory,heavenGiovanniBoccaccioTheDecameronaframestory,100talesGeoffreyChaucer,greatestbeforeShakespeare.TheCanterburytalesTheGreatWesternSchism25Chapter11theItalianRenaissanceAcivicprocessionGentileBelliniTheprocessionoftherelicoftheHolyCrossSaintMark’sday,1444Venicecelebrateitspatron,SaintMarkMerchant’ssoncrackedhisskullBasilicaofSanMarco,wingedlion,thecity’ssymbolBytheendoffifteenthcentury,Veniceofoneofthegreatestpoweronearth,thecenterforinternationaltradeandfinancehttps:///watch?v=rVQBVE9BzYkhttps:///watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjUhttps:///watch?v=Ut-e40u3lS0Florencehttps:///watch?v=uxhKZGcPxkcVeniceChapter11theItalianRen26RenaissancesocietyPetrarch1304-1474,"FatherofHumanism“regardedthepost-Romancenturiesas"dark"comparedtothelightofclassicalantiquity.Renaissance,aFrenchwordforphenomenon,rebirthEmphasisonhumanitythatcharacterizedRenaissancethinking,

andtherenewedfascinationwiththeclassicalworldBy1500,sevenofthetenlargestcitiesinthewestwereinItalyNaples,Venice,Milan,FlorenceAgriculture,manufactureofclothingApprentice10-13Husband10yearsolder,widows.HomosexualityandlicentiousnessThechurchremainedthespatial,spiritualandcenterofpeople’slifeAgrowingsenseofcivicprideandindividualaccomplishmentwereunderlyingcharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissanceRenaissancesociety27RenaissanceArtarchitecture,sculpture,paintingArchitecture:Brunelleschi1377-1446FlorentinearchitectfirstgreatarchitectoftheItalianRenaissanceTheSantaMariadelFiorecathedralinFlorencethelargestbrickdomeintheworldRenaissanceArtarchitecture28Sculpture:Donatello,ledtherevivalofequestrianstatuePainting:MasacciofrescosintheBrancacciChapel,FlorenceTheTributeMoney,"RenderthereforeuntoCaesarthethingswhichareCaesar's;anduntoGodthethingsthatareGod's."JesusdirectsPetertofindacoininthemouthofafishinordertopaythetempletax.Sculpture:Donatello,ledthe29TheExpulsionfromtheGardenof

Eden,beforeandafterrestorationHolyTrinityTheExpulsionfromtheGarden30LeonBattistaAlberti1404-147onbuildingSandroBottocelli1445-1510BirthofVenusGodsofthewinds,ZephyrandAura,who,elevatedthisshellGrace,oneofthreesisterswhowerethegiversofbeautyandcharmLeonBattistaAlberti1404-14731Primavera

[primaˈveːra],alsoknownasAllegoryofSpringPrimavera[primaˈveːra],also32ThreegreatmastersoftheItalianHighRenaissancefromtheearly1490suntilthesackofRomebythetroopsoftheHolyRomanEmperorCharlesVofSpainin1527LeonardodaVinci1452-1519,polymath.theultimate“Renaissanceman”RepublicofFlorenceMonaLisa,TheVirginoftheRocks,thefresco“TheLastSupper”Threegreatmasters33TheLastSupperTheLastSupper34

thecopyofGiovanniPietroRizzoli1,Bartholomew,James,andAndrew.surprised.2,Judas,PeterandJohn.clutchingasmallbag,

tippingoverthesaltcellar."betraythesalt“.Peter,knifeJohn,appearstoswoon.3,Thomas,upset,theraisedindexfingerforeshadowshisIncredulityoftheResurrection.JamestheGreater,armsintheair.Philip4,Matthew,JudeThaddeusturnedtowardSimonSimontheZealot.thecopyofGiovanniPietroR35

TheVirginoftheRocktheMadonna,Jesus

JohntheBaptist

theNationalGallery,LondonLouvreTheVirginofthe36MichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-1564)Florence.LorenzodeMedicidrewonthehumanbodyforinspirationandcreatedworksonavastscale.thePietàinSt.Peter’sCathedral(1499)theDavid(1501-04).

fivemetershigh.HeroicconceptofhumanitygiantfrescocoveringtheceilingoftheSistineChapel,completedoverfouryears(1508-12)anddepictingvariousscenesfromGenesis.Creation,theFallandthefloodGenesis创世纪thefirstbookoftheOldTestamentrecountingtheeventsfromtheCreationoftheworldtothesojourningoftheIsraelitesinEgypt.creation;AdamandEve;theFallofMan;CainandAbel;Noahandtheflood;God'scovenantwithAbraham;AbrahamandIsaac;JacobandEsau;JosephandhisbrotherssojournisashortstayinaplacethatisnotyourhomeAcovenantisaformalwrittenagreementCain

andAbelwerethefirstchildrenofAdamandEvebornaftertheFallofMan;CainkilledAbeloutofjealousyandwasexiledbyGodMichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-37西方文明史课件westerncivilization238TheCreationofAdamTheCreationofAdam39thePietà

CrucifixionthePietà

Crucifixion40TheSchoolofAthens.Raphael1509–1511FrescoApostolicPalace,VaticanCityclassicalidealsofbeauty,serenityandharmony西方文明史课件westerncivilization241RenaissanceideasNotantireligious,secularinoutlook.CelebratedworldlyachievementsStressedtheimportanceofgrammar,rhetoric,moralphilosophyandhistory.Notonlytheology.PetrarchreveredrhetoricianCiceroaboveallothers.AfterthefallofConstantinoplein1453,ItalybecamethecenterforGreekstudiesasByzantinescholarsfledtheOttomanconquerorsMachiavelli

thePrinceScienceofpoliticsbegins.Spaniards,falloftheFlorentinerepublic

ahandbookforaruler

separatedallethicalconsiderationfromhisanalysis

halfhumanandhalfbeast,conquer,murder,deceive

Renaissanceideas42ThepoliticsoftheItaliancity-statesThefivePowersNaples,monarchyPapalStatesFlorencecenterofRenaissanceculture,bankingfamily,theMediciDuchyofMilanVenicemaritimepowerDiplomacy,residentambassadorsTheendofItalianhegemonyInthecourseofRenaissance,westernEuropewasItalianizedMilaneseartillery,Florentinesilk,Venetianglass,Printing,compass,eyeglasses,telescopeGenoeseseamanColumbus,Florentinemerchant,Amerigo,BrazilThepoliticsoftheItalianci43TheWarsofItaly1494-1529Naples,FlorenceandthePapalStatesunitedagainstMilanCharlesⅧofFranceinvadedTheVenetiansandthepopeunitedandcalledKingFerdinandofAragonandtheHolyRomanEmperor1527thesackofRomebyGermanmercenariesTheWarsofItaly1494-152944Chapter12theEuropeanEmpiresthevisualRecord:AstridetheworldHenryⅧ1509-1547.hunting,wresting,sixwivesSpain,France,defeatedScots,integrationofWalesAnnulmentofhisfirstmarriage,dissolvedEngland’stiestothechurchofRomeSirThomasMore’sUtopiaFerocityandthegrandeurofthekingProtrudingcodpiece?Protruding:extendingoutCodpiece:apieceofmaterialwornbymeninthe15thand16thcenturiestocovertheirgenitals.

Chapter12theEuropeanEmpi452.EuropeanencountersOttoman,spices2.1AfricaandapassagetoIndiaPortuguesePrinceHenrytheNavigator1487BartolomeuDiasroundedthetipofAfrica.Togivelighttothosewhoareindarknessandtogrowrich1499VascodaGamaroundedCapeofGoodHope,IndiaTheSlavetradePortuguese,thepopes,sugarfields,horse,raidTheAsiantradeTradersratherthanconquerors,militaryoutpost

Cloves丁香cinnamon肉桂nutmeg豆蔻pepper2.Europeanencounters462.2MundusNovus,aNewWorldhttps:///watch?v=Dk_GBL_QpGUChristopherColumbus1446-1506

Genoeseadventurer,QueenIsabellaofCastile

12October1492,Bahamas.SanSalvadorFerdinandMagellan1480-1521

PortugueseinserviceofSpain

1519-22Circumnavigation.Philippines,Elcano.18of2802.3theSpanishconquestsHernadoCortes1485-1547Sankhisboats,400,250miles.AztecEmpire

Cavalry,horse,ironarmaments

25-2million,smallpox天花typhoid伤寒measles风麻疹immunity2.2MundusNovus,aNewWorld472.4ThelegacyoftheencountersGod,Gold,Glory.Asinglemarketplace

dog-faced,dog-toothedpeople,satyrs,wildmenandcannibals

satyr：manwithstrongsexualdesires，acreaturehalfmanhalfgoat.TheColumbianexchange

atransferofmicrobes,animalsandplantsAmicrobeisaverysmall,livingthing,amicroscope

measles,smallpox,typhoid,influenza,venerealdiseasesyphilis梅毒

horses,pigs,cows.

Potato,Tomato,Italy,yellowapple.Chilipepper红辣椒inHungary

France,cocoabean,chocolate2.4Thelegacyoftheencount483.GeographicalTour:Europein1500firststageofnationbuildingthatwouldlastforthenext300years,nearly1500distinctpoliticalunits3.1EasternEuropeTheMongol,theOttoman,theRussianSweden,Norway,Denmark3.2CentralEuropeHolyRomanEmpire,nameonly3.3westernEuropeGibraltar,Moors,reconquista,Granada,Jews1469kingFerdinandofAragonandQueenIsabellaofCastileFrancemanysmallfiefsBritainsettledbyRomans,Danes,Angles,SaxonsbeforebeingconqueredbytheFrenchNormansin10663.GeographicalTour:Europei494.TheformationofstatesEuropeanstatesbegantotakeshapeattheendofthefifteenthcentury,theroleoftheprincewascrucial.Primogeniture,inheritancebytheeldestsonUsingtheirchildrenaspawnsandthemarriagebedasthechessboardWhatcouldnotbeinheritedormarriedcouldbeconquered4.1.EasternconfigurationsIvanⅢ,theGreat,1462-1505DeteriorationoftheMongolempireFallofConstantinople,marriagetoSophia,nieceofthelastemperorOftheByzantiummadeMuscovytheheirtoeasternChristendomandsuccessortotheRomanandByzantineempire.4.Theformationofstates50GrandsonIvanⅣ,theTerrible1533-1584centraladministration.TreatmentoftheboyarsearnedthenicknameDefeatedMongols,entireVolgabasin.TheCrimeanTatarsburnedMoscowPoland-LithuaniaAttheendofthefifteencentury,Casimir

Ⅳ1447-1492ruledkingdomofPolandandDuchyofLithuania,hissonBohemia

andHungaryRussiantookmuchofLithuania,OttomanstookmuchofHungaryAndBohemiaabsorbedintotheHabsburgterritory4.2.ThewesternPowersGrandsonIvanⅣ,theTerrible51ThetamingofEngland,centralizationwarofroses,1455-1485.Yorkwhite,Lancasterred.KingEdwardⅣfromhouseofYork.RichardⅢ,towerofLondon,HenryTudorfromLancaster.TheTudordynasty.Liveofhisown,Parliament,theexchequer,collectionoftaxationandothergovernmentrevenues.TheChancelloroftheExchequerHenryⅧ.ChiefministerThomasCromwellPrivyCouncil,theking’sexecutivebody.CentralizinggovernmentConfiscatedCatholicchurchTheunificationofFrance,goodtune1337-1453Hundredyears’War.Franceweakenedanddivided.DukesofBurgundy,Swissrepelled,Francerecovered.LouisⅪ,felthatandwell-worncoat,theSpiderFirstnationalarmy.Nobles,commoners-thirdestatepaidmosttax.ThetamingofEngland,central52ThemarriageofMaryofBurgundytoMaximilianofHabsburginitiatedastrugglefortheLowCountriesfortwocenturiesThemarriageofSpain1469,FerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastileMoors,Granada,JewsSpanishinquisition.Torturetogainconfession,burningatthestakeGrandsonCharlesⅤ

raisedinlowcountries,ruledBurgundyandNetherland.HabsburgestateincludingAustriaFrequentlyabsentfromSpainThereignofCharlesⅤusheredinthedawnofSpanishgoldenage

ThemarriageofMaryofBurgun535.ThedynasticstrugglesThesixteenthcenturywasaperiodofalmostunrelievedgeneralwarfareinEuropeArtilleryagainstinfantry,arrowreplacedbybullet5.1.powerandgloryValor,aRenaissancevirtueinheritedfromcrusadingzealandchivalricidealsfromtheMiddleAgesSpanish-CharlesⅤ

French-FrancisⅠ

English-HenryⅧ5.2.TheItalianWarsFrenchandSpanishmonarchesallhaveremotebutlegitimateclaimtothekingdomofNaplesFrenchkingCharlesⅧinvitedbyMilanFerdinandofAragontookallFrench-FrancisⅠ,Spanish-CharlesⅤ,dukeofBurgundy5.Thedynasticstruggles54CharlesⅤinheritedtheHabsburglandinAustriaandGermany,HolyRomanEmperorFrancisinvadedMilan,aterritoryundertheprotectionoftheHolyRomanEmperor.AnallianceofEnglandandtheholyRomanEmpireBattleofPavia,Franciswascaptured1526treatyofMadrid，Burgundy,Navarre,NaplesFrancis’ssister,sonshostagesRenouncedthetreaty.AlliancewiththeOttomansultan1527Charles’sunpaidGermanmercenariessackedRome，capturedthepope.CristianEuropewasmortified.HenryⅡ,thesonofFrancisⅠ,killedinjoustingtournamentCharlesⅤinheritedtheHabsbu55

Chapter13thereformofreligion1.SolaScriptureTheofficialLatinVulgateBible.firsttranslatedbySaintJeromeinthefourthcenturyMartinLuther’sGermantranslationin1522VernacularBiblereadingbecameapartoffamilylife2.theintellectualreformationPrintingappearedinGermanyinthelatefifteenthcentury1518-1525,onethirdofallbooksLuther2.1.ThewitofErasmusofRotterdam1466-1536aDutchRenaissancehumanist,Catholicpriest,theologian."PrinceoftheHumanists",

"thecrowninggloryoftheChristianhumanists".newLatinandGreekeditionsoftheNewTestamentChapter13thereformof562.TheLutheranreformationSimony,buyingorsellingspiritualorChurchbenefitssuchaspardons,relic