![西方文明史课件westerncivilization2_第1页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc1.gif)
![西方文明史课件westerncivilization2_第2页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc2.gif)
![西方文明史课件westerncivilization2_第3页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc3.gif)
![西方文明史课件westerncivilization2_第4页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc4.gif)
![西方文明史课件westerncivilization2_第5页](http://file4.renrendoc.com/view/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc/de31047ad93d58e73c5283f556c25ddc5.gif)
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Chapter8
TheWestintheEarlyMiddleAges500-900ThePalatineChapelinAachenFrankishKingCharlestheGreat,orCharlemagne768-814Romanruins,reminiscentofLateranPalace,pope’sresidence800,coronationceremonyPopeLeoplacedacrownEmperorandAugustus
DarkagesPetrarchregardedthepost-Romancenturiesas"dark"comparedtothelightofclassicalantiquity.Chapter81西方文明史课件westerncivilization22Themakingofthebarbariankingdom,500-750
Italy:fromOstrogothstoLombardsTheOstrogothicKingdomwasestablishedbyTheodorictheGreatinItalyandneighboringareasfrom493to553.in476deposedthelastemperoroftheWesternRomanEmpire,RomulusAugustulus,apuppet-emperorofhisfatherJuliusNeposwhowasmurderedbyhisownsoldiersin480.TheGoths,aneastGermanicpeople,twobranches:theVisigothsandtheOstrogoths,playedanimportantroleinthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireandtheemergenceofMedievalEurope.in535,theByzantineEmpireinvadedItalyunderJustinianI.Lombardconquest
Germanictribe,Arian,acceptedorthodoxChristianity
PopeGregoryI590-604,SaintGregorytheGreatorganizedtheresistance.LaidthefoundationofthemedievalpapacyThemakingofthebarbarianki3VisigothicSpain:intoleranceanddestruction507,Gallo-romanaristocratssupportedtheFrankishkingClovisinhissuccessfulconquestoftheVisigothickingdomofToulouseKingdomoftheVisigoths,418–c.720,Toledo.Diaspora,
thedispersionof
Jewsoutoftheirhomeland(theLandofIsrael)andthecommunitiesbuiltbythemacrosstheworld.AllJewsacceptedbaptismorleavethekingdom711,invadeandconqueredbyMuslimsTheAnglo-Saxons:fromPaganconquerorstoChristianMissionariesGermanicwarriorscarvedoutsmallkingdomsCentralvalue:honorandglory,resembledheroicageofancientGreeceEngland,thelandofAnglesTwoopposingformsoforthodoxChristianityCeltic,monasticanddecentralized.Roman,episcopalandhierarchicalVisigothicSpain:intolerance4Thefranks:anenduringlegacytheKingdomoftheFranks481–843,thedirectancestorofbothFranceandGermanyGermanictribes,ConversionClovisI,crownedfirstKingin496.MerovingiandynastyruledGaulandWGermanyto751DividedbyfoursonsCreatingtheEuropeanAristocracy9century,Parishsystem.Tithe,atenthofone'sincometothechurchAristocraticlifestyle:feasting,hospitality,huntingandwarfareThefranks:anenduringlegacy5TheCarolingianachievementTheCarolingiandynasty,late8thcenturyto1122Duke.Thename"Carolingian"meaning"descendantofCharles",theLatinizednameofCharlesMartel:Carolus.CharlesMartel,thedefactoruleroftheFranksastherealpowersbehindthethrone.Followers,Vassals.Aruthlessscorched-earthpolicyBy751,PepintheShort,wascrownedKingoftheFranksbypope.In800asCharlemagneattendedmassonChristmasDayinthebasilicaofSt.Peter,thepopeplacedacrownonhishead,whiletheRomansassembledforworshipproclaimedhim“emperoroftheRomans.”latercalledtheHolyRomanEmpire.Hisdeathin814begananextendedperiodoffragmentationanddeclinethatwouldeventuallyleadtotheevolutionoftheterritoriesofFranceandGermany.TheCarolingianachievement6Carolingianrenaissance.increaseofliterature,writing,thearts,architecture,jurisprudence,liturgicalreforms,andscripturalstudies.TheHolyRomanEmpire800-1806amulti-ethniccomplexofterritoriesincentralEurope800,PopeLeoIIIcrownedCharlemagneasEmperor,revivingthetitleinWesternEuropeaftermorethanthreecenturies.Thetitlewasrevivedin962whenOttoIwascrownedemperor,asthesuccessorofCharlemagneThelargestterritoryoftheempireafter962wastheKingdomofGermany,thoughitincludedtheKingdomofBohemia,theKingdomofBurgundy,theKingdomofItaly,andnumerousotherterritories.Carolingianrenaissance.7西方文明史课件westerncivilization28GeographicaltourEngland
AlfredofWessex,southernEnglishScandinavia
Nose,Vikings:GermanicNorsesailor,speakingtheOldNorselanguage,whoraidedandtradedfromtheirScandinavianhomelandsacrosswideareasofnorthernandcentralEurope,aswellasEuropeanRussia,duringthelate8thtolate11thcenturies.SwedishmerchantVikings,Rus’.RussiaMuslimSpainUmayyadEmirateGeographicaltour9AftertheCarolingians:fromempiretolordshipsInthelateninthandtenthcenturies,theFrankishkingdomcollapsedLouis’sthreesonsdividedtheempire:Louis,Lothair,CharlesEmergenceofFranceandGermanyWestFrancia,KingdomoftheWestFranks.theearlieststageoftheKingdomofFrance,840until987.CharlestheBaldEast.OttoI,OttotheGreat,DuchyofSaxony.936Germanking962emperoroftheHolyRomanEmpireThreeelementsoftheearlyMiddleAgesOrthodoxChristianityRomanadministrationFrankishmilitarykingshipAftertheCarolingians:frome10Chapter9ThehighMiddleAges,900-1300ThecountrysidePopulationdoubled,lesswar,slowlyimprovingclimateThepeasantry:serfsandfreemenSerf:apersonwhoisboundtothelandandownedbythefeudallord,couldnotleavewithoutpermissionPurchasetheirfreedom,fourteenthcentury,serfswereararityinmanypartofwesternEuropeThearistocracy:WarriorsandHeiressesKnight:
amanofnoblebirth,servedhiskinginbattle.lowernobility.associatedwiththeidealsofchivalry,thesetofrulesandwayofbehavingwhichknightswereexpectedtofollow,courtesytowardswomenSongofRolandandlegendofKingArthurKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderwho,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenceagainstSaxoninvadersinthelate5thandearly6thcenturies.Chapter9ThehighMiddleAge11Feudalism.Knightsbecamevassals,,Fief.apieceoflandheldunderthefeudalsystemthesocialsystemthatdevelopedinEuropeinthe8thcentury;vassalswereprotectedbylordswhotheyhadtoserveinwarThechurch:SaintsandmonksAsaintissomeonewhohasdiedandbeenofficiallyrecognizedandhonoredbytheChristianchurchbecausehisorherlifewasaperfectexampleofthewayChristiansshouldlive.MonasteriesbecamewealthyandpowerfulThemonasteryofCluny,firstinternationalorganizationofmonasticcenters.Theabbotsconsideredtobeequalsofkings,popesandemperorsFeudalism.Knightsbecamevass12RoyalandnobleranksEmperor,King,Queen,Monarch,Lord,Caesar,Tsar/Tsarina,Prince/PrincessDuck/DuchessMarquis/Marchioness[mɑrʃə'nɛs]Earl,Count/countess['kaʊntəs]Viscount['vaɪkaʊnt]/ViscountessBaron/BaronessNoble,AristocratKnightCommonerRoyalandnobleranks13MedievaltownsItaliancitiesGenoa,VeniceVenice’sfleet.Merchantbanking.CommercialinsuranceCrusaderspaidItalianmerchantsFourthCrusade,sidetrackedbyVenetiansintocapturingandsackingConstantinopleNortherntownsScandinavianfishandtimber,Balticgrain,Englishwool,FlemishclothWoocloth,thefirstmajorindustryWealthymerchant-drapiers.BluenailsGuilds,anorganizationofpeoplewhodothesamejobThefairsofChampagneCloth,spices,leatherfromSpain,ironfromGermany,copperfromBohemia,saltedfishandfursfromScandinaviaMedievaltowns14TheUniversityofBologna,Italy.1088.thefirstuniversity
intheworld.firstusedthetermuniversitas,guildofstudents.TheUniversityofBologna,Ita15TheUniversityofParis,foundedcirca1150.bachelorofart.Higherfacultiesoftheology,medicineorlaw,masterEnjoyedlegalimmunityfromcitylaws.tavernsandbrothelsPeterAbelard,philosopherandtheologian,loverofHeloise,castrated,diedinthemonasteryofClunyScholasticmethod,Logicalreasoningcouldbeappliedtoallproblems,eventhoseconcerningthemysteriesoffaithThomasAquinas1225-1274anItalianDominicanfriarandCatholicpriest,philosopher,theologianandjuristinthetraditionofscholasticism,themostinfluentialWesternmedievallegalscholarandethologist.DefendtheintegrityofhumanreasonandtoreconcileitwithdivinerevelationTheUniversityofParis,found16PreachingandpovertyFrancisofAssisi1182-1226anItalianandtheRomanCatholicmonkwhofoundedtheFranciscanorderoffriars.Piety,simplicity,humilityandjoy,couldnotownproperty,touchmoneySaintDominic,1170-1221aSpanishpriestandfounderoftheDominicanOrder.strictpovertybuttheirfocuswasonpreaching,highlyeducatedPreachingandpoverty17TheinventionofthestateThemedievalempire919DukeHenryIofSaxonywaselectedking962OttoIwascrownedemperorPolicyfor300years:conflictwithGermanaristocracy,relianceonbishopsandabbotsasagents,andpreoccupationwithItalyInvestitureandreformLayinvestiture,aninvestitureisaceremonyinwhichsomeoneisgivenanofficialtitle.InvestitureControversy,1075PopeGregoryVII’s
disputewithHenryIV,HolyRomanEmperorthataffirmedtheprimacyofpapalauthority.Depose,excommunicate,stoodinthesnow,marchedonRome,fledThepinnacleofpapalpowerPopeBonifaceVII,FrenchkingPhilipIV,taxclergy,likeservantsKidnapedthepope,plunderedhistreasury,Theinventionofthestate18TheNationSate:FranceandEnglandFrance:Biology,Bureaucracy,andsanctitySanctity,thequalityofbeingholy987,HughCapetwaselectedkingofthewestFranksThedukeofNormandy,Captiondynasty987-1314,asonEngland:conquest,accounting,andcooperation1066KingEdwardtheconfessordied,threeclaimantsWilliamtheconquerorsecuredthethrone1215kingJohn,Greatcharterofliberties,kingwasnotabovethelawHissonEdwardI,conqueredWales,parliamentTheNationSate:FranceandEn19Class5Keywords1Justinian2Muhammad3idolatry4Theocracy5TheEast–WestSchism6Crusades7Charlemagne8Diaspora9Tithe10Charlemagne11TheHolyRomanEmpire12Vikings13Serf14Knight15chivalry16Feudalism17Williamtheconqueror18KingArthur19ThomasAquinas20FrancisofAssisiClass5Keywords1Justinian1120Chapter10TheLaterMiddleAges,1300-1500Websofstoneandblood
SaintVitusCathedralinPragueChapter10TheLaterMiddleAg21PoliticsasafamilyaffairThestruggleforcentralEuropeFourfamilies.1,thehouseofLuxembourg—Luxembourg,Brandenburg,2,Wittelsbach—Bavaria,Holland3,Habsburge—Austria4,Anjou—Anjou,NaplesPrussia,Teutonicorderofknight-monksCentralEuropeanKingdomsPoland,Hungary,Bohemia.Marriagealliances.CharlesⅣ,KingofBohemia,HolyRomanemperorcombineFrenchandCzechtraditionUniversityofPrague,Ownautobiography,JanHuspredecessoroftheReformation.Heresy,burn.Hussites.GoldenBullautonomyofvariousGermanprincesandkingsEmperorelectedbysevenprinceswithoutinterferenceofpope,
Politicsasafamilyaffair22AhundredYearsofWar1346-1652Whythewar?CharlesⅣdiedwithoutaheirKingofEnglandEdwardⅢ,thenephewKingPhilipⅥ,thecousinChivalryandwarfareEdward:obsessedwithKnightlyglory.kingArthurandtheRoundTable,4daysroundtablecelebrationPhilip:avaliantandsuccessfulwarrior,fondofjousting.Dreamingofleadingacrusade.EnglishSuccessesParliament,army.DukeofBurgundy.BattleofCrecy.3000-100.raidingandpillagingJoanofArcVoiceofsaint.Matron,witch,intercoursewiththedevil.savedOrleansandhavethedauphincrowned.CharlesⅦ.CapturedbyBurgundians.burnedatthestakeGunpowder,cannonAhundredYearsofWar1346-1623TheEnglishwarofroses1455-1485HouseofYork,whiterosebadgevsLancaster,redHenryⅦ,HenryTudor.TudordynastyLifeanddeathBlackDeath1347-1352.fleasofinfectedratsPunishmentforsin.JewspoisoningwaterDanceofdeathpopularimageinartInsurrectionFrench—Jacquerie,merchantsuprisinginParisThespritofthelateMiddleAgesUniversalempireanduniversalChurchbothdeclinedTheAvignonPapacy.Avignon,withFrancejustacrosstheriverBishopofBordeaux,PopeClementⅤPetrarchaccusedtheircrimeandsinThesaleifindulgences,penance,purgatoryThesaleofchurchoffices,orbeneficeTheEnglishwarofroses1455-24TheGreatWesternSchism1377PopeGregoryⅪReturnedtoRomeItalianPopeUrbanⅥ,thecardinalselectedaFrenchpopeClementVIIinAvignonaparishpriest,InEverydioceseabishop.Whoappointed?Conciliarism
1408Generalcouncil.Pisa.deposedboth,third1414,CouncilofConstance.Deposed,RomanPopeabdicated.MartinⅤVernacularLiteratureAtrioofTuscanportsPetrarch,FatherofHumanismDanteAlighieri1304-1374.DivineComedy:hell,purgatory,heavenGiovanniBoccaccioTheDecameronaframestory,100talesGeoffreyChaucer,greatestbeforeShakespeare.TheCanterburytalesTheGreatWesternSchism25Chapter11theItalianRenaissanceAcivicprocessionGentileBelliniTheprocessionoftherelicoftheHolyCrossSaintMark’sday,1444Venicecelebrateitspatron,SaintMarkMerchant’ssoncrackedhisskullBasilicaofSanMarco,wingedlion,thecity’ssymbolBytheendoffifteenthcentury,Veniceofoneofthegreatestpoweronearth,thecenterforinternationaltradeandfinancehttps:///watch?v=rVQBVE9BzYkhttps:///watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjUhttps:///watch?v=Ut-e40u3lS0Florencehttps:///watch?v=uxhKZGcPxkcVeniceChapter11theItalianRen26RenaissancesocietyPetrarch1304-1474,"FatherofHumanism“regardedthepost-Romancenturiesas"dark"comparedtothelightofclassicalantiquity.Renaissance,aFrenchwordforphenomenon,rebirthEmphasisonhumanitythatcharacterizedRenaissancethinking,
andtherenewedfascinationwiththeclassicalworldBy1500,sevenofthetenlargestcitiesinthewestwereinItalyNaples,Venice,Milan,FlorenceAgriculture,manufactureofclothingApprentice10-13Husband10yearsolder,widows.HomosexualityandlicentiousnessThechurchremainedthespatial,spiritualandcenterofpeople’slifeAgrowingsenseofcivicprideandindividualaccomplishmentwereunderlyingcharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissanceRenaissancesociety27RenaissanceArtarchitecture,sculpture,paintingArchitecture:Brunelleschi1377-1446FlorentinearchitectfirstgreatarchitectoftheItalianRenaissanceTheSantaMariadelFiorecathedralinFlorencethelargestbrickdomeintheworldRenaissanceArtarchitecture28Sculpture:Donatello,ledtherevivalofequestrianstatuePainting:MasacciofrescosintheBrancacciChapel,FlorenceTheTributeMoney,"RenderthereforeuntoCaesarthethingswhichareCaesar's;anduntoGodthethingsthatareGod's."JesusdirectsPetertofindacoininthemouthofafishinordertopaythetempletax.Sculpture:Donatello,ledthe29TheExpulsionfromtheGardenof
Eden,beforeandafterrestorationHolyTrinityTheExpulsionfromtheGarden30LeonBattistaAlberti1404-147onbuildingSandroBottocelli1445-1510BirthofVenusGodsofthewinds,ZephyrandAura,who,elevatedthisshellGrace,oneofthreesisterswhowerethegiversofbeautyandcharmLeonBattistaAlberti1404-14731Primavera
[primaˈveːra],alsoknownasAllegoryofSpringPrimavera[primaˈveːra],also32ThreegreatmastersoftheItalianHighRenaissancefromtheearly1490suntilthesackofRomebythetroopsoftheHolyRomanEmperorCharlesVofSpainin1527LeonardodaVinci1452-1519,polymath.theultimate“Renaissanceman”RepublicofFlorenceMonaLisa,TheVirginoftheRocks,thefresco“TheLastSupper”Threegreatmasters33TheLastSupperTheLastSupper34
thecopyofGiovanniPietroRizzoli1,Bartholomew,James,andAndrew.surprised.2,Judas,PeterandJohn.clutchingasmallbag,
tippingoverthesaltcellar."betraythesalt“.Peter,knifeJohn,appearstoswoon.3,Thomas,upset,theraisedindexfingerforeshadowshisIncredulityoftheResurrection.JamestheGreater,armsintheair.Philip4,Matthew,JudeThaddeusturnedtowardSimonSimontheZealot.thecopyofGiovanniPietroR35
TheVirginoftheRocktheMadonna,Jesus
JohntheBaptist
theNationalGallery,LondonLouvreTheVirginofthe36MichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-1564)Florence.LorenzodeMedicidrewonthehumanbodyforinspirationandcreatedworksonavastscale.thePietàinSt.Peter’sCathedral(1499)theDavid(1501-04).
fivemetershigh.HeroicconceptofhumanitygiantfrescocoveringtheceilingoftheSistineChapel,completedoverfouryears(1508-12)anddepictingvariousscenesfromGenesis.Creation,theFallandthefloodGenesis创世纪thefirstbookoftheOldTestamentrecountingtheeventsfromtheCreationoftheworldtothesojourningoftheIsraelitesinEgypt.creation;AdamandEve;theFallofMan;CainandAbel;Noahandtheflood;God'scovenantwithAbraham;AbrahamandIsaac;JacobandEsau;JosephandhisbrotherssojournisashortstayinaplacethatisnotyourhomeAcovenantisaformalwrittenagreementCain
andAbelwerethefirstchildrenofAdamandEvebornaftertheFallofMan;CainkilledAbeloutofjealousyandwasexiledbyGodMichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-37西方文明史课件westerncivilization238TheCreationofAdamTheCreationofAdam39thePietà
CrucifixionthePietà
Crucifixion40TheSchoolofAthens.Raphael1509–1511FrescoApostolicPalace,VaticanCityclassicalidealsofbeauty,serenityandharmony西方文明史课件westerncivilization241RenaissanceideasNotantireligious,secularinoutlook.CelebratedworldlyachievementsStressedtheimportanceofgrammar,rhetoric,moralphilosophyandhistory.Notonlytheology.PetrarchreveredrhetoricianCiceroaboveallothers.AfterthefallofConstantinoplein1453,ItalybecamethecenterforGreekstudiesasByzantinescholarsfledtheOttomanconquerorsMachiavelli
thePrinceScienceofpoliticsbegins.Spaniards,falloftheFlorentinerepublic
ahandbookforaruler
separatedallethicalconsiderationfromhisanalysis
halfhumanandhalfbeast,conquer,murder,deceive
Renaissanceideas42ThepoliticsoftheItaliancity-statesThefivePowersNaples,monarchyPapalStatesFlorencecenterofRenaissanceculture,bankingfamily,theMediciDuchyofMilanVenicemaritimepowerDiplomacy,residentambassadorsTheendofItalianhegemonyInthecourseofRenaissance,westernEuropewasItalianizedMilaneseartillery,Florentinesilk,Venetianglass,Printing,compass,eyeglasses,telescopeGenoeseseamanColumbus,Florentinemerchant,Amerigo,BrazilThepoliticsoftheItalianci43TheWarsofItaly1494-1529Naples,FlorenceandthePapalStatesunitedagainstMilanCharlesⅧofFranceinvadedTheVenetiansandthepopeunitedandcalledKingFerdinandofAragonandtheHolyRomanEmperor1527thesackofRomebyGermanmercenariesTheWarsofItaly1494-152944Chapter12theEuropeanEmpiresthevisualRecord:AstridetheworldHenryⅧ1509-1547.hunting,wresting,sixwivesSpain,France,defeatedScots,integrationofWalesAnnulmentofhisfirstmarriage,dissolvedEngland’stiestothechurchofRomeSirThomasMore’sUtopiaFerocityandthegrandeurofthekingProtrudingcodpiece?Protruding:extendingoutCodpiece:apieceofmaterialwornbymeninthe15thand16thcenturiestocovertheirgenitals.
Chapter12theEuropeanEmpi452.EuropeanencountersOttoman,spices2.1AfricaandapassagetoIndiaPortuguesePrinceHenrytheNavigator1487BartolomeuDiasroundedthetipofAfrica.Togivelighttothosewhoareindarknessandtogrowrich1499VascodaGamaroundedCapeofGoodHope,IndiaTheSlavetradePortuguese,thepopes,sugarfields,horse,raidTheAsiantradeTradersratherthanconquerors,militaryoutpost
Cloves丁香cinnamon肉桂nutmeg豆蔻pepper2.Europeanencounters462.2MundusNovus,aNewWorldhttps:///watch?v=Dk_GBL_QpGUChristopherColumbus1446-1506
Genoeseadventurer,QueenIsabellaofCastile
12October1492,Bahamas.SanSalvadorFerdinandMagellan1480-1521
PortugueseinserviceofSpain
1519-22Circumnavigation.Philippines,Elcano.18of2802.3theSpanishconquestsHernadoCortes1485-1547Sankhisboats,400,250miles.AztecEmpire
Cavalry,horse,ironarmaments
25-2million,smallpox天花typhoid伤寒measles风麻疹immunity2.2MundusNovus,aNewWorld472.4ThelegacyoftheencountersGod,Gold,Glory.Asinglemarketplace
dog-faced,dog-toothedpeople,satyrs,wildmenandcannibals
satyr:manwithstrongsexualdesires,acreaturehalfmanhalfgoat.TheColumbianexchange
atransferofmicrobes,animalsandplantsAmicrobeisaverysmall,livingthing,amicroscope
measles,smallpox,typhoid,influenza,venerealdiseasesyphilis梅毒
horses,pigs,cows.
Potato,Tomato,Italy,yellowapple.Chilipepper红辣椒inHungary
France,cocoabean,chocolate2.4Thelegacyoftheencount483.GeographicalTour:Europein1500firststageofnationbuildingthatwouldlastforthenext300years,nearly1500distinctpoliticalunits3.1EasternEuropeTheMongol,theOttoman,theRussianSweden,Norway,Denmark3.2CentralEuropeHolyRomanEmpire,nameonly3.3westernEuropeGibraltar,Moors,reconquista,Granada,Jews1469kingFerdinandofAragonandQueenIsabellaofCastileFrancemanysmallfiefsBritainsettledbyRomans,Danes,Angles,SaxonsbeforebeingconqueredbytheFrenchNormansin10663.GeographicalTour:Europei494.TheformationofstatesEuropeanstatesbegantotakeshapeattheendofthefifteenthcentury,theroleoftheprincewascrucial.Primogeniture,inheritancebytheeldestsonUsingtheirchildrenaspawnsandthemarriagebedasthechessboardWhatcouldnotbeinheritedormarriedcouldbeconquered4.1.EasternconfigurationsIvanⅢ,theGreat,1462-1505DeteriorationoftheMongolempireFallofConstantinople,marriagetoSophia,nieceofthelastemperorOftheByzantiummadeMuscovytheheirtoeasternChristendomandsuccessortotheRomanandByzantineempire.4.Theformationofstates50GrandsonIvanⅣ,theTerrible1533-1584centraladministration.TreatmentoftheboyarsearnedthenicknameDefeatedMongols,entireVolgabasin.TheCrimeanTatarsburnedMoscowPoland-LithuaniaAttheendofthefifteencentury,Casimir
Ⅳ1447-1492ruledkingdomofPolandandDuchyofLithuania,hissonBohemia
andHungaryRussiantookmuchofLithuania,OttomanstookmuchofHungaryAndBohemiaabsorbedintotheHabsburgterritory4.2.ThewesternPowersGrandsonIvanⅣ,theTerrible51ThetamingofEngland,centralizationwarofroses,1455-1485.Yorkwhite,Lancasterred.KingEdwardⅣfromhouseofYork.RichardⅢ,towerofLondon,HenryTudorfromLancaster.TheTudordynasty.Liveofhisown,Parliament,theexchequer,collectionoftaxationandothergovernmentrevenues.TheChancelloroftheExchequerHenryⅧ.ChiefministerThomasCromwellPrivyCouncil,theking’sexecutivebody.CentralizinggovernmentConfiscatedCatholicchurchTheunificationofFrance,goodtune1337-1453Hundredyears’War.Franceweakenedanddivided.DukesofBurgundy,Swissrepelled,Francerecovered.LouisⅪ,felthatandwell-worncoat,theSpiderFirstnationalarmy.Nobles,commoners-thirdestatepaidmosttax.ThetamingofEngland,central52ThemarriageofMaryofBurgundytoMaximilianofHabsburginitiatedastrugglefortheLowCountriesfortwocenturiesThemarriageofSpain1469,FerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastileMoors,Granada,JewsSpanishinquisition.Torturetogainconfession,burningatthestakeGrandsonCharlesⅤ
raisedinlowcountries,ruledBurgundyandNetherland.HabsburgestateincludingAustriaFrequentlyabsentfromSpainThereignofCharlesⅤusheredinthedawnofSpanishgoldenage
ThemarriageofMaryofBurgun535.ThedynasticstrugglesThesixteenthcenturywasaperiodofalmostunrelievedgeneralwarfareinEuropeArtilleryagainstinfantry,arrowreplacedbybullet5.1.powerandgloryValor,aRenaissancevirtueinheritedfromcrusadingzealandchivalricidealsfromtheMiddleAgesSpanish-CharlesⅤ
French-FrancisⅠ
English-HenryⅧ5.2.TheItalianWarsFrenchandSpanishmonarchesallhaveremotebutlegitimateclaimtothekingdomofNaplesFrenchkingCharlesⅧinvitedbyMilanFerdinandofAragontookallFrench-FrancisⅠ,Spanish-CharlesⅤ,dukeofBurgundy5.Thedynasticstruggles54CharlesⅤinheritedtheHabsburglandinAustriaandGermany,HolyRomanEmperorFrancisinvadedMilan,aterritoryundertheprotectionoftheHolyRomanEmperor.AnallianceofEnglandandtheholyRomanEmpireBattleofPavia,Franciswascaptured1526treatyofMadrid,Burgundy,Navarre,NaplesFrancis’ssister,sonshostagesRenouncedthetreaty.AlliancewiththeOttomansultan1527Charles’sunpaidGermanmercenariessackedRome,capturedthepope.CristianEuropewasmortified.HenryⅡ,thesonofFrancisⅠ,killedinjoustingtournamentCharlesⅤinheritedtheHabsbu55
Chapter13thereformofreligion1.SolaScriptureTheofficialLatinVulgateBible.firsttranslatedbySaintJeromeinthefourthcenturyMartinLuther’sGermantranslationin1522VernacularBiblereadingbecameapartoffamilylife2.theintellectualreformationPrintingappearedinGermanyinthelatefifteenthcentury1518-1525,onethirdofallbooksLuther2.1.ThewitofErasmusofRotterdam1466-1536aDutchRenaissancehumanist,Catholicpriest,theologian."PrinceoftheHumanists",
"thecrowninggloryoftheChristianhumanists".newLatinandGreekeditionsoftheNewTestamentChapter13thereformof562.TheLutheranreformationSimony,buyingorsellingspiritualorChurchbenefitssuchaspardons,relic
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 沪科版2021-2022学年七年级数学(上):第1章-有理数-单元达标测试卷(二)含答案与解析
- 肺脓肿护理查房
- 第2章-金属材料的力学性能
- 哈尔滨市松北区市级名校2025年初三下学期期中联考物理试题理试题含解析
- 高考区域地理复习资料-东亚和日本
- 中职教育一年级下学期数学《直线的倾斜角和斜率》微课教案
- 高中一年级下学期英语《Unit 4 History and traditions vocabulary 》教学设计
- 物质的密度课件
- 河南某县出租汽车项目可行性研究报告
- 贵州省遵义市航天高中2025届高三5月调研测试数学试题试卷含解析
- 《Fast and Faster》RAZ分级绘本pdf资源
- 土木工程材料试验PPT课件
- 关于印发上海市事业单位岗位设置管理若干问题的处理...
- 人教版初中九年级下册文言文内容梳理
- 电力公司安全责任清单
- “两代表一委员”活动室制度两代表一委员工作制度.doc
- 设计质量保证体系及措施(完整版)
- 三栏明细分类账Excel表格
- 支气管镜检查(精选PPT干货)
- 高压旋喷桩止水帷幕施工方案
- 滇宝女娲JS复合防水涂料施工方案
评论
0/150
提交评论