05 食品安全及应对(全解版)-2023年高考英语名校试题热点重点话题

2023年高考英语名校试题热点重点话题精选

精选05食品安全及应对热点介绍随着经济的全球化，食品安全日益成为备受关注的热门话题。近几年来，世界上一些国家和地区食品安全的恶性事件不断发生，随着食品加工过程中化学品和新技术的广泛使用，新的食品安全问题不断涌现。尽管现代科技己开展到了相当水平，但食源性疾病不管在兴旺国家还是开展中国家，都没有得到有效的控制，仍然严重地危害着人民的健康，成为当今世界各国最关注的卫生问题之一。民以食为天，食以安为先。食品是人类赖以生存和开展的最基本的物质条件，食品安全涉及人类最基本权利的保障。在我国国民经济中，食品工业占有重要的地位。随着我国经济的不断开展，食品种类越来越丰富，产品数量供给充足有余，在满足食品需求供给平衡的同时，食品质量安全问题越来越突出。假冒伪劣食品频频被曝光，危害消费者身体健康和生命安全的群发性事件时有发生，食品安全问题已成为全国消费者关注的焦点。食品安全指食品无毒、无害，符合应当有的营养要求，对人体健康不造成任何急性、亚急性或者慢性危害。根据倍诺食品安全定义，食品安全是“食物中有毒、有害物质对人体健康影响的公共卫生问题”。题型精选一、阅读理解序号题型主要内容1阅读理解欧盟允许重新使用昆虫饲料喂养动物并鼓励人类食用昆虫2阅读理解研究说明孩子们更有可能喜欢天然的食物3阅读理解实验结果说明甜味剂增加癌症风险是不确定的4阅读理解消费者要注意判断产品推广是否是真实的5七选五机上食物尝起来没有味道的原因6完形填空雨林的消失产生了多个恶果1（2022•贵州黔南•高三开学考试）Firstitwaspets,thenfish.Nowit'schickensandpigs.Thelistofanimals16.推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第三段的"Oftensuchproductsarenothingmorethanmoneymakingthingsfortheirpromoters.Theresultstheyproducearequestionable,andsomearedangeroustohealth.（通常情况下，这类产品对他们的推广者来说只不过是赚钱的工具。它们产生的结果是可疑的，有些对健康有害。）”和最后一段的"Beforebuying,itisuptotheconsumertojudgethesafetyoreffectivenessofsuchitems.（在购买之前，由消费者来判断这些商品的安全性或有效性。广可知，本文作者的目的是想让消费者注意虚假的推广，应选A。二、七选五（2022・山东・济南市历城第二中学模拟预测）WhyDoesFoodTasteBadOnAirplanes?Howmanytimeshaveyoucomplainedaboutairlinefoodbeingtasteless?Accordingtopopularlyacceptedstudies,thereasonmightbeachangeinourabilitytoperceivetaste17Lefsgetintotheactualdetailsbeforeyougetoffended.TheCabinAiris15%DrierThantheAirontheGroundTomaintainthepressureinsidethecabin,airlinesmustcloselyregulatetheairinside,involvingchangingitscomposition.Theairinsideairplanecabinsisfarmoredrythantheairwebreatheontheground.18Inanenvironmentlikethis,yourpowersoftasteandsmellbegintodriftaway.ThePressureInsidetheCabinisLowerThanontheGroundInthepressurizedcabinapassenger'sbodilyfluidswillmoveupwardsandthenasalcavities（鼻月空）swell.Theswellingmesseswithourtastebuds,makingthefoodtasteunappealing.Youmightknowhowdininginsuchconditionsfeel,sincewe'veallfoughtcoldsinthepast.1920Badfoodcan'tbeblamedmerelyonthein-cabinconditionstoo.Ifsalsopossiblethatthefoodisactuallybad.Duetofoodsafetystandards,allmealsmustbecookedonthegroundandunbreakable.SuchrequirementsformassproductiondefinitelytiesdowntheCheFshands.Whatcanbedone?21Apparently,chefshavebeentryingtoadaptrecipesinhowfoodtastesathighaltitudes.Everyoneneedstobepatientuntilbettersolutionsformassfoodproductionarefound.Themethodoffoodproductionisdifferent.Themassproductionoffoodistoblame.Insomecases,it'sevendrierthancertaindeserts.Asickpersonisfarfromthebestjudgeoffoodquality.Thatmakesitourbody'sfault,ratherthantheairlines.Butthatdoesn'tmeanmealsservedonairplanescan'ttastejustasgood.Basically,wecan'tusethesamerecipesfbrairlinemealsthatwewoulduseontheground.【答案】17.E18.C19.D20.A21.G【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了飞机上食物尝起来没有味道的原因。.根据上文“Howmanytimeshaveyoucomplainedaboutairlinefoodbeingtasteless?”（你有多少次抱怨航空食品无味？）可知，我们时常抱怨飞机上食物寡淡无味。Ml±l6Cthereasonmightbeachangeinourabilitytoperceivetaste（原因可能是我们感知味道的能力发生了变化）”可知，这可能是我们自身的原因，而不是食物的问题。应选E项。.根据上文“Theairinsideairplanecabinsisfarmoredrythantheairwebreatheontheground.”（机舱内的空气比我们在地面上呼吸的空气干燥得多。）可知，机舱内的空气更干燥些，再根据后文“Inanenvironmentlikethis,yourpowersoftasteandsmellbegintodriftaway."（在这样的环境中，你的味觉和嗅觉能力开始消失。）可知，味觉和嗅觉的能力都开始消失，说明干燥的程度很严重，因此，设空处可进一步描述干燥的程度。C项“在某些情况下，它甚至比某些沙漠还要干燥“进一步补充空气的干燥程度，符合语境。应选C项。.根据上文“Inthepressurizedcabinapassenger'sbodilyfluidswillmoveupwardsandthenasalcavitiesswell.Theswellingmesseswithourtastebuds,makingthefoodtasteunappealing.Youmightknowhowdininginsuchconditionsfeel,sincewe'veallfoughtcoldsinthepast."（在压力舱中,乘客的体液会向上移动,鼻腔会肿胀。肿胀扰乱了我们的味蕾，使食物的味道变得毫无吸引力。你可能知道在这样的条件下吃饭的感觉，因为我们都曾与感冒作过斗争。）可知，上文局部解释了这与舱内的压力使得味蕾、鼻腔都发生变化有关。这种情况跟我们感冒时吃东西总感觉没有味道的情况类似。由此可知，我们不能根据自身原因来评判食物。故D项“一个病人远不是食品质量的最正确评判者。”符合语境。应选D项。.设空处小标题处，可起到概括总结的作用。根据下文“Badfoodcan、beblamedmerelyonthein-cabinconditionstoo.It'salsopossiblethatthefoodisactuallybad.Duetofoodsafetystandards,allmealsmustbecookedonthegroundandunbreakable.（糟糕的食物也不能仅仅归咎于机舱内的状况。也有可能食物实际上是坏的。根据食品安全标准，所有的饭菜都必须在地上烹调，而且不易碎。）可知，舱内生产食物的方式跟一般情况是有所不同的。应选A项。.根据后文“Apparently,chefshavebeentryingtoadaptrecipesinhowfoodtastesathighaltitudes.Everyoneneedstobepatientuntilbettersolutionsformassfoodproductionarefbund.”（显然，厨师们一直在努力调整食谱，以适应高海拔地区食物的口味。在找到更好的大规模食品生产解决方案之前，每个人都需要耐心。）可知，我们不能在飞机上使用与地面上相同的食谱，所以厨师着手改进配方。G项“基本上，我们不能使用与地面上相同的航空餐点食谱。”符合语境。应选G项。三、完形填空（2022•上海市松江二中高三阶段练习）Thebeauty,majesty,andtimelessnessofaprimaryrainforestareindescribable.Itisimpossibleto22onfilm,todescribeinwords,ortoexplaintothosewhohaveneverhadtheawe-inspiringexperienceofstandingintheheartofaprimaryrainforest.Rainforestshave23overmillionsofyearstoturnintotheincrediblycomplexenvironmentstheyaretoday.Rainforestsrepresentastoreoflivingand24renewablenaturalresourcesthatforages,byvirtueoftheirrichnessinbothanimalandplantspecies,have25awealthofresourcesforthesurvivalandwell-beingofhumankind.Theseresourceshaveincludedbasicfoodsupplies,clothing,shelter,fuel,spices,industrialrawmaterials,andmedicineforallthosewhohavelivedinthemajestyoftheforest.26,theinnerdynamicsofatropicalrainforestisanintricate（错综复杂的）andfragilesystem.Everythingisso27thatupsettingonepartcanleadtounknowndamageorevendestructionofthewhole.Sadly,ithastakenonlyacenturyofhumaninterventiontodestroywhatnaturedesignedto28forever.Thescaleofhuman29onecosystemseverywherehasincreasedenormouslyinthelastfewdecades.Since1980theglobaleconomyhastripledinsizeandtheworldpopulationhasincreasedby30percent.Consumptionofeverythingontheplanethasrisen-atacostofour30・In2001,TheWorldResourcesInstituteestimatedthatthedemandforrice,wheat,andcornisexpectedtogrowby40%by2020,increasingirrigationwaterdemandsby50%ormore.Theyfurtherreportedthatthedemandforwoodcoulddoublebytheyear2050;31、itisstillthetropicalforestsoftheworldthatsupplythebulkoftheworld'sdemandforwood.In1950,about15percentoftheEarth'slandsurfacewascoveredbyrainforest.Today,morethanhalfhasalreadygoneupin32.Infewerthanfiftyyears,morethanhalfoftheworld'stropicalrainforestshavefallen33tofireandthechainsaw,andtherateofdestructionisstillaccelerating.Unbelievably,morethan200,000acresofrainforestareburnedeveryday.Thatismorethan150acreslosteveryminuteofeveryday,and78millionacreslosteveryyear!Morethan20percentoftheAmazonrainforestisalreadygone,andmuchmoreisseverelythreatenedasthedestructioncontinues.ItisestimatedthattheAmazonaloneisvanishingatarateof20,000squaremilesayear.Ifnothingisdonetocurb（抑制）this34theentireAmazoncouldwellbegonewithinfiftyyears.

Massive35bringswithitmanyuglyconsequences—airandwaterpollution,soilerosion,malariaepidemics,thereleaseofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphereandthe36ofbiodiversitythroughextinctionofplantsandanimals.Fewerrainforestsmeanlessrain,lessoxygenforustobreathe,andanincreasedthreatfromglobalwarming.22.A.maintainB.captureC.claimD.prove23.A.changedB.evolvedC.expandedD.existed24.A.energizingB.healingC.isolatingD.breathing25.A.contributedB.storedC.reducedD.affected26.A.HoweverB.FurthermoreC.ThereforeD.Otherwise27.A.activeB.sensitiveC.interdependentD.delicate28.A.restoreB.supportC.reviveD.last29.A.pressureB.powerC.concernD.strength30.A.existenceB.ecosystemC.planetD.survival31.A.unfortunatelyB.consequentlyC.naturallyD.similarly32.A.storeB.foodC.smokeD.wealth33.A.subjectB.downC.apartD.victim34.A.trendB.practiceC.increaseD.attitude35.A.protectionB.industrializationC.modernizationD.deforestation36.A.appearanceB.explosionC.lossD.increase【答案】22.B23.B24.D25.A26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.A32.C33.D34.A35.D36.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。雨林生态系统经过几百万年的进化变成了现在这么复杂的系统，雨林呈现出生物多样性，但同时也很脆弱，物种之间息息相关，雨林因为要满足人类的经济开展和人口增长的需要而被人类肆意破坏，雨林正在以惊人的速度消失，同时因此产生了多个恶果。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是不可能用胶片拍摄，用语言描述，或解释给从没有去过雨林深处体验过这种令人惊叹的经历的人。A.maintain保持；B.capture拍摄；C.claim声称；D.prove证实。上文“Thebeauty,majesty,andtimelessnessofaprimaryrainforestareindescribable.（原始雨林的美丽、庄严和永恒是无法形容的。广可知，雨林的美只能亲自去体验，电影都无法捕捉到雨林的美和神秘，应选B项。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：雨林经过了数百万年的进化，才形成了今天这种难以置信地复杂的环境。A.changed改变；B.evolved进化；C.expanded扩大，增加；D.existed存在。根据句意，雨林变成现在的状态，是经历了几百万年的进化才形成的，evolved符合语境。应选B项。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：雨林是一个有生命和还呼吸着的可再生自然资源的宝库，多年来，由于其丰富的动植物物种，为人类的生存和福祉贡献了丰富的资源。A.energizing使人充满活力；B.healing治疗；C.isolating隔离；D.breathing呼吸。根据句意，and前后两个词都强调活着的，现在分词作定语，修饰naturalresources,breathing符合语境。应选D项。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：雨林是一个有生命和还呼吸着的可再生自然资源的宝库，多年来，由于其丰富的动植物物种，为人类的生存和福祉贡献了丰富的资源。A.contributed有助于，贡献；B.stored储存，容纳；C.reduced减少；D.affected影响。根据句意，雨林中丰富的动植物为人类的生存做出了贡献，contributed符合语境。应选A项。.考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，热带雨林的内部动态是一个复杂而脆弱的系统。A.However然而；B.Furthermore而且；C.Therefore因此；D.Otherwise否那么。由下句"Everythingissothatupsettingonepartcanleadtounknowndamageorevendestructionofthewhole.（——切都是如此的相互依赖，破坏——个部分会导致未知的损坏，甚至整个森林的毁坏。）“可知，上文写的雨林的丰富性，此处借助于however,介绍了雨林的脆弱性，与上文形成比照。应选A项。.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一切都是如此的相互依赖，破坏一个局部会导致未知的损坏，甚至整个森林的毁坏。A.active活跃的；B.sensitive善解人意的；C.interdependent相互依赖的；D.delicate脆弱的。根据句意，“牵一发而动全身”，对雨林的任何破坏，都会危及到其他物种，甚至危及整个森林，可推知：雨林中的一切都是相互依赖的。应选C项。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：可悲的是，人类只花了一个世纪的干预就摧毁了大自然设计的永存之物。A.restore恢复；B.support支持；C.revive使复兴；D.last持续。上文“Rainfbrestshaveovermillionsofyearstoturnintotheincrediblycomplexenvironmentstheyaretoday.（雨林经过了数百万年的进化，才形成了今天这种难以置信地复杂的环境。广可知，短短一个世纪，人为干涉就破坏了大自然花了数百万年进化而来的生态系统，倘假设没有人为干涉，生态系统本是可以持续永远的，last符合语境。应选D项。.考查名词词义辨析。句句意：在过去的几十年里，人类对世界各地生态系统的压力大大增加。A.pressure压力；B.power能力；C.concern忧虑,关爱；D.strength实力,强度。由下文“Since1980theglobaleconomyhastripledinsizeandtheworldpopulationhasincreasedby30percent.（自1980年以来，全球经济规模增长了两倍，世界人口增长了30%广可知，随着人类开展经济的生产原材料的需要，以及人口增长导致的对生存物资的需要，人类对生态系统的索取越加增大，生态系统的压力增加了。应选A项。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：地球上一切事物的消耗都在增加——以我们的生态系统为代价。A.existence存在；B.ecosystem生态系统；C.planet行星；D.survival生存。上文"Thescaleofhumanonecosystemseverywherehasincreasedenormouslyinthelastfewdecades.Since1980theglobaleconomyhastripledinsizeandtheworldpopulationhasincreasedby30percent.（在过去的几十年里，人类对世界各地生态系统的压力大大增加。自1980年以来，全球经济规模增长了两倍，世界人口增长了30%）”可知，经济开展和人口激增，都是在消耗地球生态系统，以生态系统为代价。应选B项。.考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们进一步报告说，到2050年，对木材的需求可能会翻一番；不幸的是，世界上的热带森林仍然是世界木材需求的主要来源。A.unfortunately不幸地，遗憾地；B.consequently因此;C.naturally自然地；D.similarly相似地。根据上下文，雨林已经不堪重荷，但是人类对木材需求还在增加,很不幸地，压力依然落在热带雨林上。应选A项。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今，一半以上的雨林已经化为乌有。A.store商店；B.food食物；C.smoke烟；D.wealth财富。短语g。upinsmoke,意为“像烟一样一下子就消失了，随烟飘散”，smoke符合句意。应选C项。.考查名词和动词短语辨析。句意：在不到50年的时间里，世界上一半以上的热带雨林都成为了火灾和电锯的牺牲品,而且这种破坏的速度还在加快。A.subject主题;B.（fall）down跌倒；C.fall（apart）分开;D.victim受害者，牺牲品。空格处单词与后半句中的destruction（毁灭，破坏）呼应。短语fallvictimto,意为“成为……的牺牲品”，为固定搭配，victim符合句意。应选D项。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果什么都不做去控制这种趋势，整个亚马逊森林会在50年内消失。A.trend趋势；B.practice练习；C.increase增加；D.attitude态度。上句"ItisestimatedthattheAmazonaloneisvanishingatarateof20,000squaremilesayear.（据估计，仅亚马逊河就以每年20000平方英里的速度消失）”可知，亚马逊河就以每年20000平方英里的速度消失，如果不控制这一趋势，整个亚马逊森林会在50年内消失。应选A项。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：大量的毁林会带来严重的后果——空气和水污染、水土流失、疟疾流行、二氧化碳被释放到大气中，以及动植物的灭绝带来的生物多样性的丧失。A.protection保护；B.industrialization工业化；C.modernization现代化；D.deforestation滥伐森林。根据上文“Today,morethanhalfhasalreadygoneupin.Infewerthanfiftyyears,morethanhalfoftheworld'stropicalrainforestshavefallentofireandthechainsaw,andtherateofdestructionisstillaccelerating.（如今，一半以上的雨林已经化为乌有。在不到50年的时间里，世界上一半以上的热带雨林都成为了火灾和电锯的牺牲品，而且这种破坏的速度还在加快。厂可知，雨林受到前所未有的破坏，同时带来了一系列的恶果。deforestation符合语境。应选D项。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：大量的毁林会带来严重的后果——空气和水污染、水土流失、疟疾流行、二氧化碳被释放到大气中，以及动植物的灭绝带来的生物多样性的丧失。A.appearance出现；B.explosion爆炸；C.loss丧失；D.increase增加。由"extinctionofplantsandanimals（植物和动物的灭绝）”可知,大规模的砍伐森林，会导致森林失去生物多样性。应选C项。allowedtofeedoninsectsisgrowing.AnewEUlawpermittingtheuseofinsectproteininchickenandpigfeedcameintoforceearlierthismonth,animportantmilestoneforanindustrydeterminedtowormitswayintotheanimal-feedbusiness.Sinceabanonprocessedanimalproteinwascarriedoutin2001becauseofthe"madcow"disease,soybeanandfishmealhavebecomethebasisofanimalfeedinEurope.Buttheirproductionneedslotsofspaceandcanbeharmfultotheenvironment,sofeedproducersarelookingforotherways.Insectsarejusttheticket.Theyareraisedinfarmsthatrequirelittlelandorwater,andtheycanbefedonagriculturalby-productsorfoodwastesuchasrottingfruitandvegetables.They9realsoanaturalfit.Mostwildfish,birdsandpigseatinsects.Theonethinggoingagainstthemisprice.Insectproteinistwotothreetimesmoreexpensivethanfishmealandsoybean.Increasingproductionmayhelpreducethedifference.Rabobank,aDutchlender,predictsthatglobalinsectproductionwillreach500,000tonnesayearby2030,upfromjust10,000tonnescurrently,andthatpriceswilltumble.Insectcompanieshaveworkedhardontheirbusiness.Researchsuggestsinsectsmaybemorethanmerefeed,promotinggrowthratesandimmunesystemsaswellasfillingstomachs.Theyalsooffertheprospect（前景）ofagreen,localprotein.ThisyeartheEuropeanFoodSafetyAgencyhasruledthatthreespeciesofinsects,yellowmealworm,locustsandhousecrickets,aresafeforhumanstoeataswell.Strangely,peopleseemlessinterestedintheideathanchickensandpigs.Whydidsoybeanandfishmealbecomelessandlesspopular?A.Theycancause“madcow“disease.B.Theyareforbiddentoproduce.C.Theymaydoharmtoenvironment.D.Theyareagriculturalby-products.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tumble“inParagraph4probablymean?A.remainuncertainB.keepsteadyC.goupD.godownWhatdoesthefifthparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theusagesofinsects.B.Thespeciesofinsects.C.Thecompaniesofinsects.D.Immunesystemsofinsects.Whatispeople'sattitudetowardtheinsectprotein?A.Objective.B.Positive.C.Unconcerned.D.Curious.【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍欧盟允许重新使用昆虫饲料喂养动物并鼓励人类食用昆虫，并说明此举原因及好处。.细节理解题。根据第二段“Sinceabanonprocessedanimalproteinwascarriedoutin2001becauseofthe"madcow“disease,soybeanandfishmealhavebecomethebasisofanimalfeedinEurope.Buttheirproductionneedslotsofspaceandcanbeharmfultotheenvironment,sofeedproducersarelookingfbrotherways.”（2001年“疯牛病”危机爆发后，政府便禁止加工动物蛋白，而大豆和鱼粉成为欧洲制作动物饲料的主要来源。但生产大豆和鱼粉需要大量空间，对环境也不友好，所以饲料制造商正在寻找替代品。）可知，生产大豆和鱼粉对环境有害，所以大豆和鱼粉越来越不受欢迎，饲料制造商正在寻找替代品。应选C项。.词句猜想题。结合语意，根据第四段的第二、"Insectproteinistwotothreetimesmoreexpensivethanfishmealandsoybean.Increasingproductionmayhelpreducethedifference.（昆虫蛋白的价格比鱼粉和大豆高出2到3倍。或许扩大产量有助于缩小差距。）可知，扩大产量有助于降低昆虫蛋白的价格。根据第四段的第四句中的“globalinsectproductionwillreach500,000tonnesayearby2030,upfromjust10,000tonnescurrently”（到2030年，每年全球昆虫的产量将从目前的1万吨增加至50万吨）可知，昆虫产量将会扩大,由此推知，昆虫蛋白的价格将会下降。所以“tumble”的意思为“下降”。A.remainuncertain依旧不稳定；B.keepsteady保持稳定；C.goup上升；D.godown下降。所以D项与“tumble”语义一致。应选D项。.段落大意题。根据第五段"Insectcompanieshaveworkedhardontheirbusiness.Researchsuggestsinsectsmaybemorethanmerefeed,promotinggrowthratesandimmunesystemsaswellasfillingstomachs.Theyalsooffertheprospectofagreen,localprotein.^^（昆虫公司一直在努力推销自己的产品。研究说明，昆虫不止是饲料，除了能够填饱肚子外，它们还能够加快发育速度、增强免疫力。它们开创了一种绿色的本地蛋白质的未来。）可知，第五段主要介绍了昆虫的用途：饲料、充饥、加快发育速度和增强免疫力。应选A项。.推理判断题。根据最后一段的最后一句"Strangely,peopleseemlessinterestedintheideathanchickensandpigs."（奇怪的是，相比食用鸡肉和猪肉，人们似乎对食用昆虫这个想法没有那么感兴趣。）可知，人们对昆虫蛋白的态度是不关心。应选C项。2（2022•云南昆明•高三开学考试）Childrenaremorelikelytopreferfoodstheybelievetobenaturaltohuman-madeoptions,ratingthemhigherfortastiness,safetyanddesirability,astudyshows.ResearchersattheUniversitiesofEdinburghandYalestudiedthepreferencesofmorethan374adultsandchildrenintheUnitedStateswhenpresentedwithapplesandorangejuiceandtoldoftheirorigins.Inonestudy,137childrenaged6to10yearsoldwereshownthreeapples.Theyweretoldonewasgrownonafarm,onewasmadeinalab,andanothergrownonatreeinsidealab.Adultstookpartinthesamestudytocompareagegroups.Bothchildrenandadultspreferredapplestheybelievedweregrownonfarmstothosegrowninlabs,researchersfound.Childrenweremorelikelytorefertofreshness,beingoutside,orsunlightwhenconsideringwhytheychosethefarmapple.Adultsweremorelikelytomentionnaturalness.Inasecondstudy,85childrenaged5to7yearsoldandagroupof64adultswereshownfourdifferentkindsoforangejuice-onedescribedassqueezedonafarm,onewithnoinformationaboutit,onewithchemicalsremovedandonedescribedashavingchemicalsadded.Researchersfoundthattheinformationonthejuice'snaturalnesshadasignificanteffectonitsrating.Theparticipantstendedtochoosethemorenaturaloptionbasedonperceivedtaste,safetyanddesiretoconsume.DrMattiWilksoftheUniversityofEdinburgh'sSchoolofPhilosophy,PsychologyandLanguageSciencessaid,"Overallweprovideevidencethatourtendencytoprefernaturalfoodispresentinchildhood.Thisresearchoffersafirststeptowardsunderstandinghowthesepreferencesareformed,includingwhethertheyaresociallylearnedandwhatdrivesourtendencytoprefernaturalthings.”Howdidresearchersdrawtheirconclusion?A.Bydoingexperiments.B.Byanalyzingreasons.C.Bytestingchildren'stastes.D.Bystudyingdifferentfruits.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthetwostudiesmentionedinthetext?A.Adultspreferapplestoorangejuice.C.Naturalnessattractsdifferentagegroups.A.Adultspreferapplestoorangejuice.C.Naturalnessattractsdifferentagegroups.What'sDrWilks'attitudetowardthestudy?A.Doubtful.B.Tolerant.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?Chemicalsdoharmtoeaters9health.D.Labsarewherefruitscanbeeasilyplanted.Uncaring.D.Positive.WhichtoChoose,ApplesorOrangeJuice?WheretoGrowFruits,onFarmsorinLabs?NaturalFoodIsMoreMouth-wateringtoChildrenDifferentAgeGroupsShowDifferentPreferences【答案】5.A6.B7.D8.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现，孩子们更有可能喜欢天然的食物，而不是人造的食品。.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“ResearchersattheUniversitiesofEdinburghandYalestudiedthepreferencesofmorethan374adultsandchildrenintheUnitedStateswhenpresentedwithapplesandorangejuiceandtoldoftheirorigins.（爱丁堡大学和耶鲁大学的研究人员研究了美国374名成年人和儿童在被告知苹果和橙汁的来源时的偏好。户以及第三段和第四段内容可知，研究人员通过做实验得出结论的。应选A。.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Inasecondstudy,85childrenaged5to7yearsoldandagroupof64adultswereshownfourdifferentkindsoforangejuice-onedescribedassqueezedonafarm,onewithnoinformationaboutit,onewithchemicalsremovedandonedescribedashavingchemicalsadded.（在第二项研究中,85名5至7岁的儿童和一组64名成年人被展示了四种不同的橙汁——一种描述为在农场榨取的橙汁，一种没有相关信息，一种不含化学物质，还有一种描述为添加了化学物质。）"和"Theparticipantstendedtochoosethemorenaturaloptionbasedonperceivedtaste,safetyanddesiretoconsume.（参与者倾向于根据感知至的味道、安全性和消费欲望选择更自然的选项。厂可推断，化学物质对食客的健康有害。应选B。.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“DrMattiWilksoftheUniversityofEdinburgh'sSchoolofPhilosophy,PsychologyandLanguageSciencessaid,"Overallweprovideevidencethatourtendencytoprefernaturalfoodispresentinchildhood.Thisresearchoffersafirststeptowardsunderstandinghowthesepreferencesareformed,includingwhethertheyaresociallylearnedandwhatdrivesourtendencytoprefernaturalthings.”（爱丁堡大学哲学、心理学和语言科学学院的马蒂・威尔克斯博士说：“总的来说，我们提供的证据说明，我们在童年时期就有偏爱天然食物的倾向。”这项研究为理解这些偏好是如何形成的迈出了第一步，包括它们是否来自社会学习，以及是什么驱使我们倾向于偏好自然事物。可推断，威尔克斯博士对这项研究的态度是积极的。故选D。.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Childrenaremorelikelytopreferfoodstheybelievetobenaturaltohuman-madeoptions,ratingthemhigherfortastiness,safetyanddesirability,astudyshows.（——项研究显示，孩子们更有可能喜欢他们认为是天然的食物，而不是人造的选择，在味道、安全性和吸引力方面给它们的评分更高J'可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现，孩子们更有可能喜欢天然的食物，而不是人造的食品。所以“NaturalFoodIsMoreMouth-wateringtoChildren（天然食物更让孩子垂涎三尺）”作为文章标题最为合适。应选C。3（2022•内蒙古・满洲里市教研培训中心三模）Sweeteners（甜味剂）areconsumedbymillionseverydayinproductslikedietsoda,partlyasawaytoavoidweightgainfromsugar-buthowhealthythesesubstitutesarehaslongbeencontroversial.Toassessthecancerriskofsweeteners,researchersanalysedthedataofmorethan100,000peopleinFrancewhoself-reportedtheirdiet,lifestyleandmedicalhistoryinintervalsbetween2009-2021.“Theparticipantswhoconsumedthelargestamountofsweeteners,beyondthemiddleamount,hadanincreasedcancerriskof13percentcomparedtonon-consumersjsaidMathildeTouvier,researchdirectoratFrance'sINSERMinstitute.Thestudysaidthatahighercancerriskwasparticularlyseenwithsweetenersaspartame（阿巴斯甜）andacesulfamepotassium（安赛蜜），usedinmanysoftdrinksincludingCokeZero.Softdrinksaccountedformorethanhalfoftheartificialsweetenersconsumed,whiletable-topsweetenersrepresented29percent.Thestudyfoundthat"higherriskswereobservedforbreastcancerandobesity-relatedcancers”.Touviersaid“wecannottotallyexcludebiaseslinkedtothelifestyleofconsumers”,callingforfurtherresearchtoconfirmthestudy'sresults.TheUSNationalCancerInstituteandCancerResearchUKbothsaythatsweetenersdonotcausecancer,andtheyhavebeenauthorisedforusebytheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority.MichaelJonesofTheInstituteofCancerResearch,Londonsaidthatthelinkreportedinthestudywas"notproofthatartificialsweetenerscausecancer”.Hesaidthefindingscouldsuggestthat"cancerriskmayberaisedinthetypeofpersonwhousesartificialsweetenerratherthanthesweeteneritself.”Thursday'sfindingsalsodonotmeanconsumersshouldrushbacktosugarydrinks-aformerstudyfoundthattheywerealsolinkedtoahigherriskofseveralcancertypes.Whydopeopleprefertochooseproductswithsweeteners?Theseproductsarecheapinprice.Sweetenersusedinthemaretotallysafe.Sweetenersinthemhelppeoplenottoputonweight.Theseproductshavebettertastethanthosewithsugar.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudy?Scientistsmainlyfocusonsweetenersusedinsoftdrinks.Thefindingswerenotsupportedbyallscientistsandinstitutes.Thedatawascollectedonalargescalefornomorethantenyears.Theintakeofsweetenerscanleadto13%participantsfacingcancerrisk.WhichofthefollowingwouldMichaelJonesagreewith?Artificialsweetenersshouldn'tbeusedcautiously.Drinkingmuchdietsodawillbringinlowerriskofcancer.Peopleshouldtakeinfoodwithsugarinsteadofsweeteners.Cancerriskmayhavemuchtodowiththelifestyleofpeople.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Sweetenersincreasingcancerrisk:notforsureThefutureofemployingartificialsweetenersTimetorushbacktosugarydrinksAlarge-scalestudyonsweeteners【答案】9.C10.B11.D12.A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过几项不同实验结果说明甜味剂增加癌症风险这是不确定的。.细节理解题。根据第一段“Sweeteners（甜味剂）areconsumedbymillionseverydayinproductslikedietsoda,partlyasawaytoavoidweightgainfromsugar（每天数百万人饮食中摄入甜味剂，比方苏打水等产品，局部原因是为了防止糖分的摄入导致体重增加广可知，人们选择食用甜味剂目的是防止体重的增加。应选C。.推理判断题。根据第五段"wecannottotallyexcludebiaseslinkedtothelifestyleofconsumers”，callingforfurtherresearchtoconfirmthestudy'sresults（我们不能完全排除与消费者生活方式有关的偏见，并呼吁进一步研究来证实该研究的结果广可知，对于这一研究的结论需要进一步证实，由此推断并非所有科学家和机构都认可这一结论。应选B。.推理判断题。根据第二段“Toassessthecancerriskofsweeteners,researchersanalysedthedataofmorethan100,000peopleinFrancewhoself-reportedtheirdiet,lifestyleandmedicalhistoryinintervalsbetween2009-2021「（为了评估甜味剂的癌症风险，研究人员分析了法国10多万人的数据，这些人在2009・2021期间自我报告了自己的饮食、生活方式和病史。）根据第六段“MichaelJonesofTheInstituteofCancerResearch,Londonsaidthatthelinkreportedinthestudywas"notproofthatartificialsweetenerscausecancer”.”（伦敦癌症研究所的迈克尔・琼斯说，研究报告中的联系“并不能证明人造甜味剂会致癌”）根据第七段“Hesaidthefindingscouldsuggestthat“cancerriskmayberaisedinthetypeofpersonwhousesartificialsweetenerratherthanthesweeteneritself.（他说，研究结果可能说明，“使用人造甜味剂而不是甜味剂本身的人患癌症的风险可能会增加）”可知，MichaelJones认为癌症风险可能与人们的生活方式有很大关系。应选D。.主旨大意题。根据第一段"Sweeteners（甜味剂）areconsumedbymillionseverydayinproductslikedietsoda,partlyasawaytoavoidweightgainfromsugar-buthowhealthythesesubstitutesarehaslongbeencontroversial（每天数百万人饮食中摄入甜味剂，比方苏打水等产品，局部原因是为了防止糖分的摄入导致体重增加，但是这些替代品有多健康一直是有争议的）''根据第二段“Toassessthecancerriskofsweeteners,researchersanalysedthedataofmorethan100,000peopleinFrancewhoself-reportedtheirdiet,lifestyleandmedicalhistoryinintervalsbetween2009-2021（为了评估甜味剂的癌症风险，研究人员分析了法国1。多万人的数据，这些人在2009-2021期间自我报告了自己的饮食、生活方式和病史。）根据第六段“TheUSNationalCancerInstituteandCancerResearchUKbothsaythatsweetenersdonotcausecancer,andtheyhavebeenauthorisedforusebytheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority.（美国国家癌症研究所和英国癌症研究所都表示，甜味剂不会导致癌症，而且它们已经得到了欧洲食品安全局的批准。）可知，虽然人们食用大量甜味剂，但实际这些甜味剂是否会增加癌症的风险还不确定。所以短文的最正确标题为“甜味剂增加癌症风险这是不确定”。应选A。4（2022•天津市新华中学模拟预测）“InonlysixdaysIlostsevenpoundsofweight.”“Twofullinchesinthefirstthreedays!”Thesearethekindsofstatementsusedinmagazine,newspaper,radioandtelevisionads,promisingnewshapesandnewlookstothosewhobuythemedicineorthedevice.Thepromotersofproductssaytheycanshapethelegs,slimtheface,smoothwrinkles,orinsomeotherwaytoaddtobeautyordesirability.Oftensuc