上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary)

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作(Summarywriting),也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在0字，答案尽量符合“Keypointsofasummary”的要求。一．正确认识概要写作Definitionofsummarywriting（概要写作的定义）Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.Keypointsofasummary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.Completeness（完Completeness（完性)Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownwordsinacondensedmanner.Accuracy（准确性）：Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherence（连贯性）：Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivity（客观性）：Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.Stepstowriteasummary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.2）Analyzethetext'sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.（onesentence）3）Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.4）Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.5）Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.Beginningofasummary（概要写作的开头）Beginyoursummarywith:*Theauthor'sname*Thearticle'sorchapter'sname*Theauthor'sthesisstatement—ageneraloverview（survey）ofthearticle.TheBody:Firstofall,theauthordescribesHethenpointsoutthatInaddition,theauthortalksaboutFinally,theauthorsuggestsSomeotherintroductoryphrases:*(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that...*(Theauthor),in(thisarticle)showsthat...*In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writesthat.*As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),.*Themainideaof(theauthor'sarticle)is.*Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause.*Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素:when,where,who,what,why,how在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是what。一般来说，记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示:Whodidwhatby・・・because…当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含how或why，有时两者选其一即可。下文是课堂训练的一个例子:Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.ItookatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiawithmyfamilytwoyearsago.Itwasreallyahugelakewithbeautifulsceneryallaround.Peoplewereamazedbytheendlessviewinfrontofoureyes.Lateron,unlikeothergirls,Ivolunteeredtogowater-skiingalone.Iputonthelifejacket,gotonthemotorboatimmediatelyandstartedmyengineassoonaspossible.Thelakeseemedbroadandendless.Iwassothrilled激动)toenjoymytripamongthemountainsandwatersthatIspedmymotorboat.Then,aftersometime,Ifoundmyselfinthemiddleoftheendlesslake.Asuddenfearcamearoundme.Ididn'tknowwhereIwasorevenhowfarIhadgonefromtheshore.Whatwasworse,itbegantorainanditbecameverycoldandfoggy.Irodeeverywherebutcouldn'tfindmywayback.Itwasuselessformetocryorshoutforhelp.IwassoterrifiedthatIbegantothinkaboutallkindsofhorriblethings.Afterfloatingonthewaterhelplesslyandhopelesslyforalongtime,suddenlyIheardsomeonecallingmyname.Soon,abigsteamboatsailedtomeandtheypulledmeuptothedeckandaskedmeifIwashurt.Icouldn'tsayawordbutcriedinmyfather'sarms.材料分析:根据文本内容，这是一篇故事类的记叙文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们先找出记叙文的六要素:When—twoyearsagoWhere—atriptoabiglakeinIndonesiaWho—“I”,thewriterWhat—gotlost;wasfoundWhy—gowater-skiingalone;toothrilledResult—fathercametoherrescue列出了要点之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约50词的通顺概要：Thepassagetellsusthewriter'sexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewassoexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）三．说明文概要写作要点点拨说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon一（主题）,which...（补充解释）利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A.whileB.Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,.,butitmayalso.研究显示类：Thestudyrevealsthat.Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat.下文是课堂训练的一个例子：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（发出恶臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.材料分析：根据文本内容，这是一篇讲包装材料所带来的问题的说明文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。第一段开头第一句话“Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.”是段落的中心句，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面就在以牙膏为例进行举例说明。第二段主要讲的是包装材料所带来的问题，主要包括两方面，一是垃圾进入填埋场后所造成的污染；二是这些包装料材在生产过程中会产生对空气和水的污染。第三段主要在讲人们正在采取措施解决包装材料所带来的问题，其中第一句"Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.”是段落的中心句，后面就在用德国的事情举例说明，政府、制造商和个人采取的措施试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。第四段开头的however至关重要，说明德国的方法尽管起到了一定的作用，但包装材料的污染仍然是一个大问题，我们绝不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可：Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)四．小试牛刀Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.1.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe'dwrittenit.”Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparentteacherconference,it'sharderforbothsidestostepbackandbreathedeeplyandlookatthegoalstheyshare.Everyonesaystheparent-teacherconferenceshouldbepleasant,civilized,akindofdialoguewhereparentsandteachersbuildpartnership.Butwhatmostteachersfeel,andcertainlywhatallparentsfeel,isanxietyandpanic.5.Whenateacherasksparentstobepartners,heorshedoesn'tnecessarilymeanMomorDadshouldbecampingintheclassroom.Researchshowsthatthoughstudentsbenefitmodestlyfromhavingparentsinvolvedatschool,whathappensathomemattersmuchmore.AccordingtoresearchbasedontheNationalEducationLongitudinalStudy,asampleofnearly25,000eighthgraders,amongfourmainareasofparentalinvolvement(homediscussion,homesupervision,schoolcommunication,and