2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号21

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

OrdinarilythesurfaceoftheplanetisnearlyattheboHingpointofwateronEarth,100.2-101°Caccordingtothedatafromtheorbitingsatellite.

问题1选项

A.surfaceoftheplanet

B.nearlyatthe

C.boHingpoint

D.fromtheorbitingsatellite

E.没有问题

【答案】E

2.单选题

Torontoissome475kminthenorthwestofNewYork,whileVancouver,only200kmfromSeattle,isevenclosertoamajorAmericancity.

问题1选项

A.issome475

B.inthenorthwestof

C.whileVancouver,only200

D.evenclosertoamajorAmericancity

E.没有错误

【答案】B

【解析】介词误用。去掉in,此处表示位于西北方向（一般用tothenorthwestofsomewhere）,shi大致方向,并非指具体位置。

3.单选题

Thewoman,69yearsoldandstillactiveasaprofessoratHarvardUniversity,toldaresearchteamthatshehadbeguntofindithardtorecallthenamesofeverfacultymembers.Notlongagoshehadforgottenherclassroomnumberwhenaskingforaslideprojectortobesentup.Shehadoneanxiousquestionfortheresearchteam,assembledtostudythenormalcourseofmentalaging:“AmIlosingmyabilitytoremember,andperhapseventothinkclearly?”

Thatquestionistheprincipalfocusofanewwaveofscientificinquiryonthedeclineinmentalabilitywithage.Thefindingsarechallengingsomebasicassumptions,likethebeliefthatsuchdeclineisanaturalpartoftheagingprocess,irrespectiveofgeneralhealth.

From20to30percentofpeopleintheir80swhovolunteerforcognitivetestingperformaswellasvolunteersintheir30sand40s,whoarepresumablyintheirmentalprime.Theintellectualandcreativeproductivityinlaterlifeofcertainartistsandintellectualsmayrepresentnotsomuchanexceptionasanideal,someexpertsnowsay.

DrKWSchaie,apsychologistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,isthedirectorofamajorstudyofnormalmentaldeclineintheelderly.Forover35years,hisstudyhasbeenfollowingmorethan5000menandwomenwhohavebeentestedregularly.DrSchaie’sinvestigationsseektofillagapingerontologicalresearch,which,accordingtoDrJackRowe,presidentoftheMountSinaiSchoolofMedicineandaleadingexpertinthefield,hasfocusedondiseaseanddisability,andneglectedtheprospectsofmaintaininghighfunctioninginoldage.DrRoweheadsaresearchnetworkonsuccessfulagingsponsoredbytheMacArthurFoundation.Inaninterviewhepointedoutthatgerontologistshavefocusedon‘"the6to15percentoftheelderlywhoarefrailandthenlumpedeveryoneelsetogetherasnormal.Butthereisahugevariationfrompersontopersonamongolderpeople:theolderagroupgets,thelesslikeeachotherpeopleinitbecome.”

DrSchaie’smostrecentfindingswerereportedthismonthinTheAmericanPsychologist.Althoughthestudy’sresultsshowabilitiesbegintodeclinegraduallyinthemiddletolate60sandaccelerateinthelate70s.Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen.Thesharpestdeclinesareseeninbasicmathematics.Bytheirlate80s,bothmenandwomenwereonlyabouthalfasadeptinbasicmathastheyhadbeenintheir50s.Formen,theleastdeclineshownisinspatialorientation,forexample,inreadingamapcorrectly.Bythelate80s,ithaddroppedbyonlyaboutone-eighthonaverage.

Forwomen,themostenduringmentalskillisinductivereasoning,assessingtheinformationinatimetable,forinstance.Aswomenreachedtheirlate80s,ithaddroppedjustoverone-eighthfromitsheightinmiddleage.Oneofthedrasticdeclinesforwomenprovedtobeinverbalcomprehension,whilethatabilitydroppedrelativelylittleintothe70s,itplummetedbyaboutone-quarterduringthe80s.Formen,thedeclinewasslightinthoseyears.

Anotherstudy,thisonebyDrRichardMons,apsychologistatMountSinaiMedicalSchoolwhoistheactingdirectorofaresearchconsortiumonnormalmemorylossandagingsponsoredbytheCharlesA.DanaFoundation,hasfoundthatdifferentkindsofmemorydifferintheirvulnerabilitytoaging.“Crystallized”memory,ie,vocabularyorotherknowledgeaccumulatedovertheyearsholdsupverywellintooldage.“Fluid”memory,ontheotherhand,theabilitytoaddnewinformationtomemoryortorecallsomethingthathappenedrecentlyismorepronetodecline,beginninginthe60s.Hefoundlittledeclineinveryshort-termmemory,likerememberingatelephonenumberjustlookedup.

ApairofHarvardpsychologists,DouglasPowellandKeanWhitla,havedesignedacomputerizedtestofmentalskillslikelong-termandshort-termmemory,attention,reasoningandcalculation;theyreportedthetestintheFebruaryissueofCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience.Theyaretheresearcherswhomthe69-year-oldprofessorspokewith.Theirtestcomparesaperson’sscorewithnormsforothersofthesameage,forpeoplewhoarestillinmiddleageandforothersintheirownprofessionalgroup.

DrSchaie’sstudyhasfoundcertainpredictorsforgoodmentalfunctioninoldage.Theseincludeahighlevelofabilityinreadingcomprehensionandverbalfluency,asuccessfulcareerorsomeotherinvolvementthroughlifeandcontinuingkeenmentalinterestsafterretirement.Havingaflexibleattitudeinmiddleagewasalsoapromisingindicator.“Thereislessmentaldeclineinpeoplewhoadapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces,”DrSchaieobserved.Thestudyalsofoundthatsimplylivingwithsomeonewiththesecharacteristicsisbeneficial.“Ithelpstohaveahigh-functioningspouse,sincethisisyourmajorimmediatesocialenvironmentandsupport.”DrSchaiestated.

1.The69-year-oldwomanmentionedatthebeginningofthepassageisfindingitincreasingly（

）.

2.Someartistsandintellectualsremainproductivetotheveryendoflonglives.Thewriterofthepassagestatesthatsomeexperts.

3.DrSchaie’sfindingsrevealthat（

）.

4.DrSchaietellsusthattheaverage85-year-oldwomanislikelytohavelostagooddealofherabilityto（

）.

5.DrJackRowe,inadditiontoservingasdirectorofawell-knownmedicalschool,

6.DrRowesays,thereisahugevariationfrompersontopersonamongolderpeople:theolderagroupgets,thelesslikeeachotherthepeopleinitbecome.”Thiscanbestbeparaphrased(re-stated)as.

7.WhichoftheseitemswouldDrMohsnotclassifyaspartofyourcrystallizedmemory?

8.WhatPowellandWhitlahavecreated（

）.

9.IfyouwereayoungmanthinkingofgettingmarriedandyouaskedDrSchaieforadvicehewouldprobablytellyouto（

）.

10.Thisarticle（

）.

11.Giventhattheaveragepersonisunlikelytoknowthatgeronto---istheGreekrootmeaning“oldperson”(seeline22),wemayreasonablyconcludethatthisarticleisintendedfor（

）.

12.Thewordchallenginginline7means（

）.

13.Thewordcognitiveinline9is（

）.

14.Theoppositeofflexibleinline52is（

）.

15.Thewordpromisinginline52means（

）.

问题1选项

A.difficulttorememberwhohercolleaguesare.

B.difficulttorecallsomeofhercolleagues’faces

C.difficulttorememberwhatsomeofhercolleaguesarecalled

D.easytoforgetthenameofherfaculty

E.easytoforgetwhatsomeofheryoungercolleaguesdointhefaculty

问题2选项

A.believethatsuchexamplesaremorecommonthangerontologistsformerlysupposed

B.arecertainthatsuchlateproductivityisimpossibleforordinarypeopleinotherwalksoflife

C.arealmostcertainthatinthefuturesuchlateproductivitywillbecomequiteordinary

D.suspectthatitiswrongtoregardsuchlateproductivityasabnormalratherthansimplyuncommon

E.rejecttheideathatsuchpeoplecanbetakenasmodelsfornormalhumanbeings

问题3选项

A.thepatternofmentaldeclineamongmenandwomenisvirtuallyidentical

B.lossoftheabilitytocalculateissevereinwomen,butmuchlesssoinmen

C.amongolderwomen,inductivereasoningisjustasimpairedbyagingasisbasicmath

D.damagetoinductivereasoningamongtheelderlyisaboutequalformenandwomen

E.lossoftheabilitytocalculateissevereinbothmenandwomen

问题4选项

A.usenumbersandunderstandlanguage

B.usenumbersandreadtimetables

C.readtimetablesandusemaps

D.understandlanguageandreadtimetables

E.learnnewfactsandusenumbers

问题5选项

A.istheheadofafoundationthatgivesmoneyforresearchontheproblemsoftheelderly

B.isoneofAmerica’stopgerontologistsstudyingoldpeoplewithabnormallyseverememoryloss

C.istheleaderofatightlycoordinatedresearchassociationstudyinghowtoremainhealthyinoldage

D.isresponsiblefordecidingwhichexpertsonsuccessfulagingwillgetresearchgrantsfromtheMacArthurFoundation

E.istheleaderofalooselycoordinatedgroupofresearchteamsstudyinghowtoremainhealthyinoldage

问题6选项

A.Theolderthepeopleinagroupget,themorecharacteristicstheyshareDifferencesbetweenindividualsinagroupdiminishasageincreases

B.Aspeopleage,certainsimilaritiesincrease,whileothersbecomelessmarked

C.Humanindividualsareverydissimilaratanyage;thisisnolesstrueaspeoplegrowolder

D.Overallresemblancesbetweenmembersofahumangroupdecreaseastheyearsgoby

问题7选项

A.Aheadlineinlastweek’snewspaper

B.Thedateofyoureldestchild’sbirth

C.Yourmother’sname

D.ThemeaningoftheEnglishword“geology”

E.Theformulaforfindingtheareaofatriangle

问题8选项

A.constitutesagreatadvanceincomputersoftware

B.comparessomeonelikethe69-year-oldwomanwithotherwomenandwithotherpeopleofvariousages,butnotwithotheruniversityinstructors

C.willprobablyconfirmmanyofDrSchaie’sfindingsandinvalidatethoseofDrMohs

D.shouldmakeiteasiertodeterminetherelativementalskillsoflargenumbersofpeople

E.willbeoflittleusetoDrSchaiebutveryvaluableforDrMohs

问题9选项

A.marrysomeonequietanddependable

B.seekunityandstabilityinyourmarriage

C.marrysomeonelivelyandcurious

D.avoidwomenwhoarealwaystryingtochangetheirsituations

E.choosesomeonewhowouldratherreadthantravel

问题10选项

A.islimitedtoadiscussionofDrSchaie’srecentresearch

B.surveysrecentdevelopmentsinthestudyofagingandtheelderly

C.givesanoverviewofrecentadvancesintheunderstandingoftherelationbetweenoldageandmentalactivities

D.isprimarilyacriticismoftheexcessiveconcentrationamongearliergerontologistsonseverememorylossbytheelderly

E.explainsrecentadvancesinscientificunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsofmentaldeclineamongtheaged

问题11选项

A.gerontologistsinterestedinrecentdevelopmentsintheirfield

B.schoolchildrenbeingtaughthowtodealwithdifficultoldpeople

C.doctorswhoneedatechnicalsummaryofrecentadvancesinmentalresearch

D.university-educatedreaderscuriousaboutrecentworkingerontology

E.adultswithsecondary-schooleducationsorlesswhowanttoknowwhatwillhappentotheirmemoriesastheygrowolder

问题12选项

A.supporting

B.supplyingevidencefor

C.disproving

D.bringingintodoubt

E.suspicious

问题13选项

A.anadjectivepertainingtotheactofknowingandjudging

B.averbmeaningtoinventbysuingthepowerofone’sbrain

C.anounrelatedtothewordrecognize

D.anadjectivereferringtotheprocessofaging

E.anounmeaningamentalaction,especiallyoneinvolvingrecognition

问题14选项

A.easy

B.bending

C.difficult

D.strong

E.rigid

问题15选项

A.indicatingadefiniteresult

B.productive

C.stronglysuggestingpossibleresults

D.guaranteeingcertainresults

E.guaranteedbytheevidence

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:E

第3题:E

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:C

第10题:C

第11题:D

第12题:D

第13题:A

第14题:E

第15题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第一段:findithardtorecallthenamesofeverfacultymembers（发现自己很难记起曾经的同事的名字）。干扰项为C:很难记起一些自己的同事的名字。此处“一些”与原文不符。因此A项“很难记起自己的同事是谁”正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词Someartistsandintellectualsremainproductive定位至第三段:Theintellectualandcreativeproductivityinlaterlifeofcertainartistsandintellectualsmayrepresentnotsomuchanexceptionasanideal,someexpertsnowsay(一些专家说,某些艺术家和知识分子晚年的智力和创造性生产力，与其说是一种理想，不如说是一种例外)。由此可知E项“不认为这类人可以被当成普通人的模范”正确。

3.细节事实题。题干问的是DrSchaie的研究发现,据此定位至第五段第四、五句:Thesharpestdeclinesareseeninbasicmathematics.Bytheirlate80s,bothmenandwomenwereonlyabouthalfasadeptinbasicmathastheyhadbeenintheir50s(最大的下降体现在基本的数学运算能力上。到80岁末的时候，男女的基本数学运算能力仅大约是其50岁时的一半)。故E项“男女计算能力的丧失都很严重”正确。B项“在计算能力丧失方面，女人比男人更严重”与第四、五句的句意不符。第五段第三句:Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen(不同智力水平的下降程度不同，男女的下降程度也不同),可知知A项“男女智力下降的模式几乎是一致的”及D项“在归纳推理能力丧失方面，男女老年人大约是一致的”不正确。C项“在老年妇女中，归纳推理与基本数学能力因年龄增长而丧失的程度是一样”,文中没有提及。

4.细节事实题。第六段第三句:Oneofthedrasticdeclinesforwomenprovedtobeinverbalcomprehension,whilethatabilitydroppedrelativelylittleintothe70s,itplummetedbyaboutone-quarterduringthe80s(女人遭受的最严重智力下降之一被证明是在语言理解能力上，它在女人迈入70岁时下降的相对较少，但等他们到80岁的时，它就会很快下降差不多25%)及第三题的分析“85岁女人的数学运算能力也会大大降低”得知正确答案为A“使用数字及理解语言”。

5.细节事实题。第四段第三句说DrJackRowe是“aleadingexpertinthefield”(老年学研究领域的前沿专家)。第四句说:DrRoweheadsaresearchnetworkonsuccessfulagingsponsoredbytheMacArthurFoundation(DrRowe领导一个受MacArthur基金赞助的有关成功老龄化的研究网络)。由此可知C项“是一个协调紧密的研究协会的领导，该协会研究如何保持老年健康”正确。

6.语义题。题干意思为:在老年人中，人与人之间的差异都很大：一组人的年龄越大，组员之间的差异就更大。因此E项“人类群体中成员间的整体相似性随年龄的増加而减少”正确。

7.推理判断题。第七段:“Crystallized”memory,ie,vocabularyorotherknowledgeaccumulatedovertheyearsholdsupverywellintooldage(固态记忆指经年累积的词汇或其它知识，其能很好地保持到年老时)。因此A项“上周报纸的一个标题”不属于固态记忆。

8.推理判断题。DrSchaie的研究发现:Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen(不同智力水平的下降率不同，男女的下降率也不同)。DrRichardMons的研究发现:differentkindsofmemorydifferintheirvulnerabilitytoaging(不同类型的记忆在其易老化性上有所不同)。DouglasPowellandKeanWhitla的研究方式:designedacomputerizedtestofmentalskillslikelong-termandshort-termmemory,attention,reasoningandcalculation(设计了一个关于长期和短期记忆、注意力、推理和计算等心理技能的计算机测试);comparesaperson’sscorewithnormsforothersofthesameage,forpeoplewhoarestillinmiddleageandforothersintheirownprofessionalgroup(将一个人的分数与其他同龄人、中年人和其他专业人士的标准进行比较)。因此可知这些人的研究方向是有重叠的，故C项“将有可能证实DrSchaie的一些发现，却会让DrMons的发现失效”正确。

9.推理判断题。第九段:asuccessfulcareerorsomeotherinvolvementthroughlifeandcontinuingkeenmentalinterestsafterretirement（一份成功的事业或生活中的其它活动，退休后保持强烈的精神情趣）及whoadapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces（容易适应变化，喜欢学习新东西与去新的地方）,这些都被DrSchaie认为是在年老时精神功能良好的预示，研究也发现仅仅与具有这些特点的人生活都是受益的（Thestudyalsofoundthatsimplylivingwithsomeonewiththesecharacteristicsisbeneficial）,并且DrSchaie说“Ithelpstohaveahigh-functioningspouse（有一个高功能的配偶是有帮助的）。因此如果向DrSchaie征求关于寻找伴侣的意见,他更会建议“与一个充满活力与好奇心的人结婚”。

10.主旨大意题。文章主要讲老年人的智力变化与其年龄增长的关系知C项“概述了在了解年龄增长与智力活动之间的关系方面取得的最新进展”正确。

11.主旨大意题。题干意思是:假如一般人不太可能知道geron是希腊语的词根，意思是“老人”（见第22行），我们可以合理地推断这篇文章针对的人群是。该文章主要讲老年人的智力变化与其年龄增长的关系,而且专业性不是很强。因此D项“接受过大学教育并对老年学研究进展感兴趣的的读者”正确。

12.词义题。Challenging所在句:Thefindingsarechallengingsomebasicassumptions,likethebeliefthatsuchdeclineisanaturalpartoftheagingprocess,irrespectiveofgeneralhealth(这些发现对一些基本假设提出了挑战，比如认为这种下降是衰老过程的自然组成部分，与一般健康状况无关),因此这里的challenging为动词,因此D项“质疑”正确。

13.词义题。cognitive（认知的，认识的）本身是形容词，可以直接排除B项(动词,表示…),C项与E项(名词,表示…)。Cognitive所在句:From20to30percentofpeopleintheir80swhovolunteerforcognitivetestingperformaswellasvolunteersintheir30sand40s,whoarepresumablyintheirmentalprime(在80多岁自愿参加认知测试的人中，有20%到30%的人表现出色，30多岁和40多岁的人也表现出色，他们大概处于精神发育的最佳时期)。因此A项“与认识与判断行为相关的一个形容词”正确。

14.词义题。对aflexibleattitude的解释为:adapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces(容易适应变化，喜欢学习新东西与去新的地方)。故flexible的意思为“灵活多变”。其反义词为E项“僵硬的，死板的”。

15.词义题。Promising所在句:Havingaflexibleattitudeinmiddleagewasalsoapromisingindicator(中年时态度灵活也是一个很有前途的指标)。因此Promising表示”有希望的，有前途的”。故选C“有力地暗示可能结果”。

4.填空题

Thisafternoonwe’remeetingwith（1）E.U.environmentalofficialandsomeAustralianspecialiststotalkabouthowto（2）groundwaterpollutionintheTianjinarea.

【答案】1.an

2.prevent

【解析】1.语法题。考查不定冠词。第一个空格后的“official官员”为单数知第一个空格应填一个不定冠词a或an,再由EU的发音“[，i:'ju:]"中第一个字母为元音发音知第一个空应填“an”。

2.语义题。句意:探讨天津地区地下水污染防治对策

5.单选题

Asyoucantellfromhowanimatedheis.Charlesisnottiredenoughtogotobedyet.Hewouldn’tsleepifhegoestobednow.

问题1选项

A.Asyoucan

B.howanimatedheis

C.tiredenough

D.hegoestobed

E.没有问题

【答案】D

【解析】时态错误。hegoestobed改为weretogotobed,主句和从句部分都是表示与将来事实相反，主句用would/could+动词原形，从句用wereto/should+动词原形。

6.填空题

Let’sgetataxi,（1）we?It’s（2）alongwalkandI’mfeelingalittletired.It（3）bejetlagthat’scausingmetorunoutof（4）.Ifeltfinethismorning,butit’sonlybeentwodays（5）IflewbackfromNewYork.

【答案】1.shall

2.really

3.must

4.energy

5.when

【解析】1.固定句式。Letus的反义疑问用shallwe。

2.语义题。句意:真是好长一段距离。空白处需填入一个程度副词，故可以用really。

3.语法题。考查情态动词。表示“肯定的推测”。

4.固定搭配。runoutofenergy没有能量了。

5.语义题。句意:但我从纽约飞回来才两天。When为引导词o

7.填空题

Don'ttrytousethatprinter.It'sbeenoutof（

）forages.Idon’tknowwhytheystillhaven’trepairedit.

【答案】order

【解析】固定搭配。outoforder发生故障。

8.单选题

Theborderguardsmadeustogetoutofthecarwhiletheycheckedit

fordrugs,weaponsandotherforbiddenitems.

问题1选项

A.borderguardsmadeusto

B.getoutofthecar

C.whiletheycheckeditfordrugs

D.otherforbiddenitems

E.没有问题

【答案】A

【解析】介词误用。去掉to。make“使得；进行”为使役动词,后面一般跟动词原形。

9.填空题

AnnWithingtongota（1）withamajorinsurancefirmafewmonths

aftershe（2）fromuniversity.（3）shereceivedlittleencouragement（4）hernewboss,sheworkedhardandsoonbecameverygoodathertasksandduties.Thankstohersunnytemperamentandwillingnesstohelphercolleagues,shesoonbecamequite（5）aswell.Inherfirstfiveyearswiththecompanyshewas（6）

twice,and（7）timehersalarywentupsubstantially.

Butthenhercareertookaturnfortheworse.Herfirstdirector,amanin

（8）fifties,was（9）withayoungerwomanwhoseemedtoregardAnnasarival.Sheconstantly（10）herworkbutneverofferedany（11）abouthowitcouldbeimproved.WeekspassedandAnntriedher（12）topleasethenewdirector,buttherewasnochangeinthelatter’s（13）towardsher.

EventuallyAnn'smooddarkened,andshebegantolookintootherpossibilities.Whenherrequestfora（14）tothecompany’sSeattleofficewasblockedbyherboss,shedecideditwastimeforaction.Shebegananambitiousjobhuntthatledtoatentativeofferfromoneofheremployer’scompetitors.Justasshewasgetting（15）toannouncethatshewasquittingherjobinamonth,shewascalledintoherboss’sofficeandabruptly（16）.Thiswasagreat（17）.Admittedly,herrelationswithherbosswerepoor,butshehadalways（18）outherdutiesconscientiously.

Afterthinkingoverhersituation,shedecidednotto（19）aboutthe

unfairnessofherdirector'sdecision.Thetentativejobofferfromtheothercompanywassoon

（20）

;Annaccepteditandneverlookedback.

句意:

安•威辛顿在大学毕业后几个月就在一家较大保险公司找到了工作。虽然她的新老板并没有给予她多少鼓励，但是她工作勤勤恳恳，很快就适应了工作。由于她的脾气好且乐意帮助人，不久后她就变得很受大家欢迎。在她进入这家公司的头五年里，她被提拔了两次，每次工资都涨了很多。但是这之后她的事业就开始走下坡路。她的第一任主管，一位50多岁的男性，很满意将安视为竞争对手的一个更年轻的女员工。她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作，但却未就如何改进工作给出任何建议。数周过去了，安尽最大的努力去让这位新主管满意，但是后者对她的态度没有任何改变。最终，安的心情也变得一片灰暗，于是她开始寻求新的出路。她申请到公司在西雅图的分支机构工作，这一请求被老板拦下。她认为是时候采取行动了。她满腔热情地开始寻找工作，最后从公司的竞争对手那里获取得到了一份工作机会。正当她准备宣布在一个月后辞职时，她被老板叫到了办公室，然后被突然告知自己被解雇了。这是个极大的侮辱。诚然，她与老板的关系很差，但是她依然认真地履行她的职责。再三思考之后，她决定不去抱怨她的主管决定的不公。不久，新单位的入职通知书到了，安头也不回地离开了。

【答案】1.job

语义题。getajob找到一份工作

2.graduated

固定搭配。graduatefromuniversity从大学毕业。

3.Although

逻辑衔接。后面的句意：她仍旧在努力工作，然而老板并没有重视她。

4.from

固定搭配。Receiveencouragementfrom得到…的鼓励。

5.popular

逻辑衔接。因为脾气好，且乐意帮助人，自然就会受到爱戴。

6.promoted

逻辑衔接。工作干得好，就会被提拔重用。

7.each

语义题。Eachtime每次

8.his

固定搭配。Inone’s+基数词的复数形式：在…岁的时候。

9.pleased

固定搭配。bepleasedwithsb.对某人感到满意

10.criticized

逻辑衔接。由前面的关键词“regardAnnasarival将Ann视为竞争对手”可推测这里“她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作”。

11.advice

语义题。这里指提出建议。

12.best

固定搭配。tryone’sbest尽力。

13.attitude

逻辑衔接。由关键词“but但是”知后者没有改变对她（即Ann）的态度。

14.transfer

由空格后的关键词“thecompany’sSeattleoffice公司的西雅图办事处”知这里指代“工作调换”。

15.ready

固定搭配。get/bereadyto为..做准备

16.fired

由最后一段中的“...theunfairnessofherdirector'sdecision她主管决定的不公平”及“上级并不喜欢她，她又准备跳槽”可推知“被叫到办公室后被突然解雇”。

17.insult

语义题。句意:被突然解雇当然是一个巨大的侮辱。

18.caried

固定搭配。。carryout执行，履行。

19.complain

固定搭配。complainaboutsth抱怨某事。

20.coming

逻辑衔接。她接受了且再也没有回头，所以新的工作机会很快就来了。

【解析】1.语义题。getajob找到一份工作

2.固定搭配。graduatefromuniversity从大学毕业。

3.逻辑衔接。后面的句意：她仍旧在努力工作，然而老板并没有重视她。

4.固定搭配。Receiveencouragementfrom得到…的鼓励。

5.逻辑衔接。因为脾气好，且乐意帮助人，自然就会受到爱戴。

6.逻辑衔接。工作干得好，就会被提拔重用。

7.语义题。Eachtime每次

8.固定搭配。Inone’s+基数词的复数形式：在…岁的时候。

9.固定搭配。bepleasedwithsb.对某人感到满意

10.逻辑衔接。由前面的关键词“regardAnnasarival将Ann视为竞争对手”可推测这里“她不断批评她（即Ann）的工作”。

11.语义题。这里指提出建议。

12.固定搭配。tryone’sbest尽力。

13.逻辑衔接。由关键词“but但是”知后者没有改变对她（即Ann）的态度。

14.由空格后的关键词“thecompany’sSeattleoffice公司的西雅图办事处”知这里指代“工作调换”。

15.固定搭配。get/bereadyto为..做准备

16.由最后一段中的“...theunfairnessofherdirector'sdecision她主管决定的不公平”及“上级并不喜欢她，她又准备跳槽”可推知“被叫到办公室后被突然解雇”

17.语义题。句意:被突然解雇当然是一个巨大的侮辱。

18.固定搭配。carryout执行，履行。

19.固定搭配。complainaboutsth抱怨某事。

20.逻辑衔接。她接受了且再也没有回头，所以新的工作机会很快就来了。

10.单选题

Eventhoughcultureswidelyassumethatboysarestrongerandsturdierthangirls,basicbiologicalweaknessesarebuiltintothemaleofourspecies.Firstofall,humanmalesseemtobeslowlydisappearing.MotherNaturehasalwaysacknowledgedandcompensatedforthefragilityandlossofboysbyarrangingformoreofthem:106malebirthsto100femalenewbornsoverthecourseofhumanhistory.Butinrecentdecades,fromtheUnitedStatestoJapan,fromCanadatonorthernEurope,whereverresearchershavelooked,therateofmalenewbornshasdeclined.ExaminingUSbirthrecordsfortheyearsbetween1970and1990,theyfound1.7fewerboysper1,000thanindecadesandcenturiespast;Japan'slossinthesamedecadeswas3.7boys.

Boysarealsomorethantwo-thirdsmorelikelythangirlstobebomprematurelybeforethe37thweekofpregnancy.And,despiteadvancesinpublichealth,boysinthe1990sfaceda30percenthigherchanceofdeathbytheirfirstbirthdaythangirls;incontrast,backinthe1750s,theywereonly10percentmorelikelythangirlstodiesoearlyintheirlives.

Oncetheymakeittochildhood,boysfaceotherchallenges.Theyaremorepronetoarangeofneurologicaldisorders.Autism自闭症isnotoriouslyhigheramongboysthangirls:nownearlyfivetimesmorelikely,astalliedbytheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Theyaremoresusceptiblethangirlstodamagefromverylow-levelexposuretolead.Yetanotherproblem:boyssufferfromasthmaathigherrates.There'salsoastrongerlinkbetweenairpollutionandautisminboys.

Whydoboysfacesuchaburdenofphysicalchallenges?Theansweristhatthemale’sproblemsstartinthewomb:fromhismorecomplicatedfetaldevelopment,tohisgeneticmakeup,tohowhishormoneswork.Thenine-monthtransformationfromafewcellstoaninfantisatimeofgreatvulnerability.Manychronicillnessesareseededinthewomb.Inourspecies,thefemaleisthedefaultgender,thebasicsimplermodel:Humansstartoutinthewombwithfemalefeatures(thatiswhymaleshavenipples).Thecomplicatedtransformationinthewombfromfemaletomaleexposesthemaletoajourneypackedwithspecialperils.Whenthefirstblastoftestosterone睾酮fromtheYgenecomesalongatabouttheeighthweek,theunisexbrainhastomorphintoamalebrain,killingoffsomecellsinthecommunicationcentersandgrowingmorecellsinthesexandaggressioncenters.Thesimplerfemalereproductivesystemhastoturnintothemorecomplexmalereproductivetract,developingtissuessuchasthetestisandprostate前列腺.Further,ittakesagreaternumberofcelldivisionstomakeamale;witheachcomesthegreaterriskofanerroraswellasthegreatervulnerabilitytoahitfrompollutants.

Ontopofthatchallenge,thehumanmale’sXYchromosome染色体combinationissimplymorevulnerable.ThetwoXXsinthefemaleversionofourspeciesoffersomeprotection:IndisorderswhereoneXchromosomehasageneticdefect,thefemale’shealthybackupchromosomecantakeover.ButwithhissingleXchromosome,themalelacksahealthycopyofthegenetofallbackon.TheXchromosome,whichnevershrank,isalsoalargerchromosome“withfarmoregeneticinformationthantheYchromosome，’’findsIrvaHertz-Piciotto,aUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisautismresearcher,“sotheremaybesomeinherentlossofkeyproteinsforbraindevelopmentorrepairmechanismsinboys.”Thisisacluetothehigherautismrateamongboys,sheasserts.

Femalesalsohaveastrongerimmunesystembecausetheyarepackedwithestrogen雌激素，ahormonethatcounteractstheantioxidantprocess.“Estrogenprotectsthebrain,”explainsTheodoreSlotkin,professorofneurobiologyatDukeUniversity'sSchoolofMedicine.“Itrepairsandreplaces,evenafterneuralinjury,”Lowestrogenevenleavesboysmoresensitivetoheadinjuries.Themalebrain“issimplyamorefragileapparatus,moresensitivetoalmostallbraininsults,”saysleadpoisoningexpertHerbertNeedleman.

Itisthehighlevelsoftestosteroneinthewombatcriticaltimesingestation,accordingtoBritishpsychopathologistSimonBaron-Cohen,thatareresponsibleforwhathecalls“theextrememalebrain”--thekindexhibitedbyautisticboys-lowinempathy,highinsystematizing.AndinfactUSresearchersinrecentdecadeshavefoundunusuallylowestrogenandhightestosteronelevelsamongboyswithautism.

Ifthebalanceofhormonesisoutofwhackinmales,whatmadethathappen?Researchersarecomingupwithsomeclues.IntheNewYorkCityneighborhoodsnearColumbiaUniversity'sCenterforChildren’sEnvironmentalHealth,familiesforyearsroutinelysprayedtheirapartmentswithapopularinsecticide,chlorpyrifos,untilitwasbannedfromhouseholdusein2001.TheresearchersfoundthatprenatalexposuretothechemicalseemedtohavemoreofaneffectonreducingtheIQsofboysthangirls.Disruptionoftheirmalehormonesmaybethereason,“Onepossibleexplanationforthegreatersensitivityofboystochlorpyrifosisthattheinsecticideactsasanendocrinedisruptor肉分泌'干扰素tosuppresssex-specifichormones,”saidstudyleaderMeganHortonofColumbia.

Similarly,pregnantmothers'exposuretophthalates邻苯二甲酸酉旨一usedinmakingsomevinyl乙矯基productsandtoysaswellassomepersonalcareproducts-hasbeenlinkedtobiggerchangesinthebehavior,suchasaggressionandattentionproblems,ofthei