2022年考研考博-考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号60

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Lowinterestratescreatedeasycreditconditions,fuelingahousingconstructionboomandencouragingconsumption.

问题1选项

A.contaminating

B.extinguishing

C.stimulating

D.transporting

【答案】C

【解析】考查句间逻辑的并列关系。A选项contaminating“污染，弄脏”；B选项extinguishing“偿清（债务）；取消（权利、义务）”；C选项stimulating“刺激；激励”；D选项transporting“运输；使产生身临其境的感觉；流放”。句意：低利率创造了宽松的信贷条件，____了住房建设热潮并鼓励了消费。原文and并列的是fuelingahousingconstructionboom和encouragingconsumption“鼓励消费”，那么划线词应与encouraging“鼓励”语义方向一致，C选项stimulating“刺激；激励”符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

2.单选题

Inindividualisticcultures,peopleputemphasisonself-interests,andtendtohaveemotionaldetachmentfromtheirin-group.

问题1选项

A.concern

B.disinterestedness

C.dedication

D.fondness

【答案】B

【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项concern“关心；忧虑”；B选项disinterestedness“漠不关心，不感兴趣”；C选项dedication“奉献；献身”；D选项fondness“喜爱”。句意：在个人主义文化中，人们强调自身利益，往往在情感上____于自己的群体。由“个人主义”可知，人们往往强调自身利益，忽视集体利益，只有B选项与原文情感基调一致，符合题意。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

3.翻译题

我的英语有多好？对任何学习英语的人来说是最重要的一个问题。知道这个问题的答案不仅有助于树立信心，而且如果你想取得更多的进步，知道这个答案是有用的，因为一旦知道已经达到一个水平，你就会向下一个水平进军。考试在学习过程中发挥另外一个重要的作用——考试证明学习者在一种语言中是否熟练。通过语言考试远不只是激励了自己在语言方面的自尊心。如果你想到英国国家去念大学，或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话，通过语言考试那就至关重要了。

【答案】HowgoodismyEnglish?ItisthemostimportantquestionforanyonelearningEnglish.Knowingtheanswertothisquestionbuildsyourconfidence.Moreover,it’susefulifyouwanttomakemoreprogress,becauseonceyouknowyou’vereachedonelevel,you’llmoveontothenext.Anotherimportantroletestsplayinthelearningprocessis—theyprovealearner’sproficiencyinalanguage.Passingalanguagetestismuchmorethanaboosttoone’sself-esteeminlearningalanguage.ItisvitalforyoutopassalanguagetestifyouwanttogotouniversityintheUK,orifyouwanttogetajobrequiringEnglishskills.

4.单选题

Manypeople,ifnotmost,____literarytasteasanelegantaccomplishment,byacquiringwhichtheywillcompletethemselves,andmakethemselvesfinallyfitasmembersofacorrectsociety.

问题1选项

A.lookon

B.lookdown

C.lookin

D.lookinto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析与上下文语义。A选项lookon“观看；看待”；B选项lookdown“俯视；瞧不起”；C选项lookin“往里看；（~on顺道拜访）”；D选项lookinto“调查；窥视”。句意：许多人，即使不是大多数，____把文学品味作为一种高雅的修养……根据句意，此处表达的是把文学品味看作一种高雅的修养，A选项最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

5.翻译题

Happinessisabyproductofsomethingelse.Themostobvioussourcesarethosepursuitsthatgiveourlivespurpose—anythingfromstudyinginsectstoplayingbaseball.Themorepassionswehave,themorehappinesswearelikelytoexperience.Finally,thebeliefthatsomethingpermanenttranscendsusandthatourexistencehassomelargermeaningcanhelpusbehappier.Weneedaspiritualfaith,oraphilosophyoflife.Whateveryourphilosophy,itshouldincludethistruism:ifyouchoosetofindtheawful,youwillbecursed.Aswithhappinessitself,thisislargelyyourdecisiontomake.

【答案】幸福是由其他东西附带来的。最明显的来源就是那些赋予我们生活以目的的追求——从研究昆虫到打棒球都是。我们感兴趣的事情越多，我们就越能感受到幸福。最终，相信某种永恒的东西可以超越我们，相信我们的存在有更大的意义，这样的信念可以使我们更快乐。我们需要一种精神信仰，或者说一种生活哲学。无论你的哲学是什么，它都应该包含这样一个不言自明的道理：如果你选择寻找可怕的东西，那么你将会被诅咒。就像幸福本身一样，这在很大程度上取决于你的决定。

6.单选题

Thecaptain____thehorizonforapproachingships.

问题1选项

A.scanned

B.scrutinized

C.explored

D.swept

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析与上下文语义。A选项scanned“（~sthforsth）仔细察看；审视”；B选项scrutinized“（~sb/sth）仔细审查，用挑剔的眼光以及对细节苛求的态度”；C选项explored“（实地）勘探，考察”；D选项swept“扫地；大步走”。句意：船长____地平线为了____靠近的船只。根据句意，船长应该是用眼睛仔细察看地平线，排除C、D选项；句意强调“仔细检查”，B选项中“挑剔、苛求的态度”语气过重，且从搭配的角度入手，根据原文中的介词for提示，空格处选用动词scan更好。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

7.单选题

NewEnergySourcestotheRescueAspetrolpricesrise,policymakersandventurecapitalistsaresuddenlyembracingalternatives.Willthetrendlast?

Reasonsforthechange

Inhislongcareerincountrymusic,WillieNelsonhasalwaysbeenontheleftsideofallthings.Now,at73,heisinthevanguard.Mr.Nelson,wholivesonabigfarmoutsideAustin,powershiscarwiththehelpofvegetableoil.Hehasevencreatedhisownlineofthiscleaner-burningdieselblend.Hecalledit“BioWillie”,whichisdistributedatseveralsitesinTexasandisgoingnational,too.Mr.NelsonarguesthatitwillhelpAmerica’sfarmers,truckers,andtheenvironmentwhile,atthesametime,reducingdependenceonforeignpetroleum.

WithhighpetrolpricescausingtroublesinWashington,D.C.,everyoneistryingtofindoutalternatives.Soyabeans,canola(rapeseed),switchgrass,anything,isbeinginvestigated.EvenGeorgeBush,aformeroilmanwhosupportsloyallytheindustrialdevelopment,calledlastweekformoreresearchintoethanolandbio-diesel-twokeytypesofbio-fuelsandboldlypredictedthat“ethanolwillreplacegasolineconsumption”.JimWoolsey,aformerheadoftheCIAnotesthatdevelopingbio-fuelsisinthenationalinterest,sinceitishightimeAmericastoppeditsrelianceonpetroleumfromforeigncountriesandsostoppedfundingsomefanaticalreligiousorganizations.

Future:convenienceandpains

Thefederalgovernmentisbeginningtoformulatepolicytopromotetheuseofbio-fuels.InMontana,HawaiiandMinnesotaallpetrolmustcontain10%ethanol,whileWashingtonStaterequirespetrolanddieseltocontain2%renewablefuelbyvolume.Forbothethanolandbio-diesel,Congresshasrequiredanear-doublingofproductionby2012.BothblendsnotesMr.Woolseyapprovingly,needlittlenewinfrastructuretosupportthem(unlike,say,hydrogenfuel-cellcars).Ethanolcanbedispensedatregularpetrolstationsandworks,withinlimits,intoday’scars.Bio-dieselfuellingstations,suchasthoseforBioWillie,arepoppinguparoundAmerica.

UnfortunatelyforMr.Bush’spoliticalfortunes,abio-fuelsrevolutionwillnothappenintimetoeaseAmerica’scurrentpainatthepump.Rightnow,ethanol—aclean-burning,high-octanealcoholtypicallyderivedfromcorninAmerica,orsugarinBrazil—accountsforjust3%ofAmerica’spetroluse,thoughAmericancarscanhandlea10%ethanolblend.Bio-dieselisusedevenless.

Moreover,ethanolistypicallyblendedwithregularfuel,andawidespreadshifttoanethanolblend(aresultofanotherprovisionoflastyear’senergybill)hascontributedtosomepetrolshortagesinTexasandelsewhere,asthesupplychaincreaksintolife.Skepticsarguethatgrowingcropsforethanolwillburnmorepetrolthanitwillsave.

Butothersarepersuaded,despitethepainsatthebeginningstage.“IfIhadtobet$100,I’dbetonbio-fuels,saysHunterLovins,co-authorof“NaturalCapitalism”,addingthatshewouldfavorthemevenoverotherrenewableenergysources.Richinvestorsalsobelieveitsgrowth.RichardBranson,aBritishentrepreneurwhoheadstheVirginconglomerate,recentlyannouncedplanstoinvestupto$400millioninethanolproduction.

GrowingProduction?

Canproductionbescaledup?Arecentbioengineeringbreakthroughmeansthatitshouldsoonbepossibletoconvertplantproductsfarmoreefficientlytoethanol.Thislendspromisetocellulosicethanol—aproductthatcanbemadefromagricultural“waste”,suchascorncobsorweeds,whichiswidelyavailable.(Oncecornkernelsandsugar-canesaphavebeentakenawayforsugar,theyleaveplentyofstalksandleavesbehind.)Themostpromisingsourceofcellulosicethanol,sayexpert,isswitchgrass,anativeAmericangrassthatgrowsnaturallyintheprairieheartlandandthrivesinthepoorMississippiDelta.

Bio-diesel,asyet,isasmallerenterprise.Itsplantsrequirelesscapitalthanthoseforethanol.Itisgrowingfast—salesvolumetripled,to75mgallons,between2004and2005—butthatisstilladropinthetankerofthe60billiongallonsofdieselthatAmericansconsumeeachyear.Muchofthestuffismadefromsoyabeans,andJeffPlowmanofAustinBio-fuels,atinystart-up,notesthatsoyabeenfuturesaretrackingthepriceofheatingoilforthefirsttime.InTexas,Mr.Plowmanalsoseespotentialforcottonseedoil,abyproductofcottonproduction.Elsewhere,thereiseventalkofproducingbio-dieselfrompigmanure.

Troublesarestilloccurring,havingpushedbacktheenthusiasm.InMinnesota,arequirementtohave2%ofdieselmadefromsoyawassuspendedlastyearwhentruckersbegantocomplainofcloggedfilters,thoughitwasfairlyquicklyreinstated.

Bio-fuelsandAmericanfarms

Couldbio-fuels,inadditiontoeasingthestrainontheenvironmentandonwallets,helptosaveAmericanfarms?Somepolicymakerscertainlyholdoutthisdream,particularlyintheMidwest,whereethanolandbio-dieselproductionisconcentrated.Montana’sDemocraticgovernor,BrianSchweitzer,whousesbio-diesel(madeforexamplefromcanola)inhisownVolkswagenJetta,imaginedwithoptimismaboutatechnologythathehopes“willjump-startruralAmerica”.HepointsoutthatAmericaexportsmassesofwheat,soyabeansandcorn,andtalksof“converg[ing]thoseexportacrestobio-fuels”.Whenthe2007farmbillisdebated,hehopesfor“avisionthathelpsAmericanfarmersonceagainproducetheirownhorsepowerontheirownfarms”.This“vision”wouldincludefederalcropinsuranceforfarmerswhogrowcanola,safflowerandcamellia,bringingthemuptothelevelofwheatandsoyabeans.

ThenotionofAmericanfarmersdefyingthetideofcapitalismtogrowtheirownfuelisagloriousdelusion.Itseemsgreat,yetit’snotpractical.However,Mr.SchweitzerisrightthatCongresshassomebigdecisionstomakeaboutbio-fuels.Towhatextent,ifany,shouldgovernmentsubsidizethisnewly-emergedindustry?Alreadyithasreceivedplentyofhelp.Ethanolproducersgetataxcreditworth51centsagallon,muchtothedelightoftheindustry.Thereisalsoa54cents-a-gallontariffonimportsofethanolfromBrazil.Startingwiththeremovalofthattariff,Congressneedstorethinkitsmisleadingenergypolicies.NathanaelGreene,oftheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil,arguesthatthefederalgovernment’smostimportantimmediatestepshouldbetoenactaloanguaranteetocreateAmerica’sfirstcellulosicethanolplant,whichwouldprobablybebuiltinIdaho.

Ifbio-fuelsdotakeoff,environmentalistsandpolicymakerswillstillbeunabletorelax.Mr.Greeneemphasizes,rightly,thatbio-fuelsalonemightnotsolvealltheproblems.HisorganizationarguesthatalthoughAmericanproductioncouldriseto100billiongallonsofbio-fuelsby2050,suchchangesalsoneedtobecombinedwithimprovedfuelefficiencyandbettercityplanning.Moreflex-fuelvehicles,whichcantakeupto85%ethanolblendedwithpetrol,wouldbeparticularlysensible.

15.Whatis“BioWillie”,whichisdistributedatseveralsitesinTexasandisalsogoingnational?

16.WhichofthefollowingreasonsisNOTforAmericangovernmentandsomeofAmericanpeopletostartresearchintothepossibilityofusingbio-fuels?

17.Rightnow,ethanolaccountsfor____ofAmerica’spetroluse.

18.WhydidRichardBransonrecentlyannounceplanstoinvestheavilyinethanolproduction?

19.Accordingtotheexpert,themostpromisingsourceofcellulosicethanolis____.

20.InwhichpartofAmericaisethanolandbio-dieselproductionconcentrated?

问题1选项

A.Akindofvegetableoilfromhisbigfarm.

B.Akindofnewfuelcalledethanol.

C.Akindofcleaner-burningdieselblend.

D.Akindofpetroleumfromforeigncountries.

问题2选项

A.ThenewfuelswillhelpAmerica’sfarmers,truckersandtheenvironment.

B.ThehighpetrolpricescausedtroublesinWashington,D.

C.D.C.

D.C.C.Thegovernmentwantstomeettheneedofsomefanaticalreligiousorganizations.D.ItishightimeAmericastoppeditsrelianceonforeignpetroleum.

问题3选项

A.10%

B.2%

C.5%

D.3%

问题4选项

A.Becausehebelieveditspromisingfuture.

B.BecausehecomesfromBritainwherehegotrichprofitfromethanolproduction.

C.BecauseheisapatrioticAmericanentrepreneur.

D.Becauseabio-fuelsrevolutiondidn’thappenintimetoeaseAmerica’scurrentpainatthepump.

问题5选项

A.corncobs

B.weeds

C.soyabeans

D.switchgrass

问题6选项

A.IntheNortheast.

B.IntheSouth.

C.IntheNorthwest.

D.IntheMidwest.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

【解析】15.事实细节题。题干“在德克萨斯州的几个地点分发，也正在向全国推广‘BioWillie’，是什么”，可定位到原文Reasonsforthechange小节第1段第3句Hecalledit“BioWillie”,whichisdistributedatseveralsitesinTexasandisgoingnational,too.（他称其为“BioWillie”，在德克萨斯州的几个地点分发，也正在向全国推广。）由此可知，该句中的it即我们想要找的答案，因此定位到前一句Mr.Nelson,wholivesonabigfarmoutsideAustin,powershiscarwiththehelpofvegetableoil.Hehasevencreatedhisownlineofthiscleaner-burningdieselblend.（纳尔逊（Nelson）先生住在奥斯汀城外的一个大农场里，他在植物油的帮助下发动汽车。他甚至创造了这种清洁燃烧混合柴油产品线。）由此可知，BioWillie是“cleaner-burningdieselblend（更清洁的柴油混合）”，C选项“一种更清洁的柴油混合物”表述正确。干扰选项A“一种来自他的大农场的植物油”表述错误，因为原文虽然提到了来自他的大农场的植物油，但只是提到了在植物油的帮助下发动汽车，并没有直接说BioWillie就是一种植物油，而是说BioWillie中混合了植物油。B选项“一种叫做乙醇的新燃料”、D选项“一种来自外国的石油”原文并未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

16.事实细节题。题干“以下哪一个不是美国政府和一些美国人开始研究使用生物燃料的可能性的原因”可定位到原文Reasonsforthechange小节。A选项“新燃料将帮助美国的农民、卡车司机和环境”，可定位到本节第1段最后一句Mr.NelsonarguesthatitwillhelpAmerica’sfarmers,truckers,andtheenvironment…（Nelson先生认为，这将帮助美国的农民、卡车司机和环境……）选项表述符合原文，排除；B选项“高油价给华盛顿特区带来了麻烦”，可定位到本节第2段第1句WithhighpetrolpricescausingtroublesinWashington,D.C.,everyoneistryingtofindoutalternatives.（随着高油价给华盛顿带来麻烦，每个人都在试图寻找替代方案。）选项表述符合原文，排除；C、D选项可定位到本节第2段最后一句JimWoolsey,aformerheadoftheCIAnotesthatdevelopingbio-fuelsisinthenationalinterest,sinceitishightimeAmericastoppeditsrelianceonpetroleumfromforeigncountriesandsostoppedfundingsomefanaticalreligiousorganizations.（前中央情报局局长JimWoolsey指出，开发生物燃料符合国家利益，因为美国是时候停止依赖外国石油，从而停止资助一些狂热的宗教组织了。）由此可知，政府是想停止对狂热的宗教组织的资助，而非满足他们的需要，C选项“政府想要满足一些狂热的宗教组织的需要”表述错误，符合题意；同时D选项“美国是时候停止对外国石油的依赖了”选项表述符合原文，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

17.事实细节题。题干“目前，乙醇占美国汽油使用量的____”，可定位到原文Future:convenienceandpains小节。本节第2段第2句Rightnow,ethanol—…—accountsforjust3%ofAmerica’spetroluse.（目前，乙醇仅占美国汽油使用量的3%。）D选项“3%”表述正确。干扰选项A“10%”、B“2%”，可定位到本节第1段第2句InMontana,HawaiiandMinnesotaallpetrolmustcontain10%ethanol,whileWashingtonStaterequirespetrolanddieseltocontain2%renewablefuelbyvolume.（在蒙大拿州、夏威夷州和明尼苏达州，所有汽油必须含有10%的乙醇，而华盛顿州要求汽油和柴油中含有2%的可再生燃料。）由此可知，10%是某些州规定的汽油中乙醇的占比；2%是华盛顿州要求的可再生燃料在汽油和柴油中的占比，都不是乙醇在美国汽油使用量的占比，排除；C选项“5%”，原文并未提及，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

18.事实细节题。题干“为什么RichardBranson最近宣布计划大力投资乙醇生产”，可定位到原文Future:convenienceandpains小节。本节第4段最后一句RichardBranson,…,recentlyannouncedplanstoinvestupto$400millioninethanolproduction.（英国企业家RichardBranson，……他最近宣布计划投资4亿美元用于乙醇生产。）联系上文Richinvestorsalsobelieveitsgrowth.（富有的投资者也相信它的增长。）由此可知，RichardBranson是看中了投资乙醇利润的增长空间，才决定投资的，A选项“因为他相信它的前途光明”符合原文。B选项“因为他来自英国，在那里他从乙醇生产中获得了丰厚的利润”、C选项“因为他是一个爱国的美国企业家”、D选项“因为生物燃料革命没能及时缓解美国目前在加油方面的痛苦”，原文均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

19.事实细节题。题干“据专家说，纤维素乙醇最有前途的来源是____”，可定位到原文GrowingProduction?小节。本节第1段第5句Themostpromisingsourceofcellulosicethanol,sayexpert,isswitchgrass…（专家说，最有前途的纤维素乙醇来源是柳枝稷……）由此可知，D选项“柳枝稷”表述正确，符合题意。干扰选项A“玉米棒”、B“野草”可定位到本节第1段第3句Thislendspromisetocellulosicethanol—aproductthatcanbemadefromagricultural“waste”，suchascorncobsorweeds,whichiswidelyavailable.（这给纤维素乙醇带来了希望。纤维素乙醇是一种可以从广泛使用的农业“废物”（如玉米棒或野草）中提取的产品。）虽然玉米棒或野草也是纤维素乙醇的来源，但是并不是题目要求的最有前途的来源，排除；C选项“大豆”，可定位到本节第2段第4句Muchofthestuffismadefromsoyabeans（大多数都是由大豆制成的），结合本段第1句Bio-diesel,asyet,isasmallerenterprise.（到目前为止，生物柴油是一个较小的企业。）由此可知，大豆是许多生物柴油的原材料，而非乙醇，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

20.事实细节题。题干“美国的哪部分地区集中生产乙醇和生物柴油”，可定位到原文Bio-fuelsandAmericanfarms小节。本节第1段第2句Somepolicymakerscertainlyholdoutthisdream,particularlyintheMidwest,whereethanolandbio-dieselproductionisconcentrated.（一些政策制定者肯定坚持这一梦想，尤其是在乙醇和生物柴油生产集中的中西部地区。）由此可知D选项“中西部”表述正确。A选项“东北”、B选项“南方”、C选项“西北”，表述错误。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

8.单选题

SevenWaystoSavetheWorldForgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial-ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame-orbetter-resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.WhenaslumpinbusinesstravelforcedUlrichRomertocutcostsathisfamily-ownedhotelinGermany,hereplacedhundredsofthehotel’swastefullightbulbs,gettingthesamelightfor80percentlesspower.Heboughtanewwaterboilerwithadigitallycontrolledpump,andwrappedinsulationaroundthepipes.Spendingabout£100,000ontheseandotherimprovements,heslashedhis£90,000fuelandpowerbillby£60,000.Asabonus,thehotel’slowerenergyneedshavereduceditsannualcarbonemissionsbymorethan200metrictons.“Forus,savingenergyhasbeenvery,veryprofitable,”hesays.“Andmostimportantly,we’renotgivingupasinglecomfortforourguests.”

Efficiencyisalsoagreatwaytolowercarbonemissionsandhelpslowglobalwarming.Butthebestargumentforefficiencyisitscost—or,moreprecisely,itsprofitability.That’sbecausequicklygrowingenergydemandrequiresimmenseinvestmentinnewsupply,nottomentionthedrainofrisingenergyprices.

Nowonderefficiencyhasmovedtothetopofthepoliticalagenda.OnJan.10,theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.LastMarch,Chinaimposeda20percentincreaseinenergyefficiencyby2020.EvenGeorgeW.Bush,theTexasoilman,isexpectedtotalkaboutenergyconservationinhisStateoftheUnionspeechthisweek.

Thegoodnewsisthattheworldisfullofproven,cheapwaystosaveenergy.Herearetheseventhatcouldhavethebiggestimpact:

Insulate

Spaceheatingandcoolingeatsup36percentofalltheworld’senergy.There’svirtuallynolimittohowmuchofthatcanbesaved,asprototype“zero-energyhomes”inSwitzerlandandGermanyhaveshown.There’sbeenasurgeinnewwaysofkeepingheatinandcoldout(orviceversa).Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenough,youcanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.

ChangeBulbs

Lightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity,ortheequivalentofroughly600,000tonsofcoaladay.Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs—a19th-centurytechnologythatwastesmostofthepoweritconsumesonunwantedheat.

Compactfluorescentlamps,orCFLs,notonlyuse75to80percentlesselectricitythanincandescentbulbstogeneratethesameamountoflight,buttheyalsolast10timeslonger.Phasingoldbulbsoutby2030wouldsavetheoutputof650powerplantsandavoidthereleaseof700milliontonsofcarbonintotheatmosphereeachyear.

ComfortZone

Waterboilers,spaceheatersandairconditionershavebeennotoriouslyinefficient.Theheatpumphasalteredthatequation.Itremovesheatfromtheairoutsideorthegroundbelowandusesittosupplyheattoabuildingoritswatersupply.Inthesummer,thesystemcanbereversedtocoolbuildingsaswell.

MostnewresidentialbuildingsinSwedenarealreadyheatedwithground-sourceheatpumps.Suchsystemsconsumealmostnoconventionalfuelatall.Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket,includingJapan,wherealmost1millionheatpumpshavebeeninstalledinthepasttwoyearstoheatwaterforshowersandhottubs.

RemakeFactories

Fromsteelmillstopaperfactories,industryeatsupaboutathirdoftheworld’senergy.Theopportunitiestosavearevast.InLudwigshafen,GermanchemicalsgiantBASFrunsaninterconnectedcomplexofmorethan200chemicalfactories,whereheatproducedbyonechemicalprocessisusedtopowerthenext.AttheLudwigshafensitealone,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysavesthecompany￡200millionayearandalmosthalfitsCO2emissions.NowBASFisdoingthesamefornewplantsinChina.“Optimizingenergyefficiencyisadecisivecompetitiveadvantage,”saysBASFCEOJurgenHambrecht.

GreenDriving

Aquarteroftheworld’senergy—includingtwothirdsoftheannualproductionofoil—isusedfortransportation.Somesavingscomefreeofcharge:youcanboostfuelefficiencyby6percentsimplybykeepingyourcar’stiresproperlyinflated.Gasoline-electrichybridmodelsliketheToyotaPriusimprovemileagebyafurther20percentoverconventionalmodels.

ABetterFridge

Morethanhalfofallresidentialpowergoesintorunninghouseholdappliances,producingafifthoftheworld’scarbonemissions.Andthat’strueeventhoughmanufacturershavealreadyhikedtheefficiencyofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoodsbyasmuchas70percentsincethe1980s.AccordingtoanInternationalEnergyAgencystudy,ifconsumerschosethosemodelsthatwouldsavethemthemostmoneyoverthelifeoftheappliance,they’dcutglobalresidentialpowerconsumption(andtheirutilitybills)by43percent.

FlexiblePayment

Whosaysyouhavetopayforallyourconservationinvestments?“Energyservicecontractors”willpayforretrofittinginreturnforashareoftheclient’sannualutility-billsavings,InBeijing,ShenwuThermalEnergyTechnologyCo.specializesinretrofittingChina’ssteelfurnaces.Shenwuputsuptheinitialinvestmenttoinstallaheatexchangerthatpreheatstheairgoingintothefurnace,slashingtheclient’sfuelcosts.Shenwupocketsacutofthosesavings,sobothShenwuandtheclientprofit.

Ifsavingenergyissoeasyandprofitable,whyisn’teveryonedoingit?Ithastodowithpsychologyandalackofinformation.Mostofustendtolookattoday’spricetagmorethantomorrow’spotentialsavings.Thatholdsdoubleforthelandlordordeveloper,whowon’tactuallyseeapennyofthesavingshisinvestmentinbetterinsulationorabetterheatingsystemmightgenerate.Inmanypeople’sminds,conservationisstillassociatedwithself-denial.Manyenvironmentalistsstillpushthatview.

Smartgovernmentscanhelppushthemarketintherightdirection.TheEU’s1994lawonlabelingwassuchasuccessthatitextendedthesameideatoentirebuildingslastyear.Toboostthemarketvalueofefficiency,allnewbuildingsarerequiredtohavean“energypass”detailingpowerandheatingconsumption.CountrieslikeJapanandGermanyhavesuccessivelytightenedbuildingcodes,requiringanincreaseininsulationlevelsbutleavingituptobuilderstodecidehowtomeetthem.

Themostpowerfulincentives,ofcourse,willcomefromthemarketitself.Overthepastyear,sky-highfuelpriceshavefocusedmindsonefficiencylikeneverbefore.Ever-increasingpressuretocutcostshasfinallyforcedmorecompaniestodosomemathontheirenergyuse.

Willitbeenough?Withglobaldemandandemissionsrisingsofast,wemaynothaveanychoicebuttotry.Efficienttechnologyisherenow,provenandcheap.Comparedwithallotheroptions,it’sthebiggest,easiestandmostprofitablebangforthebuck.

1.Whatissaidtobethebestwaytoconserveenergynowadays?

2.WhatdoestheEuropeanUnionplantodo?

3.Ifyouaddenoughinsulationtoyourhouse,youmaybeableto____.

4.Howmuchofthepowerconsumedbyincandescentbulbsisconvertedintolight?

5.Somecountrieshavetriedtojump-startthemarketofheatpumpsby____.

6.GermanchemicalsgiantBASFsaves200millionayearby____.

7.Globalresidentialpowerconsumptioncanbecutby43percentif____.

问题1选项

A.Raisingefficiency.

B.Cuttingunnecessarycosts.

C.Findingalternativeresources.

D.Sacrificingsomepersonalcomforts.

问题2选项

A.Diversifyenergysupply.

B.Reducecarbonemissions.

C.Cutenergyconsumption.

D.Raiseproductionefficiency.

问题3选项

A.improveyouworkenvironment

B.getridofair-conditioners

C.cutyourutilitybillsbyhalf

D.enjoymuchbetterhealth

问题4选项

A.Asmallportion.

B.Some40percent.

C.Almosthalf.

D.75to80percent.

问题5选项

A.upgradingtheequipment

B.encouraginginvestments

C.providingsubsidies

D.implementinghigh-tech

问题6选项

A.reducingtheCO2emissions

B.settingupfactoriesinChina

C.usingthenewesttechnology

D.recyclingheatandenergyofitsplants

问题7选项

A.weincreasetheinsulationofwallsandwaterpipes

B.wechoosesimplermodelsofelectricalappliances

C.wecutdownontheuseofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods

D.wechoosethemostefficientmodelsofrefrigeratorsandotherwhitegoods

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干“现在节约能源最好的方法是什么”，可定位到原文第1段第2句Thesedaysconservationisallaboutefficiency:gettingthesame-orbetter-resultsfromjustafractionoftheenergy.（如今，节约能源就是提高使用效率：使用少量的能源得到同样的效果，或者更好的效果。）由此可知，现在节约能源的方法是提高能源使用效率，A选项“提高效率”，符合原文。原文第1段第1句Forgettheoldideathatconservingenergyisaformofself-denial-ridingbicycles,dimmingthelights,andtakingfewershowers.（忘记旧的观念：节约能源是一种自我否定的形式——骑自行车，调暗灯光，少洗澡。）由此可知，B选项“减少不必要的消耗”、C选项“寻找替代资源”、D选项“牺牲一些个人舒适”对应的都是以前节约能源的观念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

2.事实细节题。题干“欧盟计划做什么”，可定位到原文第3段第2句theEuropeanUnionunveiledaplantocutenergyuseacrossthecontinentby20percentby2020.（欧盟公布了一项计划，到2020年将整个欧洲大陆的能源使用量减少20%。）由此可知，欧盟计划减少整个欧洲大陆的能源使用，C选项“降低能源消耗”，符合原文。A选项“能源供应多元化”、B选项“减少碳排放”、D选项“提高生产效率”，均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

3.事实细节题。题干“如果你给你的房子添加足够的隔热材料，你也许可以____”，可定位到原文Insulate小节，第4句Themostadvancedinsulationfollowsthelawofincreasingreturns:ifyouaddenough,youcanscaledownoreveneliminateheatingandair-conditioningequipment,loweringcostsevenbeforeyoustartsavingonutilitybills.（最先进的隔热材料遵循收益递增的规律：如果你增加了足够多的隔热材料，你就可以按比例减少甚至取消供暖和空调设备，甚至在你开始节省水电费之前就降低了成本。）B选项“摆脱空调”，表述与原文一致；C选项“减少一半的水电费”，原文并未明确指出可以减少一半的水电费，排除；A、D选项可定位到本小节最后一句Studieshaveshownthatgreenworkplaces(onesthatdon’tconstantlyneedtohavetheheatorair-conditionerrunning)havehigherworkerproductivityandlowersickrates.（研究表明，绿色工作场所（那些不需要经常开暖气或空调的工作场所）可以提高员工的工作效率，降低员工的发病率。）A选项“改善你的工作环境”，原文没有提到工作环境的改善，提的是工作效率的提高，排除；D选项“享受好得多的健康状态”，原文虽然提到了可以减少员工的发病率，但并没有说健康状态就会好得多，该选项属于过度推理，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

4.事实细节题。题干“多少电能是白炽灯照明消耗的”，可定位到原文ChangeBulbs小节，第1句Lightingeatsup20percentoftheworld’selectricity（照明消耗了全世界20%的电力），第2句Fortypercentofthatpowersold-fashionedincandescentlightbulbs（其中40%用于老式白炽灯泡），由此可知，白炽灯泡消耗的电能为全世界电力的8%（=20%*40%），A选项“一小部分”符合原文。B选项“几乎一半”，没有出处，排除；C选项“大概40%”，原文40%指的是白炽灯消耗的电能占照明消耗的电能的比例，而非占总电能的比例，排除；D选项“75%到80%”，原文指的是CFL灯比白炽灯可以少消耗的电能，与题目无关，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

5.事实细节题。题干“一些国家试图通过____来启动热泵市场”，可定位到原文ComfortZone小节第2段第3句Severalcountrieshaveusedsubsidiestojump-startthemarket（一些国家已经通过补贴来启动市场），由此可知，一些国家通过发放补贴来启动热泵市场，C选项“提供补贴”，符合原文。A选项“升级设备”、B选项“鼓励投资”、D选项“应用高科技”，原文均未提及。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

6.事实细节题。题干“德国化工巨头BASF通过____每年节省2个亿”，可定位到原文RemakeFactories小节，第2、3句GermanchemicalsgiantBASF…isusedtopowerthenext.…,suchrecyclingofheatandenergysav