2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号21

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（

）toexpressedthoughts.

问题1选项

A.countenances

B.dilemmas

C.concessions

D.junctions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项countenance“面容，面部表情”；B选项dilemma“（进退两难的）窘境，困境”；C选项concession“让步，迁就”；D选项junction“连接，接合”。由eyes可知A选项符合语境，指眼睛和面部表情的反应。句意：通过注意他们的眼睛和面部表情表达思想的即时和短暂的反应，我们可以更好地理解他人。

2.单选题

Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis（

）ournewCEO.

问题1选项

A.ontheagendaof

B.inthepowerof

C.undertheguidanceof

D.withtheguidanceof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项ontheagendaof“列入会议议程的”；B选项inthepowerof“受……支配，在……的控制下”；C选项undertheguidanceof“在……的指导下”；D选项withtheguidanceof“在……的指导下”，作伴随状语表原因。由project（项目）与CEO（执行总裁）之间的关系可知项目应处于CEO的控制下较符合逻辑搭配。句意：我们已经竭尽所能，现在我们珍视的项目掌握在新任CEO的手中。

3.单选题

（

）excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.

问题1选项

A.Theoretically

B.Presumably

C.Incredibly

D.Practically

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项theoretically“理论地，理论上”；B选项presumably“据推测，很可能，大概”；C选项incredibly“极其，难以置信地”；D选项practically“实际上，几乎，差不多”。由ashasbeenproved（如已证实的那样）可知前面的内容应该是一种猜测比较符合逻辑，即证实推测。句意：据推测，过度食用油炸食品会造成严重后果，这已被证实。

4.单选题

Plasticsarethebestinsulatorofelectricity,rubber（

）itclosely.

问题1选项

A.following

B.followed

C.tofollow

D.beingfollowed

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词的不定式表示将来或目的，过去分词表示被动，现在分词表示主动。句中的it指代plastic，此处表示rubber紧跟plastic后面，为主动关系，因此选A。句意：塑料是最好的绝缘材料，橡胶紧随其后。

5.单选题

Itisrather（

）thatwestilldonotknowhowmanyspeciesthereareintheworldtoday.

问题1选项

A.misleading

B.boring

C.embarrassing

D.demanding

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项misleading“误导性的”；B选项boring“无聊的，无趣的”；C选项embarrassing“使人尴尬的，令人为难的”；D选项demanding“要求高的，要求极严的”。句中的it为形式主语，that引导主语从句，由“westilldonotknowhowmanyspeciesthereareintheworldtoday（我们仍然不知道今天世界上有多少种物种）”可知C选项符合语境。句意：我们现在还不知道世界上有多少物种，这是相当令人尴尬的。

6.单选题

（

）,Imustdoanotherexperiment.

问题1选项

A.Beiteversolate

B.Itiseversolate

C.Itbeeversolate

D.Solateitbeever

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句的倒装。根据选项及句意，可推测空格指“尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验”，Beiteversolate是由Thoughit(may)beeversolate而来，省略了though再将be移至主语it之前而来。句意：尽管很晚了，但我必须再做一个实验。

7.单选题

Theyareconsidering（

）thehousebeforethepricesgodown.

问题1选项

A.selling

B.ofselling

C.tosell

D.overselling

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。动词consider后可接名词或动名词，后接动词不定式时通常要带how、where、who之类的疑问词，因此选A。句意：他们正考虑在价格下降之前卖掉房子。

8.单选题

Speakingtwolanguagesratherthanjustonehasobviouspracticalbenefitsinanincreasinglyglobalizedworld.Butinrecentyears,scientistshavebeguntoshowthattheadvantagesofbilingualismareevenmorefundamentalthanbeingabletoconversewithawiderrangeofpeople.Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementia（痴呆）inoldage.

Thisviewofbilingualismisremarkablydifferentfromtheunderstandingofbilingualismthroughmuchofthe20thcentury.Researchers,educatorsandpolicymakerslongconsideredasecondlanguagetobeaninterference,cognitivelyspeaking,thathinderedachild’sacademicandintellectualdevelopment.

Theywerenotwrongabouttheinterference:thereisampleevidencethatinabilingual’sbrainbothlanguagesystemsareactiveevenwhenheisusingonlyonelanguage,thuscreatingsituationsinwhichonesystemobstructs（痴呆）theother.Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.

Thecollectiveevidencefromanumberofsuchstudiessuggeststhatthebilingualexperienceimprovesthebrain’sso-calledexecutivefunction.Acommandsystemdirectstheattentionprocessesthatweuseforplanning,solvingproblemsandperformingvariousothermentallydemandingtasks.Theseprocessesincludeignoringdistractionstostayfocused,switchingattentionwillfullyfromonethingtoanotherandholdinginformationinmind—likerememberingasequenceofdirectionswhiledriving.

Whydoesthetussle（搏斗）betweentwosimultaneouslyactivelanguagesystemsimprovetheseaspectsofcognition?Untilrecently,researchersthoughtthebilingualadvantagestemmedprimarilyfromanabilityforinhibitionthatwashoned（磨炼）bytheexerciseofsuppressingonelanguagesystem:thissuppression,itwasthought,wouldhelptrainthebilingualmindtoignoredistractionsinothercontexts.Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition,likethreadingalinethroughanascendingseriesofnumbersscatteredrandomlyonapage.

Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.“Bilingualshavetoswitchlanguagesquiteoften—youmaytalktoyourfatherinonelanguageandtoyourmotherinanotherlanguage,”saysAlbertCosta,aresearcherattheUniversityofPompeaFabrainSpain.“Itrequireskeepingtrackofchangesaroundyouinthesamewaythatwemonitoroursurroundingswhendriving.”InastudycomparingGerman-ItalianbilingualswithItalianmonolingualsonmonitoringtasks,Mr.Costaandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthebilingualsubjectsnotonlyperformedbetter,buttheyalsodidsowithlessactivityinpartsofthebraininvolvedinmonitoring,indicatingthattheyweremoreefficientatit.

Thebilingualexperienceappearstoinfluencethebrainfrominfancytooldage,andthereisreasontobelievethatitmayalsoapplytothosewholearnasecondlanguagelaterinlife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themorerecentandoldviewsofbilingualismdiffermainlyin（

）.

2.Thefactthatinterferenceisnowseenasablessingindisguisemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhatistheroleofParagraphFourinrelationtoParagraphThree?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanaccountforbetterperformanceofbilingualsindoingnon-inhibitiontasks?

5.Whatisthemainthemeofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.itspracticaladvantages

B.perceivedlanguagefluency

C.itsroleincognition

D.itsroleinmedicine

问题2选项

A.itspotentialbenefitshaveremainedundiscovered

B.ithasledtounexpectedlyfavorableresults

C.itseffectsoncognitivedevelopmenthavebeenminimal

D.onlyafewresearchershaverealizeditsadvantages

问题3选项

A.ItprovidescounterevidencetoParagraphThree.

B.Itoffersanotherexampleoftheroleofinterference.

C.Itservesasatransitionalparagraphinthepassage.

D.ItfurtherillustratesthepointinParagraphThree.

问题4选项

A.Anabilitytoignoredistractions

B.Anabilitytomonitorsurroundings.

C.Anabilitytoperformwithlesseffort.

D.Anabilitytoexercisesuppression.

问题5选项

A.Featuresofbilingualsandmonolinguals.

B.Interferenceandsuppression.

C.Bilingualsandmonitoringtasks.

D.Reasonswhybilingualsaresmarter

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Beingbilingual,itturnsout,makesyousmarter.Itcanhaveaprofoundeffectonyourbrain,improvingcognitiveskillsnotrelatedtolanguageandevenshieldingagainstdementiainoldage.（事实证明，双语能让你更聪明。它可以对你的大脑产生深远的影响，提高与语言无关的认知能力，甚至可以在老年时抵御痴呆症）可知C选项“它在认知中的作用”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词interference定位到文章第三段中，由Butthisinterference,researchersarefindingout,isn’tsomuchahandicapasablessingindisguise.Itforcesthebraintoresolveinternalconflict,givingthemindaworkoutthatstrengthensitscognitivemuscles.（但研究人员发现，这种干扰与其说是一种障碍，不如说是一种伪装的祝福。它迫使大脑解决内部冲突，给大脑一个加强认知肌肉的锻炼）可知B选项“它带来意外的有利结果”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第三段介绍干扰虽然存在，但能锻炼认知肌肉，第四段介绍研究表明双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能，接着又详细说明大脑的工作流程来证明上面的观点。故第四段进一步说明第三段的内容，因此D选项“它进一步说明了第三段的观点”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词non-inhibitiontasks定位到文章第五段中，由Butthatexplanationincreasinglyappearstobeinadequate,sincestudieshaveshownthatbilingualsperformbetterthanmonolingualsevenattasksthatdonotrequireinhibition（但这种解释似乎越来越不充分，因为研究表明，即使在不需要抑制的任务中，双语者的表现也比单语者好）和第六段中的Thekeydifferencebetweenbilingualsandmonolingualsmaybemorebasic:aheightenedabilitytomonitortheenvironment.（双语者和单语者之间的关键区别可能更为基本：提高了监控环境的能力）可知B选项“监测环境的能力”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出双语者更聪明，尾段提出双语经验对学习第二语言的有利影响，中间内容解释了双语干扰带来能锻炼认知肌肉，双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能。因此D选项“双语者更聪明的原因”符合题意。

9.单选题

HehasbeenplowingthroughabiographyofLyndonJohnsonanda（

）ofHenryKissinger.

问题1选项

A.dissection

B.dissertation

C.necessity

D.casualty

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dissection“解剖，仔细分析，详细评论”；B选项dissertation“专题论文，学位论文”；C选项necessity“必然，必要”；D选项casualty“（战争或事故的）伤员，亡者”。plowthrough表示“艰难地完成”，“abiography（传记）ofLyndonJohnsonanda______ofHenryKissinger”为两个并列宾语，因此空格处应与biography相关的词语，结合句意选A。句意：他一直艰难地完成LyndonJohnson的传记和HenryKissinger的详细评论。

10.单选题

Thescientisthasmadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,（

）isofgreatimportancetoscience.

问题1选项

A.whichIthink

B.whichIthinkit

C.ofwhichIthink

D.Ithinkwhich

【答案】A

【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。which指代先行词discovery，在从句中作主语，Ithink作插入语时，引导词应放在其前面，因此选A。句意：这位科学家又有了一个了不起的发现，我认为这个发现这对科学很重要。

11.单选题

Theforemanreadthe（

）ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.

问题1选项

A.prejudice

B.verification

C.verdict

D.punishment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项prejudice“偏见，成见”；B选项verification“检验，检查，审核”；C选项verdict“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，（经过检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论”；D选项punishment“刑罚，惩罚”。由句中的guilty（有罪的）和defendant（被告）可知选C。句意：陪审团主席宣读了14遍有罪判决书，每个被告一份。

12.单选题

Acobwebglisteningwithdewseemsas（

）asitislovely.

问题1选项

A.fragile

B.frigid

C.strident

D.tedious

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项fragile“易碎的，脆弱的”；B选项frigid“严寒的，寒冷的，冷淡的”；C选项strident“刺耳的”；D选项tedious“冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的”。由“有露珠闪烁的蜘蛛网看上去又______，又可爱”可知空格处的词语要与cobweb（蜘蛛网）在逻辑上搭配，且与lovely的感情色彩一致，因此选A。句意：有露珠闪烁的蜘蛛网看上去又脆弱又可爱。

13.单选题

Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoobtainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.

Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodemworld,orindependentlyofanycourse,simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.

Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometoconsistofmoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tobalancethisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatinghimandher.Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.

Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asmanyotherscientistsdo,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“scientificsubculture”means（

）.

2.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

（

）.

3.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

（

）.

4.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Thetextmostprobablyis（

）.

问题1选项

A.culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.

B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited

C.thescientificcommunity

D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience

问题2选项

A.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists

B.scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife

C.scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture

D.itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience

问题3选项

A.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience

B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets

C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts

D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience

问题4选项

A.Englishisasexistlanguage.

B.Onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

C.Womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

D.Malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.

问题5选项

A.abookreview

B.theprefaceofabook

C.thepostscriptofabook

D.theconcludingpartofabook

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.（他们还应该了解科学家生活的亚文化群体以及他们是什么样的人）和第三段中的Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.（我们试图在这本书中给出一个准确的、最新的描述科学界及生活在科学界的人）可推测“scientificsubculture（科学亚文化群体）”指的是由科学家组成的文化群体，因此选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sinceittouchesalmosteveryaspectofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeideaofitsstructureandoperation.（因为它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一个方面，受过教育的人至少需要了解它的结构和运作）可知B选项“科学几乎影响我们生活的方方面面”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseknowledgeofscienceissuperficial（这本书是为聪明的学生或非专业人士而写的，他们的科学知识是肤浅的）可知A选项“聪明的大学生和不懂科学的门外汉”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotauniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallpartsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatissomewhatsexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.（随着越来越多的女性进入传统的男性主导的领域并作出重大贡献，女性在科学亚文化中的作用日益增强，这不是一个独特的事件，而是社会各方面明显的趋势的一部分。然而，在讨论这些变化和贡献时，我们面临着一种有点性别歧视的语言，一种使用男性名词或代词来指代未指明的个人）可知D选项“男性名词或代词不应用于指科学家”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。文章首段提出科学是我们文化的重大主题；第二段指出本书的读者对象；第三段指出科学界存在的语言性别歧视；最后一段指出本书有娱乐性和知识性。因此可以推测这篇文章是一本书的序言，选B。

14.单选题

Shewasso（

）inherjobthatshedidn'thearanybodyknockingatthedoor.

问题1选项

A.attracted

B.absorbed

C.drawn

D.concentrated

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项常用于beattractedby（被……吸引），指客观上吸引人的注意力；B选项常用于beabsorbedinsth.（被……吸引住，专注于），absorb表示“吸引（注意力，精力等）”；C选项常用于bedrawnto（被吸引到……上来）；D选项concentrate“集中精神，全神贯注”，常与on或upon连用。由“shedidn'thearanybodyknockingatthedoor（她没听见有人敲门）”可知B选项符合语境。句意：她全神贯注于她的工作以至于她没有听见敲门声。

15.单选题

The（

）physicisthasbeenchallengedbyothersinhisfield.

问题1选项

A.respectable

B.respectful

C.respective

D.respecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的”；B选项respectful“尊敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respective“各自的，分别的”；D选项respecting“尊敬，尊重”。根据选项的意思，可知A选项最符合句意。句意：这位受人尊敬的物理学家在他的领域受到了其他人的挑战。

16.单选题

BenjaminFranklin,tactlessinhisyouth,becamesodiplomatic,so（

）athandlingpeoplethathewasmadeAmericanAmbassadortoFrance.

问题1选项

A.shrewd

B.foxy

C.considerate

D.adroit

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项shrewd“精明的，敏锐的”，指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人；B选项foxy“狡猾的”；C选项considerate“考虑周到的，体贴的”；D选项adroit“（尤指待人接物）精明的，干练的，机敏的”。根据空格处前后句意，可知空格处与tactless（得罪人的，不圆通的）表示的意思相反，因此选D。句意：本杰明•富兰克林，年轻时并不圆滑，后来变得很有外交手腕，善于与人打交道，因此被任命为美国驻法国大使。

17.单选题

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull（

）.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项capacity“容量，能力，才能”；B选项strength“力量，毅力”；C选项length“长度，篇幅”；D选项possibility“可能，可能性”。worktoone'scapacity表示“充分发挥才能”。句意：没有外出工作的家庭主妇们总感觉她们没充分发挥自己的全部才能。

18.单选题

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Buttheoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarhasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrtienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Alien,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybycoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Para.5)?

5.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Akindofoverlookinequality.

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

问题2选项

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

问题3选项

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

问题4选项

A.Theyaregettingimpatient.

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

问题5选项

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

B.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabtismstillhasalongwaytogo.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.（对于那些尚未意识到这一劣势的人来说，这是指对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母开头的人的歧视）可知A选项“一种被忽视的不公平”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。文章第一段提出字母排序是一种隐藏的歧视；第二三段举例说明字母排序的歧视，因此D选项“某种形式的歧视太微妙以至于无法识别”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第四段介绍了从入学开始，老师们就按姓氏首字母排序安排学生的座位，很少关注那些由于姓氏首字母靠后而经常被安排在教室的后面，也很少向他们提问，因此C选项“老师们应该关注所有的学生”符合题意。

4.词义题。由文章最后一段中的Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.（羞辱还在继续。在大学毕业典礼上，ABC们自豪地获得了他们的奖项；等轮到Zysman们的时候，大多数人实际上已经ZZZ了）可在推测等轮到Zysman们领奖时，其他人由于等的时间太长，差不多都会睡着了。ZZZ表示“（拟声）打鼾声”，dozingoff表示“打瞌睡”，因此选B。

5.推理判断题。文章主要介绍了字母排序所带来的歧视，这种歧视是隐蔽的，是无意中导致的，因此D选项“按字母顺序排列可能会导致无意的偏见”符合题意。

19.单选题

Onestudentafteranother（

）uptoanswertheteacher’squestions.

问题1选项

A.stand

B.stands

C.standing

D.tostand

【答案】B

【解析】考查主谓一致。分析句子，可知“____up”为谓语动词，“toanswertheteacher’squestions”为不定式作目的状语，故排除C、D。one...afteranother（一个接一个）后面的谓语动词应用单数形式，因此选B。句意：学生一个接一个站起来回答老师的问题。

20.单选题

Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren（

）aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.

问题1选项

A.modifying

B.duplicating

C.accelerating

D.stimulating

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项modify“修改，更改”；B选项duplicate“模仿，复制”；C选项accelerate“加速，增速”；D选项stimulate“刺激”。根据宾语aviolentact（暴力行为）可知B选项符合语境。句意：最近，有报道称，一些儿童模仿了以前在电视上看到的暴力行为。

21.单选题

Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesinthehistoryofthoughtiscausedbytheuncertainty（

）tosolveagivenproblembytraditionalmethodspreviouslyappliedtoproblemswhichseemtobeofthesamenature.

问题1选项

A.thatispossible

B.whetheritispossible

C.thatitispossible

D.aboutwhatispossible

【答案】B

【解析】考查同位语从句。句子主干为Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesiscausedbytheuncertainty（反复出现的挫折和悲剧之一是由不确定性引起的），由空格前的uncertainty（不确定性）可知此处表示的是“一种可能性”。因此选B，由whether引导的同位语从句对前面的抽象名词uncertainty进行解释说明。句意：思想史上反复出现的挫折和悲剧之一，是由不确定性引起的，即是否用传统的方法来解决一个给定的问题，这些方法以前应用于看起来性质相同的问题中。

22.单选题

Iwish（

）toStockholmwhenIwasinSweden.Ihearit’sabeautifulcity.

问题1选项

A.Iwent

B.Ihadgone

C.togo

D.tohavegone

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时表示与现在相反的情况，用过去完成时表示与过去相反的情况，用would/coulddo表示与将来相反的情况。由“whenIwasinSweden”可知此处是对过去的虚拟，故wish后的宾语从句用过去完成时，因此选B。

23.单选题

Reportersandphotographersaliketookgreat（

）attherudewaytheactorbehavedduringtheinterview.

问题1选项

A.annoyance

B.resentment

C.offence

D.irritation

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项annoyance“恼怒，生气，烦恼”；B选项resentment“愤恨，怨恨”；C选项offence“犯罪，罪行，冒犯”；D选项irritation“生气，气恼”。只有offence可用于短语takeoffenceatsth.表示“对……生气”。句意：记者和摄影师们都对那位演员在采访过程中的粗鲁表现感到不满。

24.单选题

MyprofessorbrotherandIhaveanargumentaboutheadandheart,aboutwhetherheovervaluesIQwhileIleanmoretowardEQ.Wetypicallyhavethisdebateaboutpeople—canyoubefriendswithareallysmartjerk（怪物）?—butthere'scorollary（推论）toanimalsaswell.I’dloveitifourdogcouldfetchthemorningpaperandthenreadittomeovercoffee,butIactuallycaremuchmoreaboutherloyalandinnocentheart.There’salreadyenoughthinkinggoingoninourhouse,andweprobablyspendtoomuchtimeinourheads.Whereweneedsomerolemodelingisininstinct,andthat'swhereadogisarovingrevelation.

Ididnotgrowupwithdogs,whichmeantthatmyolderdaughter'srespectfulbutunyieldingdeterminationtogetonerequiredsomeadjustmentonmypart.Ioftenfeltshewastrainingme:fromagesof6to9,shegentlyschooledmeinvariousbreedsandtheirpersonalities,whisperedtothedogsweencounteredsotheywouldcharmandpersuademe,demonstratedbyherself-disciplinethatshewasreadyfortheresponsibility.AndthuscameourdogTwist,whomIsometimesmistakeforathirddaughter.

AtfirstIthoughtthechallengewouldbetotrainhertosit,toheel,towalkcalmlybesideusandnotgowildlychasingtheneighbourhoodrabbits.ButIsoondiscoveredhowmuchmorewehadtolearnfromherthanshefromus.

Ifitistrue,forexample,thatthesecrettoachild’ssuccessislessraregeniusthanrawpersistence,Twist'sabilitytostayontaskisamodelforusall,especiallyifthetaskistryingtocapturethesunbeamthatflicks（忽然摇动）aroundthelivingroomasthewindblowsthroughthebranchesoutside.Sheneversucceeds,andshenevergivesup.Thisincludeswhensherunssquareintowalls.

Thenthereisherunfailingpatience,whichbreaksdownonlywhenshesensesthatdinnertimewas15minutesagoandwehavesomehowfailedtonotice.Eventhensheismoreeagerthanindignant（愤愤不平）,andherrefusaltowhineshowsarestraintofwhichI'mnotalwayscapablewhenhungry.

ButthelessonIvaluemostistheoneinforgiveness,andTwistfirstofferedthiswhenshewasstillveryyoung.Whenshewasabout7monthsold,wetookhertothevet（兽医）tobesprayed（切除卵巢）.Weturnedherovertoastranger,whoproceededtoperformaprocedurethatwasprobablynotpleasant,Butwhenthevetreturnedhertous,limpandtender,therewasnorecrimination（反责）,noHowcouldyoudothattome?Itwasasthoughshereallyknewthatwecouldnotintentionallycauseherpain,andwhileshedidnotunderstand,sheforgaveandcurledupwithherheadonmydaughter'slap.

Isupposewecouldhaveconcludedthatshewasjustblindlyloyalanddocile（温顺的）.Buteventuallyweknewbetter.Sheisentirelycapableofdisobedience,asshehasprovedmanytimes.Shewillignoreuswhentherearemoreinterestingthingstolookat,rebukeuswhenwearecareless,barkintothetwilightwhenshehasurgentmessagestosend.Butherpatiencewithourfailingsandfickleness（浮躁）andherwillingnesstogiveusasecondchanceareadailylessoningratitude.

Myfriendswhogrewupwithdogstellmehowwhentheywereteenagersandtrustednooneintheworld,theycouldtelltheirdogalltheirsecrets.Itwastheonefriendwhowouldnotgossiporbetray,couldprovideinthemiddleofthenightthesoft,unbegrudging（不勉强的）comfortandpeac