2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号20

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thetaleisbasedonthe______ideaofamanwhoremainsyoungwhilehisportraitonthewallgrowsold.

问题1选项

A.tentative

B.whimsical

C.querulous

D.cynical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项tentative“试验性的，暂定的，踌躇的”，B项whimsical“古怪的，异想天开的”，C项querulous“易怒的，暴躁的，爱发牢骚的”，D项cynical“愤世嫉俗的，冷嘲的”。根据后面的定语从句“挂在墙上的肖像会变老，而他却依然年轻”可知，四个选项中“异想天开的”符合。句意：这个故事是基于一个人的异想天开的想法，他仍然年轻，而他的肖像在墙上变老。因此，该题选择B项。

2.单选题

Thebuildingisagreatsuccess,______atriumph,forthedesigner.

问题1选项

A.namely

B.orrather

C.and

D.particularly

【答案】B

【解析】考查连词辨析。A项namely“也就是，即是”，B项orrather“更精确地说，倒不如说”，C项and“和”，D项particularly“异乎寻常地，特别是”。由success（成功）和triumph（胜利）可知，这两个意思相近，success强调结果，triumph强调过程和动作，所以空格处填入B项更符合句子语境。句意：对于设计者来说，这座建筑是一个巨大的成功，或者更确切地说是一个胜利。因此，该题选择B项。

3.单选题

Themarketingofindustrialproductsnecessitatedlarge-scalestoragespaces,andenormousshopssellingunderoneroofawidevarietyofitems.

问题1选项

A.identified

B.replaced

C.required

D.supplied

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项identify“确定，鉴定，识别”，B项replace“取代，代替，替换”，C项require“需要，要求”，D项supply“供给，提供”。句意：工业产品的营销需要大规模的存储空间，以及一个可以销售各种各样商品的巨大商店。necessitate在句中表示“需要”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是C项。因此，该题选择C项。

4.单选题

Werarelyperceivemorethanaminute______ofthesightsandsoundsthatfalluponoursenseorgans;thegreatmajoritypassusby.

问题1选项

A.friction

B.function

C.fraction

D.fiction

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项friction“摩擦”，B项function“功能，职责”，C项fraction“分数，部分，小部分”，D项fiction“小说，虚构，编造”。空格处需要填入一个of所属关系的名词，与thesightsandsounds（视觉和听觉）搭配，B、D可排除。由后面的thegreatmajority（大多数）可知，这里形成了对比，所以前面表示“一小部分”，C项符合。句意：我们很少能够感知到那些极其微小的落在我们感觉器官上的视觉或听觉片断，（这些片断中的）大部分从我们身边溜走了。因此，该题选择C项。

5.单选题

Itismoreimportantthatsheshouldbefree_____sheshouldlivealuxuriouslife.

问题1选项

A.thanwhat

B.that

C.morethan

D.thanthat

【答案】D

【解析】考查比较级的规则。根据句中的more，肯定要有than，根据相比较对象一致的原则，本题是thatsheshouldbefree与thatsheshouldlivealuxuriouslife之间相比较的句子，所以选项D为正确答案。

6.单选题

NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.Manythingshavechangedintheinterveningyears.Thehotelindustryworriesmoreaboutoverbuildingthanovercrowding,andiftheyhadtomeetanunexpectedinflux,fewinnswouldhaveamanagertoaccommodatethewearyguests.Nowitisthecensustakerthatdoesthetravelinginthefondhopethatahighlymobilepopulationwillstaylongenoughtogetagoodsampling.Methodsofgathering,recording,andevaluatinginformationhavepresumablybeenimprovedagreatdeal.AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes,nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearmentwhichwe,atleastinouryoungeryearswhenthesethingsmattered,wouldhaveassociatedmorereadilywiththedescriptionofafairmaiden.ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets,andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.

43.TaxationinRomandaysapparentlywasbasedon______.

44.TheAmericanStatisticalAssociation______.

45.Themessagetheauthorwishesthereadertogetis______.

46The“greateststoryevertold”referredtointhepassageisthestoryof______.

问题1选项

A.wealth

B.mobility

C.population

D.censustakers

问题2选项

A.isconvertingstatisticalstudyfromanarttoascience

B.hasanexcellentrecordinbusinessforecasting

C.isneitherhopefulnorpessimistic

D.speakswithmathematicalexactitude

问题3选项

A.statisticianshavenotadvancedsincethedaysoftheRoman

B.statisticsisnotasyetascience

C.statisticianslovetheirmachine

D.computerishopeful

问题4选项

A.Christmas

B.TheMets

C.Moses

D.RomanCensusTakers

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】43.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“罗马时代的税收显然是基于……”。文章第六句指出AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes（那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单）可知，罗马时代的税收是基于人口，C项“人口”正确。B项“流动性”是人口的特点，D项“人口普查员”是普查人口的执行者，这两项都不符合题干；A项“财富”没提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

44.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“美国统计协会……”。根据文中第六句开始讲的观点：…nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearment…（现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向理科发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统……）可知，美国统计协会正把统计学从文科转向理科发展，所以A项“正把统计研究从文科转变成理科”正确。文中提到ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets…（但也有人指出，那些备受尊敬的预测和预测者的平均成功率还低于Mets的糟糕记录）可知，B项“在商业预测方面有出色的记录”不正确。C项“不乐观也不悲观”文章没有提到，只提到了他们半喜半忧地离开协会。由最后一句thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。）可知，D项“以精确的数学说话”不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

45.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者希望读者得到的信息是……”。根据文中的描述：…andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（连统计协会的主席也告诫说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着喜忧参半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是新近才有的信念，相信只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。），可知只要不把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性预测，那么统计法在经济预测中就有它的贡献，从中我们可以推知，统计学还不是一门科学（理科），所以B项“统计学还不是一门科学”正确。A项“统计学家从罗马时代起就没有进步”和C项“统计学家喜欢他们的计算机”没有提到过。D项“电脑是有希望的”，文中只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学“系统”，暗示了计算机大有希望，但不是所有人都这样认为的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“本文中提到的‘有史以来最伟大的故事’是……的故事”。根据题干定位到文章第一句话NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.（自从凯撒奥古斯都下令进行的人口普查成为有史以来最伟大的故事的一部分以来，已经过去了近两千年），其中提到了凯撒奥古斯都颁布的征税法令，而这个故事是被基督徒称为圣诞故事的经文，所以这是圣诞节的故事，A项“圣诞节”正确。B项“theMets”、C项“摩西”和D项“罗马人口普查员”都不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

7.单选题

Simplysurvivingthoseoceancrossingsofindeterminatelength,inopencanoes,toarriveontheshoresofuninhabitedandhithertounknownislands,wasaformidableachievement.

问题1选项

A.undecided

B.uncertain

C.unacceptable

D.increasing

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项undecided“未定的，未决定的”，B项uncertain“无把握的，多变的，不确定的”，C项unacceptable“不能接受的，不受欢迎的”，D项increasing“越来越多的，渐增的”。句意：仅仅是乘着独木舟在漫长的海上航行中幸存下来，到达无人居住的、无人知道的岛屿的海岸，就是一项了不起的成就。indeterminate在句中表示“不确定的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。

8.单选题

Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.Innearlyeverylanguage,howeverthewordsarephrased,themostbasicdivisionincinemahistoryliesbetweenfilmsthataremuteandfilmsthatspeak.

Yetthismostfundamentalstandardofhistoricalperiodizationconcealsahostofparadoxes.Nearlyeverymovietheater,howevermodest,hadapianoororgantoprovidemusicalaccompanimenttosilentpictures.Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(1874-1930)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithlivemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.

Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.Newcolorprocesses,largerordifferentlyshapedscreensizes,multiple-screenprojections,eventelevision,wereamongthedevelopmentsinventedortriedoutduringtheperiod,sometimeswithstartlingsuccess.Thehighcostsofconvertingtosoundandtheearlylimitationsofsoundtechnologywereamongthefactorsthatsuppressedinnovationsorretardedadvancementintheseotherareas.Theintroductionofnewscreenformatswasputoffforaquartercentury,andcolor,thoughutilizedoverthenexttwodecadesforspecialproductions,alsodidnotbecomeanormuntilthe1950s.

Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanypreviousattempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.Thesecriticsweremakingacommonassumption—thatthetechnologicalinadequaciesofearlierefforts(poorsynchronization,weaksoundamplification,fragilesoundrecordings)wouldinvariablyoccuragain.Tobesure,theirevaluationofthetechnicalflawsin1920ssoundexperimentswasnotsofaroffthemark,yettheyneglectedtotakeintoaccountimportantnewforcesinthemotionpicturefieldthat,inasense,wouldnottakenoforananswer.

Theseforcesweretherapidlyexpandingelectronicsandtelecommunicationscompaniesthatweredevelopingandlinkingtelephoneandwirelesstechnologiesinthe1920s.IntheUnitedStates,theyincludedsuchfirmsasAmericanTelephoneandTelegraph,GeneralElectric,andWestinghouse.Theywereinterestedinallformsofsoundtechnologyandallpotentialrevenuesforcommercialexploitation.TheircompetitionandcollaborationwerecreatingthebroadcastingindustryintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeintroductionofcommercialradioprogrammingintheearly1920s.Withfinancialassetsconsiderablygreaterthanthoseinthemotionpictureindustry,andperhapsawidervisionoftherelationshipsamongentertainmentandcommunicationsmedia,theyrevitalizedresearchintorecordingsoundformotionpictures.

In1929theUnitedStatesmotionpictureindustryreleasedmorethan300soundfilms—aroughfigure,sinceanumberweresilentfilmswithmusictracks,orfilmspreparedindualversions,totakeaccountofthemanycinemasnotyetwiredforsound.Attheproductionlevel,intheUnitedStatestheconversionwasvirtuallycompleteby1930.InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive,andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms).Thetriumphofsoundcinemawasswift,complete,andenormouslypopular.

46.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisthemostsignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryoffilm?

47.Whydoestheauthormention“Japanesebenshi”and“originalmusicalcompositions”?

48.Theunderlinedword“overshadowed”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.

49.WhichofthefollowingaccountsforthedelayintheconversiontosoundfilmsinEurope?

问题1选项

A.Thetechnologicalinnovationofsoundfilmduringthe1920’s.

B.Theinventionofamethodfordeliveringmoviestopeople’shome.

C.Thedevelopmentofatechnologyfortranslatingfilmsintootherlanguages.

D.Thetechnologicalimprovementsallowingclearerimagesinfilms.

问题2选项

A.Tosuggestthataudiencespreferredotherformsofentertainmenttofilmbeforethetransitiontosoundinthe1920’s.

B.Toprovideexamplesofsomeofthefirstsoundsthatwererecordedforfilm.

C.Toindicatesomewaysinwhichsoundaccompaniedfilmbeforetheinnovationofsoundinthelate1920’s.

D.Toshowhowtheuseofsoundinfilmschangedduringdifferenthistoricalperiods.

问题3选项

A.distractedfrom

B.explained

C.conducted

D.coordinatedwith

问题4选项

A.Europeanproducersoftenlackedknowledgeaboutthenecessaryequipmentforthetransitiontosoundfilms.

B.SmallerEuropeanproducerswereoftenunabletoaffordtoaddsoundtotheirfilms.

C.Itwasoftendifficulttowireoldercinemasinthemajorcitiestoplaysoundfilms.

D.SmallerEuropeanproducersbelievedthatsilentfilmswithmusicaccompanimentwereaestheticallysuperiortosoundfilms.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据第一段，下面哪个是电影史上最重要的发展？”。根据第一段第一句Theshiftfromsilenttosoundfilmattheendofthe1920smarks,sofar,themostimportanttransformationinmotionpicturehistory.（20世纪20年代末，无声电影向有声电影的转变标志着电影史上迄今为止最重要的转变。）可知，电影史上最重要的发展是从无声电影到有声电影的转变，A项“20世纪20年代有声电影的技术革新”正确。由第二句话Despiteallthehighlyvisibletechnologicaldevelopmentsintheatricalandhomedeliveryofthemovingimagethathaveoccurredoverthedecadessincethen,nosingleinnovationhascomeclosetobeingregardedasasimilarkindofwatershed.（尽管从那以后的几十年里，在戏剧和家庭中移动影像的传输方面出现了所有高度可见的技术发展，但没有任何一项创新能够被视为类似的分水岭。）可知，B项“一种把电影送到人们家里的方法的发明”、C项“将电影翻译成其他语言的技术的发展”和D项“技术的改进使电影中的图像更加清晰”都不是。因此，该题选择A项正确。

47.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者提及‘日本配音师’和‘原创音乐作品’？”。根据题干关键词定位到文章第二段第三句Inmanyinstances,spectatorsintheerabeforerecordedsoundexperiencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemovies’visualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.（在许多情况下，在有声电影出现之前的时代，观众在体验电影视觉图像的同时，也体验了精心制作的听觉呈现，从日本配音师，即叙述者，制作的多声音对话叙事到欧美交响乐团演奏的原创音乐作品。），从中我们可以推断，在有声电影出现之前，观众在观看无声电影时，也能够体验到精心制作的听觉呈现，包括对话叙事和原创音乐，这是说明声音陪伴电影的方式，C项“指出在20世纪20年代后期声音发明之前，声音陪伴电影的一些方式”符合题意，由此也可知A项“暗示在20世纪20年代向有声电影过渡之前，观众更喜欢其他形式的娱乐”错误。B项“提供一些为电影录制的最初声音的例子”，提供例子的目的本身就是为了说明有声电影之前，声音陪伴电影的一些方式，该项不正确；D项“展示电影中声音的使用在不同的历史时期是如何变化的”，第二段并没有论述历史时期的变化，D项错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。

48.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第三段中下划线的单词overshadowed的意思与……最接近”。根据题干定位到第三段第一句Beyondthat,thetriumphofrecordedsoundhasovershadowedtherichdiversityoftechnologicalandaestheticexperimentswiththevisualimagethatweregoingforwardsimultaneouslyinthe1920s.（除此之外，录制声音的胜利已经……20世纪20年代同时发展的视觉图像技术和美学实验的丰富多样性），第一段提到20世纪20年代发生了电影史上最大的转变，即从无声电影向有声电影转变，那么可以推测，这里的overshadowed指的是：录制声音的胜利已经盖过/超过了20世纪20年代同时发展的一些技术，那么四个选项中意思与之相近的是A项“转移，使从……分心”。B项“解释”、C项“引导，指挥”和D项“使协调，配合”都不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。

49.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪项解释了欧洲电影向有声电影转变的延迟？”。根据最后一段中的InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive（在欧洲花的时间要长一些，主要是因为有更多的小制作者，对他们来说声音成本高得令人望而却步）可知，欧洲电影向有声电影转变的推迟是因为声音成本太高，小的制片人负担不起，B项“较小的欧洲制片人往往无力为他们的电影添加声音”正确。A项“欧洲制片人往往缺乏向有声电影过渡所需设备的知识”和D项“较小的欧洲制片人认为有音乐伴奏的无声电影在美学上优于有声电影”没有提到；由andinotherpartsoftheworldproblemswithrightsoraccesstoequipmentdelayedtheshifttosoundproductionforafewmoreyears(thoughcinemasinmajorcitiesmayhavebeenwiredinordertoplayforeignsoundfilms)（在世界的其他地方，由于权利和设备的问题，声音制作的转变又推迟了几年，尽管大城市的电影院可能已经安装了设备以播放外国有声电影。）可知，C项“给大城市里的老电影院安装电线播放有声电影常常是困难的”并不符合原文。因此，该题选择B项正确。

9.单选题

Aliquidcanbekeptinanopencontainerandfillittothelevelofafreesurface.Agasformsnofreesurfacebut______todiffusethroughoutthespaceavailable.

问题1选项

A.tends

B.intends

C.inclines

D.contends

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项tend表示“趋向，倾向，照料”，tendto表示“趋向，注意，易于”，指朝着一个方向发展或者有某种品质；B项intend表示“打算，想要，意指”，intendto表示“打算做，想要”；C项incline表示“倾向于，（使）倾向于，赞同（某人或某事）”，inclineto表示“倾向于……，向……倾斜”，指倾向于用某种方式思考或者表现，被要求做某事；D项contend表示“竞争，奋斗，斗争”，不和to搭配。根据句子的主语gas（气体），结合but转折后面的动词diffuse（扩散）可知，A项“倾向于”符合语境。句意：液体可以保存在一个开放的容器中，并将其装满到一个自由面的水平；气体没有形成自由面，而是倾向于在整个可用的空间中扩散。因此，该题选择A项正确。

10.单选题

SocialcircumstancesinEarlyModernEnglandmostlyservedtorepresswomen’svoices.Patriarchalcultureandinstitutionsconstructedthemaschaste,silent,obedient,andsubordinate.Atthebeginningofthe17thcentury,theideologyofpatriarchy,politicalabsolutism,andgenderhierarchywerereaffirmedpowerfullybyKingJamesinTheTrewLawofFreeMonarchieandtheBasilikonDoron;bythatideologytheabsolutepowerofGodthesupremepatriarchwasseentobeimagedintheabsolutemonarchofthestateandinthehusbandandfatherofafamily.Accordingly,awoman’ssubjection,firsttoherfatherandthentoherhusband,imagedthesubjectionofEnglishpeopletotheirmonarchandofallChristianstoGod.Also,theperiodsawanoutpouringofrepressiveorovertlymisogynistsermons,tracts,andplays,detailingwomen’sphysicalandmentaldefects,spiritualevils,rebelliousness,shrewish,andnaturalinferioritytomen.

Yetsomesocialandculturalconditionsservedtoempowerwomen.DuringtheElizabethanera(1558-1603),theculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomen.Elizabethanwomenwritersbegantoproduceoriginaltextsbutwereoccupiedchieflywithtranslation.Inthe17thcentury,however,variouscircumstancesenabledwomentowriteoriginaltextsinsomenumbers.Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities—mothersanddaughters,extendedkinshipnetworks,closefemalefriends,theseparatecourtofQueenAnne(KingJames’consort)andheroftenoppositionalmasquesandpoliticalactivities.Foranothermostofthesewomenhadareasonablygoodeducation(modernlanguages,history,literature,religion,music,occasionallyLatin)andsomeapparentlyfoundinromancesandhistoriesmoreexpansivetermsforimaginingwomen’slives.Also,representationofvigorousandrebelliousfemalecharactersinliteratureandespeciallyonthestagenodoubthelpedtoundermineanymonolithicsocialconstructofwomen'smatureandrole.

Mostimportant,perhaps,wastheradicalpotentialinherentintheProtestantinsistenceoneveryChristian’simmediaterelationshipwithGodandprimaryresponsibilitytofollowhisorherindividualconscience.ThereisplentyofsupportinStPaul’sepistlesandelsewhereintheBibleforpatriarchyandawife’ssubjectiontoherhusband,butsometexts(notablyGalatians3:28)inscribeaverydifferentpolitics,promotingwomen’sspiritualequality:“ThereisneitherJewnorGreek,thereisneitherbondnorfree,thereisneithermalenorfemale:foryearealloneinJesusChrist.”SuchtextsencouragedsomewomentoclaimthesupportofGodthe-supremepatriarchagainstthevariousearthlypatriarchswhoclaimedtostandtowardtheminhisstead.

Thereisalsothegaporslappedbetweenideologyandcommonexperience.Englishwomenthroughoutthe17thcenturyexercisedagooddealofaccrualpower:asmanagersofestatesintheirhusbands’absencesatcourtoronmilitaryanddiplomaticmission;asmembersofguildsaswivesandmotherswhoapexduringtheEnglishCivilWarandInterregnum(1640-60)astheexecutionoftheKingandtheattendantdisruptionofsocialhierarchiesledmanywomentoseizenewroles—aspreacher,asprophetesses,asdeputiesforexiledroyalisthusbands,aswritersofreligiousandpoliticaltracts.

35.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

36.WhatdidtheQueenElizabethdoforthewomeninculture?

37.WhichofthefollowingisNotmentionasareasontoenablewomentooriginaltexts?

38.Whatdidthereligionsoforthewomen?

问题1选项

A.Women’sPositioninthe17thCentury.

B.Women’sSubjectiontoPatriarchy.

C.SocialCircumstancesinthe17thCentury.

D.Women’sObjectioninthe17thCentury.

问题2选项

A.Shesetanimpressivefemaleexampletofollow.

B.Shedominatedtheculture.

C.Shedidlittle.

D.Sheallowedwomentotranslatesomething.

问题3选项

A.Femalecommunitiesprovidedsomecounterweighttopatriarchy.

B.QueenAnne’spoliticalactivities.

C.Mostwomenhadagoodeducation.

D.QueenElizabeth’spoliticalactivities.

问题4选项

A.Itdidnothing.

B.Ittooaskedwomentobeobedientexceptsometexts.

C.Itsupportedwomen.

D.ItappealedtotheGod.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】35.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。通读全文，文章第一段先阐述女性由于父权文化和宗教制度使得女性在很多方面都受到大量压制和公然歧视，接着第二段论述了在伊丽莎白时期一些女性群体在文学方面对父权制而做的一些平衡抗压的举措，第三段阐述了在宗教上，大部分文本都是支持父权主义的，最后阐述了17世纪的女性在男性不在的时候，行使了大量的权责证明意识形态和一般经验之间的差距。综合可以推理，这篇文章主要讲述的是17世纪的女性在社会中所处的一个地位，A项“17世纪女性的地位”符合题意。B项“女性对父权制的服从”、C项“17世纪的社会环境”和D项“17世纪女性的反对”都是文章提到的一部分，不能全面概括整篇文章。因此，该题选择A项正确。

36.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“伊丽莎白女王在文化上为女性做了什么？”。根据第二段第二句DuringtheElizabethanera(1558-1603),theculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomen.（在伊丽莎白时代统治期间，文化领域为强大的女王所主导，她本人确实树立了令人难忘的女性形象，可是她并没有为其他女性能够创作一些东西）可知，虽然伊丽莎白女王树立了令人印象深刻的女性形象，但是她在文化上并没有为女性创造些什么，所以C项“她没做什么”正确。A项“她为女性树立了榜样”和B项“她主导了文化”并不是重点，重点在though后面的内容，这两项不选。D项“她允许女性翻译一些东西”，文中并没有强调是伊丽莎白女王让女性从事翻译，D项无中生有。因此，该题选择C项正确。

37.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作为使女性能够创造原作的理由，以下哪项未被提及？”。根据第二段中的Inthe17thcentury,however,variouscircumstancesenabledwomentowriteoriginaltextsinsomenumbers.Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities—mothersanddaughters,extendedkinshipnetworks,closefemalefriends,theseparatecourtofQueenAnne(KingJames’consort)andheroftenoppositionalmasquesandpoliticalactivities.Foranothermostofthesewomenhadareasonablygoodeducation…（然而，在17世纪，各种情况使女性能够以一定数量写出原作。一方面，女性群体为父权制提供了一些平衡力量：母亲和女儿、延伸的亲属网络、亲密的女性朋友、安妮王后单独的宫殿以及她对立的化装舞会和政治活动。另一方面，这些女性大多受过良好的教育……）可知，A项“女性群体为父权制提供了一些平衡”、B项“安妮女王的政治活动”和C项“大多数女性都受过良好的教育”都有提及。只有D项“伊丽莎白女王的政治活动”在文中并没有提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

38.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“宗教对女性有什么影响？”。根据文章倒数第二段ThereisplentyofsupportinStPaul’sepistlesandelsewhereintheBibleforpatriarchyandawife’ssubjectiontoherhusband,butsometexts(notablyGalatians3:28)inscribeaverydifferentpolitics,promotingwomen’sspiritualequality…SuchtextsencouragedsomewomentoclaimthesupportofGodthe-supremepatriarchagainstthevariousearthlypatriarchswhoclaimedtostandtowardtheminhisstead.（在圣保罗的书信和圣经的其他地方有大量的支持父权制和妻子对丈夫的服从的文本，但一些文本记载了一种非常不同的政治，促进女性精神平等……这样的经文鼓励一些女性去争取最高的族长,即上帝的支持，反对那些声称代替上帝站在她们身边的世俗族长。）可知，圣保罗书信和圣经有大量的文本支持父权主义，但是仍然有一些文本鼓励女性去争取上帝的支持，鼓励女性去反对父权主义，所以B项“除了某些文本外，它们也要求女性服从”符合题意，从而也可知A项“没什么影响”错误。C项“它支持女性”不够全面，只有某些文本支持女性。第一段中指出Accordingly,awoman’ssubjection,firsttoherfatherandthentoherhusband,imagedthesubjectionofEnglishpeopletotheirmonarchandofallChristianstoGod.（因此，女性首先服从父亲，然后服从丈夫，体现了英国人民服从他们的君主，所有基督徒服从上帝。），可知，宗教是借上帝的名义来压制女性，使她们服从父权制，而不是求助于上帝，D项“它求助于上帝”不符合原文。因此，该题选择B项正确。

11.单选题

JustaweekafterScottishembryologistsannouncedthattheyhadsucceededincloningasheepfromasingleadultcell,boththegeneticscommunityandtheworld31arecomingtoanunsettlingrealization:thescienceistheeasypart.Itisnot32thebreakthroughwasnotdecadesinthemaking.It’sjustthatonceitwascomplete—onceyou33howtotransferthegeneticschematicsfromanadultcellintoalivingovumandkeepthefragileembryo34throughoutgestation...mostofyourbasicbiologicalworkwasfinished.Thesocialandphilosophicaltemblorsittriggers,35,havemerelybegun.

Onlynow,asthenewsofDolly,the36oblivioussheep,becomespartoftheculturaldebate,arewebeginningto37thosesoul-quakes?Howwillthenewtechnologyberegulated?Whatdoesthesuddenabilitytomakegeneticstencilsofourselvessayabouttheconceptofindividuality?Istheresomethingabouttheindividualthatislostwhenthemysticalactof38apersonbecomesstandardizedintoamereactofphotocopyingone?

LastweekPresidentClintontookthefirsttentativesteptowardansweringthesequestions,chargingaU.S.commission39thetaskofinvestigatingthelegaland40implicationsofthenewtechnologyandreportingbacktohimwiththeirfindingswithin90days.LaterthisweektheHousesubcommitteeonbasicresearchwillholdahearingto41thesameissues.TheprobabletoneofthosesessionswasestablishedlastweekwhenHaroldVarmus,directoroftheNationalInstituteofHealth,toldanothersubcommitteethatcloningapersonis“42totheAmericanpublic.”

Aroundtheglobe,thereactionwasjustas43France’sundersecretaryforresearch44humancloningas“unthinkable,”theCouncilofEuropeSecretaryGeneralcalledit“una