2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号67

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Hehadwanteda25%raiseinpay,butaftertalkingtohisboss,hedecidedthata5%raisewould_______.

问题1选项

A.suffice

B.modify

C.gratify

D.delight

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项suffice“使满足（表示带有无奈情绪的满足）；足够……用；合格”；B选项modify“修改，修饰；更改”；C选项gratify“使满足（表示超出预想的满足）；使满意，使高兴”；D选项delight“使高兴；高兴”。句意：他本想得到25%的工资涨幅，但在同老板谈话后，他认为他不得不满足于5%的涨幅。因此A选项正确。

2.单选题

Thedoctoristryingtosavethepatientbyevery______means.

问题1选项

A.imaginative

B.imaginary

C.imaginable

D.imagination

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项imaginative“富于想象的；有创造力的”；B选项imaginary“虚构的，假想的；想象的；虚数的”；C选项imaginable“可能的；可想象的”；D选项imagination“（n.）想象力；空想；幻想物”。句意：医生正在想尽一切办法挽救病人。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Imagineadiseasespreadingacrosstheglobe,killingmostlymiddle-agedpeopleorleavingthemchronicallydisabled.Thenonedayresearcherscomeupwithadrugthatcanpreventsomeofthedisease’snastiereffects.Youwouldthinktheworld’sageingpublicwouldbeeternallygrateful.

Thediseasedoesexist.Itiscalledtobaccoaddiction.Thedrugtooisrealandinanimaltestshaspreventedlungdamagethatleadstoemphysema.Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.

Onthefaceofittheseresponsesmakesense.Itisingrainedinsocietythatsmokershaveonlythemselvestoblameandtheirsalvationliesinasimpleactofwill.Iftheywillnotquitsmoking,theycannotexpecthelpfromanyoneelse.

Butthislogicisflawed.Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.IntheUK,theproportionofpeoplewhosmokehasnotfalleninadecade.Tobaccohasapowerfulgrip,andmanysmokerarecaughtinatraptheycannotescape:theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.

Thisreasoningishardformanytoswallow.Itcertainlyleavesgovernmentsandanti-smokinggroupsinabind.Theyarehappytopaylipservicetomethodsforreducingharm—ofwhichthreeareagrowingnumber—buttheyareslowtocreatepoliciesbaseduponthem.EuropeanUnioncountries,forexample,tookyearstoevenconsiderregulatingthedangerousadditivesincigarettes.

Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.

Therearethingsthatnodrugaimedatharmreductionwilleverbeabletodo.Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.Butitwouldbeamistaketoignoretheharmreductionmeasures.Forthosewhoarenotconvinced,forgetsmokersforamoment.Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers,especiallythoseworkinglonghoursas,say,musiciansandbarstaffinsmokyrooms.Shouldwedenythemtoo?

1.Thestatement“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets”impliesthat______.

2.Theauthorarguesthat______.

3.Theauthoristryingtoemphasizethatthedrugs______.

4.Thedrugs,accordingtotheauthor,areexpected______.

5.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat______.

问题1选项

A.thedrugshavereceivedsuspicion

B.theinventorsjustpresentedasideshow

C.itwilltaketimeforthepublictoacceptthenewdrug

D.theeffectsofthedrugneedfurthertestonhumantrials

问题2选项

A.nosmokerisexpectedtosucceedinquitting

B.smokersdeservetheharmsmokingdoestothem

C.smokerswithresolutiontostopsmokingneedhelp

D.smokerscouldsucceedwithstrongresolutiontogiveup

问题3选项

A.aremainlyaimedatyoungsters

B.shouldbeavailabletosmokersfreeofcharge

C.willnotchangethemessagethattobaccokills

D.helpregulatethedangerousadditivesincigarettes

问题4选项

A.toperformpreventivefunctionsinnon-smokers

B.toreducethenumberofpassivesmokers

C.toenforcethecombatagainstsmoking

D.alloftheabove

问题5选项

A.withinnovativedrugssmokerscanstillenjoypersonalgratificationsandstayhealthy

B.ifadrugcansavelives,weshouldn’twithholditwithoutgoodreason

C.thebattleagainstsmokingisfarfromwon

D.therewillbeasafewaytosmoke

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.语义推测题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Buttheinventorshavereceivednobouquets.Prevailingmedicalopinionseemstobethatthedrugisameresideshow,distractingsmokersfromthetaskofquitting.Anotherexperimentaldrug,whichcouldprotectsmokersagainstcancer,isalsoviewedwithsuspicionbecauseitcouldgivesmokersanexcusenottoquit.（但是这些发明家没有收到任何花束。流行的医学观点似乎是，药物只是次要的，它分散了吸烟者的任务，戒烟。另一种可以保护吸烟者不患癌症的实验性药物也受到怀疑，因为它可以给吸烟者一个不戒烟的借口。）”，由此可知这些发明家发明的药物受到人们的怀疑，所以A选项“这些药物已经受到怀疑”符合题意。B选项“发明家只是表演了一个小插曲”；C选项“公众接受这种新药需要一段时间”；D选项“药物的效果需要进一步的人体试验”都与题干无关。因此A选项正确。

2.观点态度题。根据第四段“Yet,evenwithnicotinegum,patchesanddrugstoeasetheordeal,thequitrateisstillunder10percent.（然而，即使使用尼古丁口香糖、贴片和药物来缓解这种折磨，戒烟率仍然低于10%。）”可知A选项“预计没有烟民会成功戒烟”错误；根据第四段最后一句“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知B选项“吸烟者应该受到吸烟所造成的伤害”说法错误；根据第四段“Checkasurveyofsmokersandyoufindtwo-thirdswanttogiveupandone-thirdwillhavetriedinthepreviousyear.（对吸烟者进行调查，你会发现三分之二的人想要戒烟，三分之一的人在前一年已经尝试过了）”以及“theyhaveadiseaselikeanyotheranddeservethechancetoreducetheharmitdoestothem.（他们和其他任何疾病一样，有机会减少烟草对他们的危害。）”可知C选项“决心戒烟的人需要帮助”正确；D选项“吸烟者可以通过坚定的决心戒烟成功”文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。

3.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“Onefearisthatmethodsforreducingharmwilldilutethemessagethattobaccokills—especiallywhengiventoyoungsters.Butthatmessagewon’tchange,inthepresentcase,evenifbothdrugsturnouttoworkinhumantrials,theywouldnotprotectagainstallthedeadlysideeffectsofsmoking.（一种担心是，减少烟草危害的方法会淡化烟草致人死亡的信息——尤其是对青少年而言。但在目前的情况下，这一信息不会改变，即使这两种药物在人体试验中都有效，它们也不能预防吸烟的所有致命副作用。）”可知作者强调该药物不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息，所以C选项“不会改变烟草致人死亡的信息”正确。A选项“主要针对年轻人”说法错误，该药物针对的是所有烟民；B选项“应该免费提供给吸烟者”说法错误，文章提到“Andthedrugsdonothavetobefreetoall.Theycouldbeavailableonlyonprescriptionforpeoplewhodoctorsbelievegenuinelycannotgiveup.（而且药物并不一定要对所有人免费。只有医生认为真正不能放弃的人才能买到这种药。）”；D选项“帮助控制香烟中的危险添加剂”文章没有提到，因此C选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Forthesereasonsallotherwaystocountersmokingmustcontinue,frombanningtobaccoadvertisingtoraisingtobaccotaxes.（出于这些原因，从禁止烟草广告到提高烟草税，所有其他抵制吸烟的方式都必须继续下去。）”，由此可知该药物将会加强反对吸烟的斗争，所以C选项“加强反对吸烟的斗争”正确。A选项“对不吸烟者起到预防作用”，文章提到“Preventivedrugscouldalsohelpnon-smokers（预防性药物也可以帮助不吸烟者）”，并没有提到预防作用，只说会有帮助，A选项错误；B选项“减少被动吸烟的数量”说法错误，文章最后一段提到“Itwillnotcutpassivesmokingorstoptobaccocompaniespersuadingmillionsofteenagerstolightup.（它不会减少被动吸烟，也不会阻止烟草公司劝说数百万青少年吸烟。）”；D选项“以上都是”。因此C选项正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲了能预防吸烟带来的不良后果的药物。文章提到这种药物受到很多质疑，并且一一回答了它们。文章最后一段提到有些东西是任何药物都无法做到的，所以呼吁人们提高禁烟意识，并且参与到禁烟活动中去。由此可知人们的反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利，所以C选项“反对禁烟的斗争还远未取得胜利”正确。A选项“有了创新药物，吸烟者仍然可以享受个人满足和保持健康”说法错误，文章并没有提到这一观点；B选项“如果一种药物可以挽救生命，我们不应该没有充分的理由就拒绝它”，文章也没有提到，且人们对新药物持质疑态度也是可行的；D选项“将会有一个更安全的吸烟方式”并不是文章所侧重的，因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Doctorsmustinform______parentsaboutthelowoddsofsuccessinfertilitytreatments.

问题1选项

A.protective

B.respective

C.prospective

D.perspective

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项protective“防护的；关切保护的；保护贸易的”；B选项respective“分别的，各自的”；C选项prospective“未来的；预期的”；D选项perspective“透视的”。句意：医生必须告知准父母生育治疗成功的几率很低。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Tomdoesn’tthinkthatthe______situationhereisasgoodashishometown’s.

问题1选项

A.economics

B.economic

C.economy

D.economical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项economics“n.经济学；国家的经济状况”；B选项economic“adj.经济的，经济上的；经济学的”；C选项economy“n.经济；节约；理财”；D选项economical“经济的；节约的；合算的”。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义，一般用作定语；economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”，相当于notwasteful，既可指人也可指物，既可作表语也可作定语。句意：汤姆认为这里的经济状况不如家乡。因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

What______supposewouldhappenifthedirectorknewyoufeltthatway?

问题1选项

A.willyou

B.doyou

C.wouldyou

D.youwould

【答案】B

【解析】考查语序。在该句子中，doyousuppose相当于一个插入语，Whatwouldhappenifthe...才是一个整体，做全句的宾语从句。类似的表达还有doyouthink等。句意：你猜想看看，如果主管知道你那样想之后会发生什么事。因此B选项正确。

7.翻译题

Asimilarmovementisgoingonbeforeourowneyes.Modernbourgeoissociety,withitsrelationsofproduction,ofexchangeandofproperty,asocietythathasconjuredupsuchgiganticmeansofproductionandofexchange,islikethesorcererwhoisnolongerabletocontrolthepowersofthenetherworldwhomhehascalledupbyhisspells.Formanyadecadepast,thehistoryofindustryandcommerceisbutthehistoryoftherevoltofmodernproductiveforcesagainstmodernconditionsofproduction,againstthepropertyrelationsthataretheconditionsfortheexistenceofthebourgeoisandofitsrule.Itisenoughtomentionthecommercialcrisesthat,bytheirperiodicalreturn,puttheexistenceoftheentirebourgeoissocietyonitstrial,eachtimemorethreateningly.Inthesecrises,agreatpartnotonlyoftheexistingproducts,butalsoofthepreviouslycreatedproductiveforces,areperiodicallydestroyed.Inthesecrises,therebreaksoutanepidemicthat,inallearlierepochs,wouldhaveseemedanabsurdity—theepidemicofover-production.Societysuddenlyfindsitselfputbackintoastateofmomentarybarbarism;itappearsasifafamine,auniversalwarofdevastation,hadcutoffthesupplyofeverymeansofsubsistence;industryandcommerceseemtobedestroyed.Andwhy?

Becausethereistoomuchcivilization,toomuchmeansofsubsistence,toomuchindustry,toomuchcommerce.Theproductiveforcesatthedisposalofsocietynolongertendtofurtherthedevelopmentoftheconditionsofbourgeoisproperty;onthecontrary,theyhavebecometoopowerfulfortheseconditions,bywhichtheyarefettered,andsosoonastheyovercomethesefetters,theybringdisorderintothewholeofbourgeoissociety,endangertheexistenceofbourgeoisproperty.Theconditionsofbourgeoissocietyaretoonarrowtocomprisethewealthcreatedbythem.Andhowdoesthebourgeoisiegetoverthesecrises?Ontheonehand,byenforceddestructionofamassofproductiveforces;ontheother,bytheconquestofnewmarkets,andbythemorethoroughexploitationoftheoldones.Thatistosay,bypavingthewayformoreextensiveandmoredestructivecrises,andbydiminishingthemeanswherebycrisesareprevented.

【答案】现在，我们眼前又进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系和交换关系，资产阶级的所有制关系，这个曾经仿佛用法术创造了如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的现代资产阶级社会，现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史，只不过是现代生产力反抗现代生产关系、反抗作为资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出在周期性的重复中越来越危及整个资产阶级社会生存的商业危机就够了。在商业危机期间，总是不仅有很大一部分制成的产品被毁灭掉，而且有很大一部分已经造成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间，发生一种在过去一切时代看来都好像是荒唐现象的社会瘟疫，即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态：仿佛是一次饥荒、一场普遍的毁灭性战争，使社会失去了全部生活资料；仿佛是工业和商业全被毁灭了，——这是什么缘故呢？因为社会上文明过度，生活资料太多，工业和商业太发达。社会所拥有的生产力已经不能再促进资产阶级文明和资产阶级所有制关系的发展；相反，生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步，它已经受到这种关系的阻碍；而它一着手克服这种障碍，就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，就使资产阶级所有制的存在受到威胁。资产阶级的关系已经太狭窄了，再容纳不了它本身所造成的财富了。——资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢？一方面不得不消灭大量生产力，另一方面夺取新的市场，更加彻底地利用旧的市场。这究竟是怎样的一种办法呢？这不过是资产阶级准备更全面更猛烈的危机的办法，不过是使防止危机的手段越来越少的办法。

8.单选题

Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemed______whenitwasfirstintroduced.

问题1选项

A.impressive

B.unaccountable

C.inconsistent

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项impressive“感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的”；B选项unaccountable“无责任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C选项inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D选项incredible“不能相信的，难以置信的；极好的，极大的”。句意：爱因斯坦的相对论刚被提出时似乎令人难以置信。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Ifyouworkunderacarwhenrepairingit,youoftengetvery______.

问题1选项

A.waxy

B.slippery

C.sticky

D.greasy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项waxy“蜡制的；像蜡的，质地光滑的，柔软的；蜡色的，苍白的；（非正式）生气的”；B选项slippery“滑的；狡猾的；不稳定的”；C选项sticky“黏的；黏性的”；D选项greasy“油腻的；含脂肪多的；谄媚的”。句意：如果你在车底下修理汽车，你通常会弄得满身油污。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Beneathitsmyriadrules,thefundamentalpurposeof______istomaketheworldapleasanterplacetolivein,andyouamorepleasantpersontolivewith.

问题1选项

A.elitism

B.eloquence

C.eminence

D.etiquette

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。

11.单选题

______hispioneeringworkinthelate1930’s,EarlHineshasbeencalledthefatherofmodernjazzpiano.

问题1选项

A.Asaresultof

B.Insupportof

C.Intheinterestof

D.Forthesakeof

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项asaresultof“因此，由于；作为……的结果”；B选项insupportof“支持；以便支持；为了支持；拥护”；C选项intheinterestof“为了……的利益；符合……的利益；为了……的好处”；D选项forthesakeof“出于对……的缘故/为了……起见”。句意：由于他在20世纪30年代后期的开创性工作，厄尔•海恩斯被称为现代爵士钢琴之父。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Twoequallybrilliantscientistsapplyforaprestigiousresearchfellowshipawardedbyatopscientificorganization.Oneiswhite,theotherblack.Doesthecoloroftheirskinmatter?

Mostscientistswillalreadybescreamingaresounding“no”.Thosewhoprogressinsciencedosobecauseoftheirwork,nottheirpigmentation.Scienceismeritocraticandobjective.Itmustthereforeberigorouslycolor-blindandshunbothracialdiscriminationandaffirmativeaction.

Well,let’sthinkaboutthis.Ifsciencereallyissomeritocratic,wherearealltheblackNobelprizewinnersandfellowsoftheRoyalSociety?Theblackchairsofgovernmentscientificpanels?TheblackRichardDawkinsesandSusanGreenfields?WhenNewsweekmagazinerecentlysurveyedEurope’slargest100companies,itwasshockedtounearthonlysixboardmembersofnon-Europeanracialorigin.OneshudderstothinkwhatasimilarsurveyofupperechelonsofEuropeansciencewouldreveal.

Eventheusuallystick-in-the-mudBritishgovernmentnowacknowledgesthereisaproblem.Lastmonthitpromisednewfundingforprojectsdesignedtocombatinstitutionalracisminscienceeducationinschools.Asmeasuresgoitislittleandlate,butwelcomenonetheless.Despitestartingschoolasthetopachievers,blackBritishchildrenhavelongunderperformedinscience.

Andtherearepositivechangesafoothigherupthescientificcareerladdertoo.Atpresent,fewscientificorganizations,fundingbodiesorlabsinEuropebothereventotracktheracialbackgroundsofthosetheyhireorfund.Asaresult,thefullscaleoftheunder-representationproblemishidden.Notformuchlonger.Britain’snewlyamendedRaceRelationsActrequiresallgovernmentbodies,includingfundingcouncils,totracktheeffectsoftheiractivitiesondifferentethnicgroupsandensurethatallbenefitequally.AndnextyearaEuropeanUniondirectivewillpushallEUemployersthiswaytoo.

ButethnicmonitoringalonewillnotcreatetheblackrolemodelsEuropeansciencesobadlyneeds.Somethingelseisneeded.FundingagenciesandinfluentialorganizationsliketheRoyalSocietymustbitethebulletofaffirmativeaction.Thatmeansring-fencingfellowshipsandgrantsforapplicantsfromparticularracialbackgrounds.Anditmeansseekingoutthosewhohavebrokenthroughthebarriersofraceandgivingthempreferenceovertheirequallywell-qualifiedwhitepeersforpositionsofinfluenceandplacesinthespotlight.

Tokenismandfinesentimentswillnolongerdo.Withotherprofessionshavingalreadyleaptaheadinthisarea,theenduringwhitenessofscienceismorethananembarrassment:itisabarriertoitsverycredibility.IfalargesegmentofEurope’sschoolchildrenneverseeascientistwholookslikethem,theywillcontinuetothinkscienceisnotforthem.Andifscientistsdon’treflectthemultiracialsocietiestheylivein,they’llfindithardtowinthepublictrusttheycrave.Doescolormatter?Youbetitdoes.

1.Scienceisnotsomeritocraticbecause______.

2.Theembarrassingproblemaddressedinthepassage______.

3.Oneofthepositivechangesafootis______.

4.Tobitethebulletofaffirmativeactionis______.

5.Theauthorarguesthatcolormattersbecauseitisof______.

问题1选项

A.itiscolor-blind

B.itisraciallydiscriminative

C.itawardswrongresearchworkers

D.itispracticedbythewhiteexclusively

问题2选项

A.wasprovedbyNewsweekmagazine’ssurvey

B.shockedgovernmentscientificpanels

C.wasrevealedbytheRoyalSociety

D.alloftheabove

问题3选项

A.fundingresearchinstitutionsorlabs

B.settingupascientificcareerladder

C.hidingtheracialdiscrimination

D.belittlingracialbackgrounds

问题4选项

A.tosetupblackrolemodelsinEurope

B.tokeepupethnicissuesundersurveillance

C.torestrictfellowshipsandgrantstotheblack

D.tobalancethedistributionoffellowshipsandgrantsbetweenthewhiteandtheblack

问题5选项

A.thenatureofscience

B.credibilityofscience

C.anembarrassingtokenism

D.mutualtrustbetweengenerations

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Thosewhoprogressinsciencedosobecauseoftheirwork,nottheirpigmentation.Scienceismeritocraticandobjective.Itmustthereforeberigorouslycolor-blindandshunbothracialdiscriminationandaffirmativeaction.（那些在科学上取得进步的人是因为他们的工作，而不是他们的肤色。科学是任人唯贤的，是客观的。因此，它必须严格无视肤色，避免种族歧视和平权行动。）”，由此可知种族歧视是科学不那么任人唯贤的原因，所以B选项“它是种族歧视的”符合题意。A选项“它是色盲的”；C选项“它奖励错误的研究人员”；D选项“是白色人种独有的”均不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“WhenNewsweekmagazinerecentlysurveyedEurope’slargest100companies,itwasshockedtounearthonlysixboardmembersofnon-Europeanracialorigin.OneshudderstothinkwhatasimilarsurveyofupperechelonsofEuropeansciencewouldreveal.（当《新闻周刊》最近对欧洲最大的100家公司进行调查时，令人震惊的是，只有6名非欧洲种族血统的董事会成员。一想到对欧洲科学界高层进行的类似调查将揭示出什么，人们就会不寒而栗。）”，由此可知《新闻周刊》的调查证实了文章中提到的尴尬的问题，即种族歧视确实存在，所以A选项“《新闻周刊》的调查证实了这一点”符合题意。B选项“震惊政府科学小组”；C选项“由皇家学会披露”；D选项“以上都是”都不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Andtherearepositivechangesafoothigherupthescientificcareerladdertoo.Atpresent,fewscientificorganizations,fundingbodiesorlabsinEuropebothereventotracktheracialbackgroundsofthosetheyhireorfund.（在科学事业的阶梯上也有积极的变化。目前，欧洲几乎没有科学组织、资助机构或实验室费心去追踪他们雇佣或资助的人的种族背景。）”，由此可知对种族背景关心的淡化是发生的积极变化之一，所以D选项“轻视种族背景”符合题意。A选项“资助研究机构或实验室”；B选项“建立科学的职业阶梯”；C选项“隐藏种族歧视”都与题干无关，因此D选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第六段“ButethnicmonitoringalonewillnotcreatetheblackrolemodelsEuropeansciencesobadlyneeds.Somethingelseisneeded.FundingagenciesandinfluentialorganizationsliketheRoyalSocietymustbitethebulletofaffirmativeaction.（但是，仅靠种族监控并不能创造出欧洲科学迫切需要的黑人榜样。还需要一些别的东西。资助机构和像英国皇家学会这样有影响力的组织必须忍受平权行动。）”，由此可知平权行动是为了建立黑人榜样，所以A选项“在欧洲建立黑人榜样”符合题意。B选项“保持种族问题在监视之下”；C选项“限制黑人的奖学金和补助金”；D选项“平衡研究金和补助金在白人和黑人之间的分配”都不符合原文，因此A选项正确。

5.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Andifscientistsdon’treflectthemultiracialsocietiestheylivein,they’llfindithardtowinthepublictrusttheycrave.Doescolormatter?Youbetitdoes.（如果科学家不能反映出他们所生活的多种族社会，他们将发现很难赢得他们渴望的公众信任。肤色有关系吗?当然了。）”，由此可知作者认为肤色对科学的可信度有很大关系，科学家只有尊重不同肤色的社会，才会取得公众信任，所以B选项“科学的可信度”正确。A选项“科学的本质”；C选项“尴尬的表面文章”；D选项“世代之间的相互信任”说法都不正确，因此B选项正确。

13.单选题

Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor—patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Wherecircumstancespermitthebuyernochoicebecausethereiseffectivelyonlyonesellerandtheproductisrelativelyessential,governmentusuallyassertsmonopolyandplacestheindustryunderpriceandotherregulations.Neitheroftheseconditionsprevailsinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor’sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants:thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto______.

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause______.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”(para.2),thedoctorisineffect______.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto______.

5.Itisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer”(Para.3)meansthatthephysicianisthepartythat______.

问题1选项

A.speculateabouttherelationshipbetweenapatient’sabilitytopayandthetreatmentreceived

B.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

C.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

D.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

问题2选项

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofthepatient’sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.hospitaladministratorslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

D.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient’shealth

问题3选项

A.takingadvantageofthepatient’sconcernforhishealth

B.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

C.warningthepatientthathospitalstaymightbenecessary

D.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

问题4选项

A.ananalysisofthecausesofinflation

B.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

C.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

D.adiscussionofnewmedicalcosts

问题5选项

A.paysforgoodsorservices

B.deliversgoodsorservices

C.ordersgoodsorservices

D.reimbursesathirdpartyforgoodsorservices

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.作者意图题。根据第一段第一句“Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.（医疗保健经济充满了不同寻常甚至独特的经济关系。）”可知本文将要讨论卫生保健行业中的特殊经济关系，其余三段主要分析了医疗保健领域的一些重要的影响相互之间经济关系的因素：医生、医院、病人以及支付者，因此C选项“分析卫生保健中一些重要的经济因素”符合文章大意。A选项“推测病人的支付能力和所接受的治疗之间的关系”；B选项“批评医生对病人过分控制”；D选项“敦促医院收回他们的决策权”都太过片面，因此C选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“...itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday”,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的购买决定通常都是由医生做出的：病人是否应该下周三回来，是否需要x光，是否应该开药方，等等。）”以及第三段结尾“Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal‘consumer.’Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe‘powercenter’inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.（难怪在医院的眼里，医生才是真正的‘消费者’。因此，医务人员代表的是医院政策和决策的‘权力中心’，而不是管理部门。）”，由此可知决定医学治疗的是医生，也就是说决定医院收入的也是医生，因此A选项“是医生为医院创造了收入”符合题意。B选项“病人的大部分账单是由他的健康保险支付的”不符合题意；C选项“医院管理者缺乏质疑医疗决定的专业知识”文章没有提到；D选项“医生对病人的健康负有最终责任”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn‘nextWednesday’,whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.（所有重要的购买决定通常都是由医生做出的：病人是否应该下周三回来，是否需要x光，是否应该开药方，等等。）”，由此可知当医生让病人下周三再来的时候，实际上是由医生指导病人购买更多的医疗服务，因此B选项“指示病人购买更多的医疗服务”符合题意。A选项“利用病人对健康的关心”；C选项“警告病人住院可能是必要的”以及D选项“建议病人寻求另一种疗法”的最终目的都是为了购买更多医疗服务，因此B选项正确。

4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisforillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.（在日常或轻微的疾病，或只是简单的担忧，病人的选择，当然，更多的是使用和价格。然而，在一些有重要意义的疾病中，这样的选择往往会消失，医疗保健的大部分钱都花在了疾病上。我们估计75%到80%的医疗支出是由医生决定的，而不是病人。）”以及结合全文可知文章主要分析了医生和病人之间特殊的经济关系，末段最后两句指出大部分卫生保健费用由医生决定，正因为如此，这样的体制会显得很无效。由此可以推断，作者接下来会提出对这种体制进行改革，B选项“控制医疗费用的建议”符合题意。A选项“通货膨胀原因的分析”文章没有提到；C选项“关于一种新疗法的讨论”以及D选项“关于新的医疗费用的讨论”都不能很好的衔接文章内容，因此B选项正确。

5.语义推测题。“consumer”意为“消费者”，A选项“支付商品或服务的费用”更符合题意。B选项“递送商品或服务”；C选项“订购商品或服务”；D选项“报销第三方的商品或服务”。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Thosewho______energeticallyintothematterhaveprospectsoffindingothermoreconvenientsolutions.

问题1选项

A.wander

B.penetrate

C.concentrate

D.emphasize

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项wander“徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题”；B选项penetrate“渗透；穿透；洞察”；C选项concentrate“集中；浓缩；全神贯注；聚集”；D选项emphasize“强调，着重”。句意：那些积极钻研这一问题的人有希望找到其他更方便的解决办法。因此B选项正确。

15.单选题

Theaccountant_______thousandsofdollarsfromthecharitywhileappearingtobeitsbestfundraiser.

问题1选项

A.donated

B.validated

C.embezzled

D.certify

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项donate“捐赠，捐献”；B选项validate“证实，验证；确认；使生效”；C选项embezzle“盗用；挪用；贪污”；D选项certify“证明；保证”。句意：那个会计盗用善款几千美元，却表现出自己是最佳的捐助者。根据句中的while可知，前后两句关系为转折，后半句提到“最佳捐赠者”，那么前半句句意应该与之相反。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Hecompliedwiththerequirementthatallgraduatestudentsineducation______athesis.

问题1选项

A.write

B.writing

C.towrite

D.bewriting

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。与动词require的宾语从句谓语动词需用虚拟语气一样，名词requirement的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚