2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号74

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually___whenitwasfirstpublished,anditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelville’sachievementswere___.

问题1选项

A.renowned...relegated

B.notorious...justified

C.hailed...understood

D.ignored...recognized

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项renowned“使有声望”，relegated“贬职，把降低到，把……置于次要地位；使（球队）降级”；B选项notorious“声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”，justified“证明……是正当的；替……辩护”；C选项hailed“称赞；致敬；招呼”，understood“明白；懂得”；D选项ignored“忽略；不顾”，recognized“确认，承认；具结”。句意：《白鲸》现在被认为是美国文学史上的一部伟大作品，但它刚出版时却几乎___，直到许多年后，梅尔维尔的成就___。本句表达“《白鲸》刚出版时被人忽略，直到多年后，梅尔维尔的成就才被大家承认”。因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

Operationwhichleftpatients___andinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

问题1选项

A.exhausted

B.abandoned

C.injured

D.deserted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项exhausted“筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的；耗尽的；枯竭的”；B选项abandoned“被抛弃的；（房屋，车辆）被废弃的；无约束的；恣意放荡的”；C选项injured“受伤的；受损害的”；D选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的”。句意：手术使病人___，需要很长的时间恢复，现在却使他们感到轻松舒适。本句表达“手术让病人精疲力竭”，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty.

问题1选项

A.pleasure

B.measure

C.pressure

D.leisure

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pleasure“快乐；希望；娱乐；令人高兴的事”；B选项measure“测量；措施；程度；尺寸”；C选项pressure“压力；压迫，[物]压强”；D选项leisure“闲暇；空闲；安逸”。句意：已采取一切___疏散贝蒂飓风中搁浅的水手。本句表达“采取措施疏散水手”。因此B选项正确。

4.翻译题

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

AhugefirethatengulfedanancientTibetantowninShangri-la,Yunnanprovince,onSaturdayhascausedexpertstocallforheightenedfiresafetyinhistoriclocationsacrossthecountry.ThefirestartedearlyonSaturdaymorningandlastedabout12hours,destroying242housesintheoldTibetantownofDukezonginShangri-la,capitaloftheDiqingTibetautonomousprefecture.Dukezongtownisthelargestandbest-preservedTibetancommunityinallofChina’sTibetanareas.ItwasalsoakeystopontheAncientTea-HorseCaravanRouteandafocalpointforHan-Tibetanexchanges.

【答案】一场大火周六吞没了云南香格里拉一个古老的藏族小镇，引起专家呼吁在全国历史地段加强消防安全。大火周六凌晨开始，持续了大约12小时，摧毁了迪庆藏族自治州首府香格里拉藏族古镇独克宗的242栋房屋。独克宗镇是中国藏区规模最大、保存最完好的藏族聚居区。它也是茶马古道的重要一站，也是汉藏交流的中心。

5.单选题

IwassosicklastnightthatIfeltasiftheroom___round.

问题1选项

A.wouldgo

B.hadgone

C.weregoing

D.shouldgo

【答案】C

【解析】考查时态。句意：昨晚我病得很厉害，觉得房间里好像在转。根据句意可知是“我”病得很厉害的这段时间觉得房间在转，要用表示过去的时态，排除A选项和D选项；B选项是过去完成时，表示发生主语谓语动词之前，一直延续到主句谓语动词发生停止，则为先觉得房间在转，再病得厉害，逻辑不正确；C选项时态和语态符合原题。因此C选项正确。

6.单选题

Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.“Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”

“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgehasdrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.

RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread—sohecanpreservehisinmategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.

Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”

41.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?

42.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof___.

43.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare___.

44.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably___.

45.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?

问题1选项

A.Thehabitofthinkingindependently.

B.Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.

C.Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.

D.Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.

问题2选项

A.undervaluingintellect

B.favoringintellectualism

C.supportingschoolreform

D.suppressingnativeintelligence

问题3选项

A.identical

B.similar

C.complementary

D.opposite

问题4选项

A.apioneerofeducationreform

B.anopponentofintellectualism

C.ascholarinfavorofintellect

D.anadvocateofregularschooling

问题5选项

A.Itissecondtointelligence.

B.Itevolvesfromcommonsense.

C.Itistobepursued.

D.Itunderliespower.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】41.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.（我们的英雄是运动员、艺人和企业家，而不是学者。甚至我们的学校也是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是为了知识而追求知识）可知父母会希望孩子们在学校接受实用教育，选C选项“未来职业的实践能力”，同时可知D选项“对知识追求的信心”错误；A选项“独立思考的习惯”，B选项“对世界的深刻了解”未提及。因此C选项正确。

42.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词定位到原文第四段“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.（历史学家兼教授理查德•霍夫施塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》一书中写道：“知识分子被视为一种权力或特权而遭人憎恨。”这本曾获普利策奖的书探讨了美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源）可推测出历史上美国人有反智主义，选A选项“低估智力”，同时可知B选项“倾向于理智主义”错误；C选项“支持学校改革”未提及；D选项“抑制天生的智力”属于过度推测。因此A选项正确。

43.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第四段RichardHofstadter的观点，Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.（实用性、常识和天生的智慧被认为是比你从书本中学到的任何东西都更高贵的品质）可以推测反智主义的教育体现为“读书无用论”；根据第二段“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.（教育作家DianeRavitch说：“学校一直处于一个实践比知识更重要的社会中。”）Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.（Ravitch的新书《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》追溯了学校中反智主义的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有对美国人厌恶才学进行抵制）可以推测出Ravitch并不属于反智主义，她不认为读书无用，而是觉得“Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.”（学校可以成为一种平衡）；根据第五段RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren（爱默生和其他一些超自然主义哲学家认为学校教育和高强度的书本学习会使孩子受到不自然的限制）可以判断出Emerson支持读书无用论，即为反智主义。由此可知他俩的观点相反；A选项“相同”；B选项“相似”；C选项“互补”；D选项“相反”，其余三项和原文表达的观点不符，因此D选项正确。

44.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段第一句RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren（爱默生和其他一些超自然主义哲学家认为学校教育和高强度的书本学习会使孩子受到不自然的限制）可以判断出Emerson支持读书无用论，即为反智主义，选B选项“理性主义的反对者”，同时可知C选项“一个支持智力的学者”错误；A选项“教育改革的先驱”和D选项“常规学校教育的倡导者”和原文无关。因此B选项正确。

45.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段第三句Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.（甚至我们的学校也是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方——而不是为了知识而追求知识）可以推断出作者认为学校只是送孩子去接受实用教育的地方，而不是去为了知识而追求它的地方，侧面表达了作者认为知识是应该需要去追求的，结合倒数第二段Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.（根据霍夫施塔特的说法，才学不同于天生的智力，天生的智力是一种我们勉强欣赏的品质。才学是头脑中批判、创造和沉思的一面。智力寻求掌握、操纵、重新安排和调整，而才学则检查、思考、创造奇迹、推理、批评和想象。）可知作者认为智力是天生的，但是才学是可以通过检查、思考、创造奇迹、推理、批评和想象这一系列所追求到，并没有提到才学仅次于智力，选C选项“它需要被追求”，同时可知A选项“它仅次于智力”错误；B选项“它从常识演变而来”和D选项“它是力量的基础”不符合原文，排除。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

问题1选项

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

问题2选项

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

问题3选项

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

问题4选项

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“law”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】71.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.（美国法律现实主义运动是20世纪美国最重要的本土法学运动，不仅对美国的法学教育和学术产生了深远的影响，而且对美国的法律改革和律师业也产生了深远的影响）可知A选项“美国法律教育”，B选项“美国法律学术”，C选项“美国法律改革”符合原文；D选项“美国律师”原文未提及。因此D选项符合题意。

72.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.（与它的斯堪的那维亚表亲不同，美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸。现实主义者是律师（加上一些社会科学家），而不是哲学家，因此，他们的动机是不同的）可以推测出斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义者们是哲学家，选A选项“是哲学家”，同时可知B选项“主要是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸”错误，原文只是说美国法律现实主义主要不是从语义学和认识论的实质哲学学说的法律的延伸，没有说斯堪的那维亚的法律现实主义是否是实质性哲学理论对法律的延伸，B选项偷换概念；第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).（作为律师，他们（指的是美国的现实主义者）与当时占主导地位的“机械法学”或“形式主义”相抗衡。这里所指的“形式主义”认为，法官根据不同的法律规则和理由来判决案件，这些规则和理由在大多数案件（也许是每一个案件）中证明一个独特的结果是正当的）可知C选项“与‘机械法学’相抵触”和D选项“认为法官根据不同的法律规则和理由判决案件”也属于偷换概念。因此A选项正确。

73.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.（由于现实主义者从未对法律的性质或法律理论的概念作出明确的哲学预设，因此，现实主义者今天的重要法理学任务之一就是对这些观点进行哲学重构和辩护，尤其是反对法律哲学家的批评，尤其是H.L.A.Hart）可知C选项“这些观点的哲学重建和辩护是必要的”符合原文；第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.（相反，现实主义者认为，对法院如何真正判决案件进行仔细的实证研究表明，法院的判决主要不是因为法律，而是基于（粗略地说）他们对案件事实的判断）可知A选项“法院判决案件主要不是基于法律，而是基于他们的‘公平感’”以及D选项“仔细的实证研究表明，法院决定案件主要是因为法律”错误；第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.（法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的事后合理化）可知B选项“法律规则和理由仅仅是根据非法律考虑做出的决定的临时合理化”错误。因此C选项正确。

74.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段开头ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…（但现实主义也带有知识文化的印记，它确实与它的斯堪的纳维亚表亲有共同之处。这种文化……是非常“实证主义”的，因为它把自然科学视为所有真知的范式……）可知选C选项“以自然科学为所有真知的范式”；A选项“‘法律’的现有条文并没有通过对法院实际行动的实际观察而得到‘确认’”，B选项“实证检验方法”以及D选项“所有学科都应该仿效自然科学的方法”并不符合题意，排除。因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

Onlywhenchildrenmake___effortscantheybecomesuccessful.

问题1选项

A.arduous

B.adequate

C.affluent

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项arduous“努力的；费力的；险峻的”；B选项adequate“充足的（能满足需要的，不强调富余）；适当的；胜任的”；C选项affluent“富裕的；丰富的（有很多钱和良好的生活水平）；流畅的”；D选项abundant“丰富的；充裕的；盛产的（着重某物极为丰富有或大量的供应）”。句意：只有当孩子们做出足够的努力，他们才能成功。本句表达“足够的努力”，因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Weare___facedwiththenecessitytorecognizethathavingmorepeopleimpliesalowerstandardofliving.

问题1选项

A.readily

B.smoothly

C.inevitably

D.deliberately

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项readily“容易地；乐意地；无困难地”；B选项smoothly“平稳地；平滑地；顺利地；流畅地；平静地；均匀地”；C选项inevitably“不可避免地；必然地”；D选项deliberately“故意地；缓慢而谨慎地”。句意：我们___要认识到有更多的人就意味着更低的生活水平。本句表达“不可避免地认识到”，因此C选项正确。

10.翻译题

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(痒痒)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一个空气不好的日子。你几乎看不见。你几乎不能呼吸。但你能感觉到——甚至尝到——漂浮在空气中的沙砾。世界卫生组织将空气质量指数的健康水平定为25微克，而北京认为300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危险的”。然而，上周末，空气质量指数突破了700微克！“我有点痒！”米歇尔来纽约时抱怨道，“我能感觉到它在我的喉咙后面。”

在中国首都的长期外籍居民开玩笑地称之为“北京痒痒”，需要很长时间才能摆脱的持续咳嗽。

11.单选题

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

问题1选项

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

问题2选项

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

问题3选项

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

问题4选项

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相对性的缺失使一个人无法对给自己造成伤害的过失行为人获得赔偿，无论该过失行为是否构成了对他人的违约）可知选A选项“两者之间缺乏契约关系”；B选项“他们彼此不认识”，C选项“行为人疏忽”第一段未提及；根据第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英国上议院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知D选项“制造商对最终消费者不负有注意义务”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（过失责任，无论你将其视为“罪犯”的一种，或将其视为其他制度中的一种，无疑是基于公众普遍的道德错误情绪，而犯罪者必须为此付出代价）可知C选项“过失责任的基础是公众认识到违法者必须为他们的过错付出代价”正确；根据第二段开头InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勋爵的话说：目前我满足于指出，在英国法律中，必须而且是一些关系的一般概念，产生了一种谨慎的义务，书中所发现的特殊情况只是实例）可知A选项“英国法没有注意义务的一般概念”和原文相悖；B选项“过失责任应该被定义为一种‘过失’”原文没有直接说明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在现实世界中，任何道德准则都不会责难的作为或不作为都不能被视为给予每一个受其伤害的人要求救济的权利）可知D选项“每个受伤的人都应该被赋予要求救济的权利”不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（这样，谁是我的邻舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行为密切而直接影响的人，当我将我的思想导向被质疑的作为或不作为时，我应该合理地考虑他们是如何受到影响的）可知在侵权法的意义上，邻居是会受到“我”行为密切影响的人，“我”需要考虑他们是如何受到影响，选B选项“你应负注意义务”；A选项“住在你隔壁”，D选项“与你有友好的关系”原文未提及；原文只是说“我”的行为会密切和直接影响邻居，没有要求必须好好照顾邻居，C选项“应该被好好照顾”错误。因此B选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勋爵的判决推理的基本结构可以说如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任。（2）在这些案件中，法院确立了谨慎的标准。（3）在这些情况下，我们可以从法律规定的注意义务（注意标准）中推断出来。过失法也适用于这种行为）可知A选项“法律规定有谨慎的义务”，B选项“行事者没有注意”符合原文，同时可知D选项“行为者已经预见了结果”和原文相悖，原文明确提出在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任；根据第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英国上议院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知造成伤害风险的话是需要承担义务，则为C选项“该故障对他人造成损害或伤害”也属于过失法的理由。因此D选项符合题意。

12.单选题

ThreeYaleUniversityprofessorsagreedinapaneldiscussiontonightthattheautomobilewaswhatoneofthemcalled“PublicHealthEnemyNo.linthiscountry”.Besidespollutingtheairandcongestingthecities,carsareinvolvedinmorethanhalfthedisablingaccidents,andtheycauseheartdisease“becausewedon’twalkanywhereanymore,”saidDr.H.RichardWeinerman,professorofmedicineandpublichealth.Dr.Weinerman’ssharpcriticismofautomobilecameinadiscussionofhumanenvironmentonYaleReports,aradioprogrambroadcastbyStationWTICinHartford.Connecticut.Theprogramopenedathree-partserieson“StayingAlive”.“Forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,theproblemofman’ssurvivalhastodowithhiscontrolofman-madedangers,”Dr.Weinermansaid.“Beforethis，theproblemhadbeenthecontrolofnaturaldangers.”

Relatingmanyofthesedangersoftheautomobile,ArthurW.Galston,aprofessorofbiology,saiditwaspossibletomakeakerosene-burningcarthatwould“lessensmogbyaverylargefactor”.ButheexpresseddoubtthatAmericanswerewillingtogiveupmovingaboutthecountrysideat90milesanhourinalargevehicle.“Americaseemsweddedtothemotorcar-everyfamilyhastohaveatleasttwo,andonehastobeaconvertiblewith300horsepower,”ProfessorGalstoncontinued.“Isthisthewayoflifethatwechoosebecausewecherishthesevalues?”

ForPaulB.Sears,professorofconservation,partoftheblamelieswith“asocietythatregardsprofitasasupremevalue，underthefalseideathatanythingthat’stechnicallypossibleis,therefore，ethicallyjustified”.ProfessorSearsalsocalledthecountry’sdependenceonitsmodernautomobile“lousyeconomics”becauseofthelargehorsepowerusedsimply“movingonepersontowork”.ButheagreedthatAmericanshavepaintedthemselvesintoacomerbyallowingthenationaleconomytobecomesoreliantontheautomobileindustry.

AccordingtoDr.Weinerman,automobiles,notthefactories,areresponsiblefortwo-thirdsofthesmoginAmericancities,andthesmogpresentsthepossibilityofawholenewkindofepidemic,notduetoonegerm,butduetopollutedenvironment.“Withinanotherfivetotenyears,it’spossibletohaveanepidemicoflungcancerinacitylikeLosAngeles.Thisisanewphenomenoninhealthconcern,”hesaid.

Thesolution,hecontinued,is“nottofindalessdangerousfuel，but