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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题
Theideathatboysandgirlshavedifferentlearningstylesseemstobelosingground,buttherearestillmany()supportersofsingle-sexeducation.
问题1选项
A.compulsory
B.pervasive
C.critical
D.passionate
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项compulsory“义务的,强制的”,B选项pervasive“遍布的,普遍的”,C选项critical“批判性的,关键的”,D选项passionate“狂热的,热情的”,句意:认为男孩和女孩有不同的学习方式的观点似乎正在失势,但仍有许多普遍支持男女分校教育的人。因此,B选项符合句意。
2.单选题
Peoplewillbelookingintoseehowgoodwearenowandwhetheroursuccesshasjustbeena()inthepan.
问题1选项
A.flare
B.glitter
C.spark
D.flash
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项flare“闪耀”;B选项glitter“灿烂”;C选项spark“火花”;D选项flash“闪光”。句意:人们会来看看我们现在有多好,我们的成功是否只是昙花一现。flashinthepan,固定搭配,“昙花一现”。因此D选项正确。
3.单选题
Inarecentstudy,neuroscientistsfoundthatplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldhelpimprovedyslexicchildren’sreadingspeed,andtheimprovementsdidnotfadewithtime.
Researcherstestedthereadingabilityoftwogroupsof10-year-olddyslexicchildrenafteronegrouphadplayedactionvideogamesandtheotherplayednon-actionvideogames.Eachgroupwascomposedof10childrenwhoplayed80minutesofvideogamesadayforninedays,equaling12hoursofplayperchild.Theirreadingskillsweremeasuredonanumberoffactors,includinghowfasttheyreadwordsandhowaccuratelytheyreadthem.Resultsshowedthatimprovementsinreadingspeedachievedfromplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldevenexceedimprovementsgainedfromayear’sintense,traditionaltherapies.
Scientistsaimedtoprovethatthere’sacorrelationbetweenadyslexicchild’svisualattentionspanandtheirabilitytoread.Actionvideogamesaredistinguishedfromnon-actionvideogamesbysuchcharacteristicsasgamespeed,ahighsensory-motorload,andpresentationofmultiple,peripheralstimuli.Actionvideogameplayersconstantlyreceivebothexternalandinternalfeedbackontheirperformance,producinglearning.
Itturnedoutthattheassumptionsofresearcherswerecorrect.Actionvideogameplayersdefeatedtheirnon-actionpeersinimprovements.Onlyactiongamekidsshowedgeneralreadingimprovements,upto40percent,whilenon-actionreadersshowednoimprovement.Theactiongamersalsoimprovedtheirbasictextreadingbyasmuchas60percent,whilenon-actiongamersshowedamoremodest5percent-10percentgain.
Thoughmoreresearchisneededtonaildownthespecificrolethatactiongamesplayintheimprovements,theresearchersclaimedtheirdataisthestart.Theybelievetheirfindingsshowthatattentioncanbestudiedandefficientlytrainedduringinfancy.Thiscanpavethewayforlow-resource-demandingearlypreventionprogramsthatcoulddrasticallyreducetheincidentofreadingdisorders.
1.Whatdoestherecentstudydiscussedinthepassageshow?
2.Researchersofthestudyconductedtheirtestby().
3.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadifferencebetweenactionvideogamesandnon-actionones?
4.Resultsofthestudyconfirmedscientistsassumptionthat().
问题1选项
A.Traditionaltherapiesdobetterthanvideogamesinhelpingchildrenread.
B.Childrenpreferactionvideogamestonon-actiononesintheirreadingclass.
C.Playingactionvideogamescaneffectivelyimprovechildren'sreadingability.
D.Thebenefitsofplayingactionvideogamesgraduallygetweakerovertime.
问题2选项
A.measuringtheeffectsofplayingdifferenttypesofvideogamesonreading
B.comparingtheeffectsofdifferentreadingmethodsonreadingspeed
C.trainingchildrenwithreadingdifficultiestoreadwordsfastandaccurately
D.teachingchildrentoplayvariousvideogamesforseveralhourseachday
问题3选项
A.Actionvideogamesgiveplayersmoreinternalfeedback.
B.Actionvideogamespresentarichervarietyofstimulitoplayers.
C.Actionvideogamesrequirepayersreadmoreduringplaying.
D.Actionvideogameshaveasomewhatlowersensory-motorload.
问题4选项
A.Readingdifficultiesarecausedbybothexternalandinternalfactors
B.Actionvideogameshavehighergameseesthannor-actionvideogames
C.Readingdifficultiesarerelatedtoexcessiveplayingofvideogames
D.Actionvideogamesprovideplayerswithfeedbackthatfacilitatelearning
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:B
第4题:D
【解析】1.细节事实题。根据recentstudy定位到文章的首句,“Inarecentstudy,neuroscientistsfoundthatplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldhelpimprovedyslexicchildren’sreadingspeed,andtheimprovementsdidnotfadewithtime.”在最近的一项研究中,神经科学家发现,玩快节奏的电子游戏有助于提高诵读困难儿童的阅读速度,而且这种提高不会随着时间的推移而消失。即对应C选项。A选项“传统疗法在帮助孩子阅读方面比电子游戏做得更好”。根据传统疗法,定位到文章的第二段的尾句“Resultsshowedthatimprovementsinreadingspeedachievedfromplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldevenexceedimprovementsgainedfromayear'sintense,traditionaltherapies”.可得知,玩快节奏游戏比传统疗法更有助于提高孩子的阅读速度,B选项“在阅读课上,孩子们更喜欢动作类电子游戏而不是非动作类电子游戏”,为无关选项,文章没有提到readingclass,D选项“玩动作类电子游戏的好处会随着时间的推移逐渐减弱”,与文章表达的意思相反。因此,C选项符合题意。
2.细节事实题。根据researchersofthestudy定位到文章的第二段,“Researcherstestedthereadingabilityoftwogroupsof10-year-olddyslexicchildrenafteronegrouphadplayedactionvideogamesandtheotherplayednon-actionvideogames.”研究人员测试了两组10岁的诵读困难儿童的阅读能力,一组玩动作类电子游戏,另一组玩非动作类电子游戏。A选项“通过玩不同类型的游戏来衡量电子游戏对阅读的影响”,B选项“通过比较不同的阅读策略在阅读速度方面的影响”,C选项“训练有阅读困难的儿童快速准确地阅读单词”,D选项“每天教授孩子玩几个小时不同的游戏”。因此,A选项符合题意。
3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文“Actionvideogamesaredistinguishedfromnon-actionvideogamesbysuchcharacteristicsasgamespeed,ahighsensory-motorload,andpresentationofmultiple,peripheralstimuli.”动作电子游戏与非动作电子游戏的区别在于游戏速度、高感觉运动负荷和多重外围刺激。A选项“动作电子游戏会给玩家更多内部反馈”,B选项“动作电子游戏为玩家提供了更丰富的刺激”,C选项“动作类电子游戏要求付费玩家在游戏过程中阅读更多内容”,D选项“动作类电子游戏的感觉运动负荷相对较低”。因此,B选项符合题意。
4.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文“Actionvideogameplayersconstantlyreceivebothexternalandinternalfeedbackontheirperformance,producinglearning.Itturnedoutthattheassumptionsofresearcherswerecorrect.Actionvideogameplayersdefeatedtheirnon-actionpeersinimprovements.”动作电子游戏玩家不断收到关于他们表现的外部和内部反馈,从而产生学习效果。事实证明,研究人员的假设是正确的。动作类电子游戏玩家在改进过程中打败了非动作类游戏玩家。A选项“阅读困难既有外部因素造成的,也有内部因素造成的”,原文没有提及,B选项“动作类电子游戏比非动作类电子游戏拥有更高的游戏体验”,原文没有提及游戏体验,C选项“阅读困难与过度玩电子游戏有关”,无关选项,D选项“动作类电子游戏为玩家提供反馈,促进他们的学习”,因此,D选项符合题意。
4.单选题
Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds()hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.
问题1选项
A.whichtobaseon
B.onwhichtobase
C.tobaseonwhich
D.whichtobebasedon
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。根据句意:教授很难找到充分的理由来支撑自己支持新理论的论据。由此可知,要把hisargument建立在grounds的基础上,即“basehisargumentsonthegrounds”,变成定语从句需要将介词on提到关系代词which的前面,即“onwhichtobasehisarguments”,所以选项B正确。
5.单选题
Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit(),buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.
问题1选项
A.athand
B.inturn
C.inconclusion
D.atlength
【答案】D
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项athand“在手边,即将到来”;B选项inturn“轮流,依次”;C选项inconclusion“总之,最后”;D选项atlength“详细地”。句意:导师目前没有时间进行详细说明,但他就自己的计划给了我们一个大概的看法。根据后半部分的“gaveusanidea”可知,选项D符合语境。
6.单选题
Asamemberorthesociety,apersonshouldberesponsibleforanddedicatetothesociety.
问题1选项
A.answerfor
B.accountfor
C.chargefor
D.compensatefor
【答案】A
【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项answerfor“对……负责”;B选项accountfor“对……做出解释”;C选项chargefor“要价”;D选项compensatefor“赔偿”。句意:作为社会的一员,一个人应该对社会负责,为社会奉献。划线部分beresponsiblefor是对……负责的意思。因此A选项正确。
7.单选题
Whichissafer-stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingintheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infact,theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.
Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).
Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.
Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate(硝酸铵),whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactiononexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3,000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause().
3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat().
4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof().
5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat().
问题1选项
A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.
B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.
C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.
D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.
问题2选项
A.theyareveryrare
B.theyoftencauselossoflife
C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities
D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders
问题3选项
A.Texascity
B.Flixborough
C.Seveso
D.MexicoCity
问题4选项
A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire
B.fertilizer,whichcan’tbestoredinagreatquantity
C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan’tbeusedinovercrowdedareas
D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks
问题5选项
A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry
B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry
C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrolledifeffectivemeasurehadbeentaken
D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:B
第3题:B
第4题:B
第5题:C
【解析】1.客观细节题。由D选项关键词“chemicalindustry”可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!(然而,坐飞机和在化工行业工作相比怎么样呢?不幸的是,前者的风险是后者的55倍!),说明在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。因此D选项“在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。”正确。A选项“在办公室工作比待在家里更安全”,B选项“乘公共交通工具去上班比在办公室工作更安全”,由原文可知待在家里、乘坐公共交通工具上班和在办公室工作的风险是相同的,没有谁比谁更安全,所以A,B错误。由第一段最后一句theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome(化工行业工人的事故率比几乎任何人类活动都要低,几乎和待在家里一样安全),说明化工行业和待在家里一样安全,所以C选项“待在家里比在化工行业工作更安全”错误。
2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“reportedasnews”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.(化工行业的问题是,一旦出现问题,往往会导致附近居民死亡。这也使得化学事故具有新闻价值。),说明新闻报道化学事故是因为它们会导致人员死亡。因此B选项“它们经常造成生命损失”正确。A选项“它们非常罕见”,C选项“它们总是发生在大城市”和D选项“它们引起了所有读者的兴趣”在文中均没有提及,所以A,C,D错误。
3.客观细节题。由题干关键词“faultofmanagement”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.(弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的,因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。),说明由管理失误造成的化学事故发生在弗利克斯伯勒。因此B选项“弗利克斯伯勒”正确。A选项“得克萨斯城”,C选项“塞维索”和D选项“墨西哥城”的事故不是因为管理失误造成的,所以A,C,D错误。
4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“ammoniumnitrate”可以定位到文章第四段第二句ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.(因此,得克萨斯城的爆炸是由数吨硝酸铵引起的,大量储存硝酸铵是不安全的。),说明硝酸铵不能大量储存,另外文章第三段第四句TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.(得克萨斯城的肥料爆炸造成552人死亡。)说明造成得克萨斯城爆炸事故的硝酸铵是一种肥料。因此B选项“不能大量储存的化学肥料”正确。A选项“天然气,很容易着火”是墨西哥城火灾事故的原因,C选项“有毒物质,不能在人满为患地区使用”,由文章可知塞维索的事故是毒气造成的,D选项“燃料,它被储存在大的油箱里”在文中没有提及,所以A,C,D错误。
5.推理判断题。由A选项关键词“repair”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.(弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的,因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。),说明维修设备很重要,不能冒着风险在维修设备时继续生产。因此A选项“为了避免事故,我们不应该维修化工设施”错误。由B选项关键词“localauthorities”可以定位到文章第四段第四、五句TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.(塞维索事故表明,如果地方当局对其家门口的危险缺乏了解,将会发生什么。当毒气飘过城镇上空时,当地领导无法采取有效行动。),说明地方当局需要了解当地化工生产的情况。因此B选项“地方当局不应关心化学工业的生产”错误。由D选项关键词“tanks”可以定位到第四段倒数第三句Thefiresetoffachainreactiononexplodingstoragetanks.(大火引起储存罐爆炸的连锁反应。),说明储存罐里的天然气也会发生气体爆炸的事故。因此D选项“储存在大型储罐中的天然气总是安全的”错误。第四段列举了各种原因引发的事故,同时也相对应采取的措施,因此C选项“如果采取有效措施,所有这些事故都是可以避免或控制的”正确。
8.单选题
Heraisedhiseyebrowsandstuckhisheadforwardand()itinasinglenod,agestureboysusedthenforO.K.whentheywerepleased.
问题1选项
A.shrugged
B.tugged
C.jerked
D.twisted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项shrugged“耸肩”;B选项tugged“用力拖,拉”;C选项jerked“使猝然一动,猛拉”;D选项twisted“使缠绕”。句意:他扬起眉毛,把头向前探了探,猛地点了点头,这是当时男孩们高兴时用来表示“OK”的手势。本句表示猛地点了点头,因此C选项正确。
9.单选题
Manyyoungpeopleinvolvedinforcedmarriageshavetofacea(),thatis,theylovetheirparentsbuttheyalsowanttopursuetruelove.
问题1选项
A.dilemma
B.confrontation
C.doctrine
D.conflict
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dilemma“进退两难”,B选项confrontation“争执,对抗”,C选项doctrine“教义,学说,信条”,D选项conflict“争执,分歧”,句意:许多卷入逼婚的年轻人不得不面对一个两难的境地,即他们爱父母,但也想追求真爱。因此,A选项符合句意。
10.单选题
Ihatepeoplewho()theendoffilmthatyouhaven’tseenbefore.
问题1选项
A.reveal
B.rewrite
C.revise
D.reverse
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项reveal“透露”;B选项rewrite“改写”;C选项revise“修正”;D选项reverse“反转”。句意:我讨厌那些透露没看过的电影结局的人。本句表示剧透电影结局。因此A选项正确。
11.单选题
Thewoodencasesmustbesecuredbyoverallmetalstrappingsothattheycanbestrongenoughtostandroughhandlingduring().
问题1选项
A.transit
B.motion
C.shift
D.traffic
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项transit“搬运”;B选项motion“运动”;C选项shift“转移”;D选项traffic“交通”。句意:木箱必须用整体金属带固定,这样才能保证木箱在运输过程中足够坚固,经得起粗暴的搬运。本句表示木箱的搬运过程,因此A选项正确。
12.单选题
Iamnot()withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.
问题1选项
A.concerned
B.compatible
C.considerate
D.complied
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concerned“有关的”;B选项compatible“兼容的,能共处的”;C选项considerate“体贴的,考虑周到的”;D选项complied(comply的过去分词形式)“遵照,顺从”。根据句意可知,因为我无处可去所以不得不和室友住在一起,由but可知,我和室友应该是无法和谐共处。becompatiblewith为固定搭配,意为“适合,一致”。所以选项B正确。
13.单选题
WhenI()mysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.
问题1选项
A.wokeup
B.tookto
C.pickedup
D.cameto
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。cometoone’ssense意为“清醒过来;恢复理性”。句意:当我回过神来,发现自己正裹在小房间的床上,奶奶正俯身看着我。选项D符合语境。
14.单选题
Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetails,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.
Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldbethevalvesplayed?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.
Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking”,nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometric(等距)viewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.
Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblemsolving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhighspeedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations,theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheuseofnonscientificthinking?
2.Itcanbeinferredthattheengineeringcurricula().
3.Bysaying“paradoxical”inthethirdparagraph,theauthorpointsoutthat().
4.Whichofthefollowingisprobablyinaccordancewiththeauthor’sidea?
问题1选项
A.Criticalthinkingmaybederivedfromnonscientificthinking.
B.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesofanobjectcanbeimagined.
C.Manyobjectsarecreatedwithclearverbaldescriptions.
D.Peoplefromdifferenttradesmaybenefitfromnonscientificthinking.
问题2选项
A.arestrongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking
B.shouldnotemphasizenonverbalthinkinginallcourses
C.arethoughttoincludeverbalormathematicalcourse
D.canbestrengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign
问题3选项
A.engineeringstudentsdonotunderstandthehistoryofAmericanengineering
B.engineeringstudentsshouldknowmorethanarchitecturalstudents
C.engineeringstudentsshouldperceiveanddesignbetterthanarchitecturalstudentsdo
D.engineeringstudentsneglecttheimportanceofdrawings
问题4选项
A.Mathematicalthinkingisessentialtoanydesigncourse.
B.Nonverbalthinkinghasitsadvantagesoverotherperceptiveprocesses.
C.Engineeringdesigndemandsscientificthought.
D.Artistsplayaprimitiveroleinengineeringwork.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:B
【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词“nonscientificthinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.(但它们的形式和功能、尺寸和外观是由技术人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师用非科学的思维模式决定的。),说明各个行业的人都可以用到非科学的思维模式。因此D选项“不同行业的人可能从非科学思维中受益”正确。A选项“批判性思维可能来源于非科学思维”,文中没有提及批判性思维,所以A错误。B选项“一个物体的许多特征和品质是可以想象的”不是说的非科学性思维的用处,所以B错误。C选项“许多对象都是用清晰的语言描述创建的”,由原文Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions(技术专家思考的对象的许多特征和品质不能简化为明确的语言描述),说明不能用清晰的语言描述创建,所以C错误。
2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“engineeringcurricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.(因此,设计课程应该是工程课程的一个基本元素。),说明设计课程对于工程学课程来说很重要。因此D选项“如果工程学课程包括设计课的话,课程会得到加强”正确。A选项“尽管缺乏非科学的思维模式,但仍然很强大”,由原文Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.(非语言思维是工程设计的核心机制,它涉及到感知,是艺术家而非科学家的惯用手段。)可知工程学课程包含了非科学思维,所以A错误。B选项“不应在所有课程中强调非语言思维”,C选项“被认为包括语言或数学课程”在文中没有提及,所以B,C错误。
3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.(但自相矛盾的是,当《美国工程历史记录》的工作人员希望让人画出机器的图纸和工业过程的等距视图,用于其对美国工程的历史记录时,具备必要能力的大学生却不是工科生,而是就读于建筑学院的学生。),说明要求非语言思维的工程专业学生本应该有更好的感知和设计能力,但他们却不如建筑学院的学生,这是自相矛盾的。因此C选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生更好地感知和设计”正确。A选项“工程专业的学生不了解美国工程的历史”,B选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生懂得更多”,D选项“工程专业的学生忽视了图纸的重要性”都不是作者想指出的内容,所以A,B,D错误。
4.观点态度题。A选项“数学思维对任何设计课程都是必不可少的”,由原文theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.(当设计被认为主要是一个数学问题时,它们反映了产生的混乱。),说明数学思维对于设计来说不是必不可少的,所以A错误。C选项“工程设计需要科学的思想”,由原文可知作者强调的是非科学思维,所以C错误。D选项“艺术家在工程工作中扮演着原始的角色”在文中没有提及所以D错误。B选项“非语言思维比其他知觉过程有优势”,由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非语言思维,说明作者认为非语言思维是有优势的,所以B选项最能代表作者的观点。
15.单选题
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.
Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.
WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.
1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?
2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?
3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto().
4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis().
5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
问题1选项
A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.
B.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.
C.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.
D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.
问题2选项
A.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.
B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.
C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.
D.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirms.
问题3选项
A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment
B.topexecutives
C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills
D.technologicalandmanagerialstaff
问题4选项
A.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees
B.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees
C.theintroductionofnewtechnologies
D.theimprovementofworkers’basicskills
问题5选项
A.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.
B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.
C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.
D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:D
第4题:D
第5题:A
【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是:下面哪一项适用于美国公司的人力资源管理?根据原文第一段第三句Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.(技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。)由此可知,C选项“公司认为员工获得技能是他们自己的事”符合原文。
2.细节事实题。题目问的是:在美国公司中人力资源管理主管的地位怎样?根据原文第二段第三、四句Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).(人力资源管理主管这一职位通常是一项专门的工作,处于公司等级制度的边缘。持有该职位的主管在重大战略决策上不需要征询他的意见,他也没有机会晋升为首席执行官。)由此可知,美国公司人力资源管理的主管在管理层中是非常没有地位的,在重大决策中是没有发言权的,所以A选项“他在公司里做重要决定时没有发言权”正确。
3.细节事实题。题目问的是:大多数美国公司投入培训的资金主要用于什么?根据文章第三段第二句Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.(他们投资的资金也更多地集中在专业人员和管理人员身上。)由此可知,D选项“技术和管理人员”正确。
4.细节事实题。题目问的是:保持一个公司竞争优势的决定性因素是什么?文章首段第一句话指出Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.(如果持续的竞争优势取决于劳动者的技能,那么美国公司就有麻烦了。)而第三段又提到thebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.(基本技能使得吸收掌握新技术成为可能。)由此可知,D选项“提高工人的基本技能”符合原文,所以正确。
5.主旨大意题。文章主要谈论如果竞争的优势取决于工人的技术,那么美国的公司就遇到麻烦了。美国
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