2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号70

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

IX.ForensicAppraisal

ManycriminalprocedurescholarswhovaguelyfollowedtheKingcasehadahardtimeunderstandingwhatthefusswasabout.Theirpositionmightbesummedupbythemajority’sassertionthat“DNAidentificationisanadvancedtechniquesuperiortofingerprintinginmanyways,somuchsothattoinsistonfingerprintsasthenormwouldmakelittlesensetoeithertheforensicexpertoralayperson.”ConsideringthattheFBIdatabasecontainsover100millionsetsoffingerprints,andthatitprocessedmorethan61millionten-printsubmissionsin2010alone,thisequationofDNAidentificationwithfingerprinttechnologysuggestsabrightfutureforlawenforcement’sDNAcollectionpractices.Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?

ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.Inshort,thepriorPartarguesthattheKingopinioncanbereadasanembraceofexpansiveforensicDNAtesting.

KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy,butsimplyanexpressionoftheCourt’slackofsolicitudeforthoseentangledinthecriminaljusticesystem.ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatfingerprintis___andDNAis___.

2.WhichoneisNOTamisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtyping?

3.TheauthorthinksthattheKingcase___.

4.FromwhichofthefollowingcanyouseethattheauthorthinksthattheissuefortheCourtwasnotthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen”?

问题1选项

A.genetic,biometric

B.biometric,genetic

C.genetic,genetictoo

D.biometric,biometrictoo

问题2选项

A.DNAtypingwillnotbeofconcerntoordinarypeople.

B.ThemoreDNAsamplesfromindividualsarecollected,morecrimeswillbesolved.

C.Policewillnotlookintosensitiveorprivategeneticinformation.

D.AlotofcrimeswillbesolvedifmoreDNAsamplesarecollectedfromknownindividuals.

问题3选项

A.isastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsampling

B.astatementaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees

C.acasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrant

D.isadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy

问题4选项

A.DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.

B.ConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee.

C.TheConstitutionpermitsthestatetoimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacy.

D.TheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?（那么，如果警方拥有的是数百万人的基因资料，而不是生物特征资料，会有什么不同呢?）可以推测出DNA信息为基因资料，指纹信息为生物特征资料，选B选项“生物特征识别的；基因的”；A选项“基因的；生物特征识别的”，C选项“基因的；基因的”，D选项“生物特征识别的；生物特征识别的”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.（本部分论述了贯穿金观点的关于法医DNA分型的三个误解：首先，DNA分型只会引起罪犯的关注；第二，警方不会调查敏感或私人的基因信息，法律保护不被滥用；第三，从已知个体中收集更多的DNA样本将破获很多犯罪）可知A选项“普通人不会关心DNA分型”，C选项“警方不会调查敏感或私人的基因信息”以及D选项“如果从已知的个体中收集更多的DNA样本，很多犯罪将会被解决”和原文对应；B选项“从个人身上收集的DNA样本越多，侦破的案件就越多”原文未提及。因此B选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.（King可能被看作是一个关于DNA取样的法律地位的声明，而不是关于被捕者的法律地位）可知选A选项“是关于DNA取样的法律地位的声明”，同时可知B选项“关于被逮捕者的法律地位的声明”和原文相悖；第三段ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.（它可以被简单地看作是萨姆森诉加州案的自然结果，在这个案件中，基于假释者作为有条件自由的主体地位的下降，在没有搜查令或怀疑的情况下对他们进行随机搜查是合理的）可知C选项“一个没有搜查令就对假释犯进行随机搜查的案件”错误，萨姆森诉加州案才是一个没有搜查令就对假释犯进行随机搜查的案件；第三段Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy（在这段讲述中，金并不是一个对基因隐私普遍不感兴趣的宣言）可知D选项“是对基因隐私普遍不感兴趣的声明”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。

4.推理判断题。定位到最后一段末ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.（但是，如果决定最高法院的问题是被逮捕者应得到比“一般公民”更少的保护，那么似乎最高法院可以仅以这些理由作为其意见的依据。换句话说，最高法院可以说，“DNA检测是对身体完整性的严重而重大的侵犯。但是，当涉及到被捕者时，宪法允许国家以足够令人信服的利益侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面。因此，《宪法》允许对被逮捕者进行DNA取样，尽管所涉入侵的情况很严重。”它本可以将这一观点作为只适用于已定罪的罪犯和被逮捕者的绝对例外加以隔离，并宣布守法公众的DNA是不可侵犯的。）可知选B选项“宪法允许对被捕者进行DNA取样”，原文所说是宪法允许国家以足够令人信服的利益侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面，C选项“宪法允许国家侵犯身体隐私的最基本方面”和原文有偏差；A选项“DNA测试是对身体完整性的严重而重要的侵犯”和D选项“法院本可以仅以这些理由作为其意见的依据”是在最高法院的问题是被逮捕者应得到比“一般公民”更少的保护的情况下成立，和题目相悖。因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

___,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.

问题1选项

A.Althoughheisasocialist

B.Evenifheisasocialist

C.Beingasocialist

D.Sinceheisasocialist

【答案】A

【解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项Althoughheisasocialist“虽然他是一个社会主义者”；B选项Evenifheisasocialist“即使他是一个社会主义者”；C选项Beingasocialist“作为一个社会主义”；D选项Sinceheisasocialist“因为他是一个社会主义者”。句意：___，威尔斯先生几乎不同情工人阶级。本句表达“虽然他是一个社会主义者，但是他不同情工人阶级”，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Ⅻ.Sociology

Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.Balancingreferstotheprocessofweightinghowintrusivecertainmeansareincomparisontotheends—providedofcourse,thattheendsarelegitimate.Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“libertyvs.security”-binary.Thepaperwillhavetheanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresinfocus,buttherhetoricissweeping:ithasbeenextendedto,copiedin,andmergedwithcrimecontrolmeasuresandimmigrationcontrolaswell.

TheuniquenessofthisNewWorldis,thus,twofold:First,newstandardshavebeensetup(requiredandaccepted)forgovernmentactivisminthesphereofcurtailingfreedomasanexchangeforsecurity.People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations.Justabouteverywhereintheworld,thewaragainstterrorismhashadtheeffectofwideningthecontrolfunctionsofthenationalsecurityandimmigrationservices,aswellasofotherlawenforcementauthorities.Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.

1.TheconstitutionalbalancingisacorefeatureintheflowingBUT___.

2.Whatisthegoldenruleforpolicymakingaccordingtotheauthor?

3.Peopleappeartobewillingtoacceptthefollowinginreturnformoresecurity,EXCEPT___.

4.WhatisNOTacauseforintroductionofmeasuresthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,accordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.lawenforcement

B.policymaking

C.jurisdiction

D.legislation

问题2选项

A.Assesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized.

B.Effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.

C.Libertyvs.security.

D.Constitutionalbalancing.

问题3选项

A.moredocumentsandID-checks

B.longerlines

C.moreflexiblesearch-warrants

D.acceptabletax

问题4选项

A.Changesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshock.

B.Peoplearewillingtogivingupsomeoftheirprivacy.

C.Thetragiceventsandfearspreading.

D.Abroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprincipleshavebecomeunsuited.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“constitutionalbalancing”定位到原文第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探讨了“9.11”事件后法律发展的一个独特特征：对宪法平衡的默认规避，这是法理学以及立法、决策和执法的一个核心特征）可知A选项“执法”，B选项“决策”，D选项“立法”和原文相符，C选项“管辖”未涉及。因此C选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“libertyvs.security”-binary.（相称性的概念在这里是必然的：为了评估所使用的手段和寻求实现的目标之间的关系，需要评估三个标准：有效性、必要性和造成的伤害程度。然而，在当前的政治辩论中，当涉及到反恐执法措施时，长期以来被奉为制定政策的黄金法则已经被另一个实质上空洞的辞令所取代：固有的错误的“自由与安全”二元对立）推断出黄金法则就是前面提到的相称性的概念，可知选A选项“评估所使用的手段与寻求实现的目标之间的关系”，B选项“有效性、必要性和造成损害的程度”的目的是为了A选项，不符合题意，C选项“自由与安全”错误，和原文相悖；第一段第一句Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.（本文探讨了9/11后法律发展的一个独特特征：对宪法平衡的隐性规避，这是法学以及立法、政策制定和执法的一个核心特征）可知D选项“宪法平衡”是政策制定的核心特征而不是黄金法则。因此A选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorate)appeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformorestringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.（人们（政治阶层，选民）似乎愿意重新制定自由和安全之间的传统平衡：多点证件和身份检查，更长的队伍和更灵活的搜查令似乎是可以接受的税收，作为对政府提供的更严格的安全要求的回报）可知A选项“更多的文件和身份检查”，B选项“更长的队伍”和C选项“更灵活的搜查令”和原文一致；D选项“可接受的税”是指人们把ABC三项作为和政府交换的内容，而D选项本身不是交换的内容。因此D选项符合题意。

4.事实细节题。定位到最后一段Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations...Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.（似乎是这样，人们普遍认为，传统的警务原则或日内瓦公约的法律已不适合处理自杀式炸弹袭击者和恐怖组织所发动的特殊战争……因此所采取的扩大措施和程序往往是立法者和执法官员原本只梦想实现的措施和程序，但这次，由于社会对悲惨事件的震惊和随之而来的恐惧蔓延，他们可以利用公众情绪的变化）可知A选项“公众情绪的变化由于社会的冲击”，C选项“悲剧事件和恐惧蔓延”和D选项“于传统的警务原则已经变得不适合的事实的广泛共识”和原文一致；最后一段Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.（例如，一旦我们确信，为了航空安全，为了更快的过程，我们确实需要被搜索和监视，我们愿意放弃一些隐私，进入全身扫描仪）可知B选项“人们愿意放弃一些他们的隐私”属于人们愿意舍弃一些东西来求得政府更好的保护的例子，不属于实行立法人员和执法官员在其他情况下只是梦想实现的措施的原因。因此B选项符合题意。

4.翻译题

2.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(5marks)

英国食品安全机构本周日称，一年前，3个欧盟国家已经得到关于马肉问题的通知。这些通知于2012年2月1日、15日和3月7日发出，通知特别指出了丹麦、匈牙利和意大利应当调查关于马肉的问题。它还在欧盟的食品和饲料快速警告系统中发布。

【答案】Britain’sfoodsafetyagencysaidonSundaythatthreeEuropeanUnioncountrieshadbeennotifiedaboutthehorsemeatproblemayearago.Thenotices,issuedon1February,15March2012and7March2012,specificallystatedthatDenmark,HungaryandItalyshouldinvestigatetheissueofhorsemeat.ItisalsopublishedintheEU’sRapidWarningsystemforfoodandfeed.

5.单选题

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

问题1选项

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stable“稳定的，牢固的；稳重的，沉稳的；持久的”；B选项rational“合理的；理性的”；C选项legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D选项credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情况下，人们在暴怒状态下很少会做出___行为。本句表达“很少有人在暴怒时能做出理性的行为”，因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Olderpeoplealwaysenjoythe___oftheirrelatives.

问题1选项

A.company

B.accompaniment

C.companion

D.compassion

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项company“公司；陪伴；同伴（尤指为某一目的聚集起来的一群人）；连队；演出团；宾客”；B选项accompaniment“伴奏；伴随物”；C选项companion“同伴（和你一起旅行或花很多时间和你在一起的人或动物）；朋友；指南；手册”；D选项compassion“同情；怜悯”。句意：上了年纪的人总是喜欢有亲戚___。本句表达“年纪大的人喜欢有亲戚陪伴”，因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,___theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

问题1选项

A.be

B.being

C.were

D.are

【答案】A

【解析】考查be型虚拟语气和倒装。句意：我们用Church这个词来指代所有的宗教机构，___基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教还是犹太教等等。本句表达“不论他们是……”，可知此处省略了让步状语从句引导词whether。而在whether/whether…or…引导的让步状语从句中，可以包含be型虚拟语气的形式，即所有动词都用原型（包括be在内），没有人称数以及时态的变化。省略whether/whether…or…，从句变为倒装形式：只需要将谓语中的助动词或情态动词或be动词置于主语之前。因此A选项正确。

8.翻译题

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

AhugefirethatengulfedanancientTibetantowninShangri-la,Yunnanprovince,onSaturdayhascausedexpertstocallforheightenedfiresafetyinhistoriclocationsacrossthecountry.ThefirestartedearlyonSaturdaymorningandlastedabout12hours,destroying242housesintheoldTibetantownofDukezonginShangri-la,capitaloftheDiqingTibetautonomousprefecture.Dukezongtownisthelargestandbest-preservedTibetancommunityinallofChina’sTibetanareas.ItwasalsoakeystopontheAncientTea-HorseCaravanRouteandafocalpointforHan-Tibetanexchanges.

【答案】一场大火周六吞没了云南香格里拉一个古老的藏族小镇，引起专家呼吁在全国历史地段加强消防安全。大火周六凌晨开始，持续了大约12小时，摧毁了迪庆藏族自治州首府香格里拉藏族古镇独克宗的242栋房屋。独克宗镇是中国藏区规模最大、保存最完好的藏族聚居区。它也是茶马古道的重要一站，也是汉藏交流的中心。

9.单选题

Ⅲ.TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUnitedStates.Pursuanttosection102，copyrightprotectionsubsistsuponsatisfactionofthreeconditions:first,aworkmustbean“originalworkofauthorship”;second,theworkmustbe“fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression”;andthird,theworkmustcomewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyright.Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorship.Tobeoriginal,aworkmustbeindependentlycreated(asopposedtocopiedfromotherworks)andpossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”.Itisobviousthatlivesportstelecastsareindependentcreations,ratherthanreproductionsofearlierworks.Thecreativityelementisjustaseasilysatisfied.Courtslonghaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors.Inthecontextoffilmingsports,thedecisions“concerningcameraangles,typesofshots,theuseofinstantreplaysandsplitscreens,andshotselectionsimilarlysupplythecreativityrequiredforthecopyrightabilityofthetelecasts”.Sportstelecastsarefixedinatangiblemediumofexpression.Additionally,itisofnoconsequencethattheselivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission.Section101expresslyprovidesthat“aworkconsistingofsounds,images,orboth,thatarebeingtransmitted,is‘fixed’…ifafixationoftheworkisbeingmadesimultaneouslywithitstransmission”.Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.

Sportstelecastsarewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyrightasan“audiovisualwork”.TheCopyrightActnotesseveraltypesofsubjectmatterthatiscopyrightable,ofwhich“audiovisualworks”isoneofthecategories.Tobesatisfiedasanaudiovisualwork,theworkinquestionmustconsistofaseriesofrelatedimagesshownbytheuseofmachinesordeviceswithaccompanyingsounds.Fromthisdefinition,thereisnodoubtthatsportstelecastsarewithinthesubjectmatterofcopyright.Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.

ThisissuewasfirstaddressedinPittsburghAthleticCo.v.KQVBroadcastingCo.,albeitadecisionundertheoldcopyrightregime.InasuitforaninjunctionagainstKQVBroadcastingforinterferingwithGeneralMills’exclusivecontracttobroadcastPiratesgamesovertheradio,thecourtruledthatthebaseballteamhadapropertyrighttocontrolthenewsofgamesbybroadcasting.

1.Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorshipbecause___.

2.SportstelecastsarefixedintangibleformNOTbecause___.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectaccordingtotheparagraphs?

4.Themostsuitabletitlefortheseparagraphsis___.

问题1选项

A.theypossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”

B.theyarereproductionsofearlierworks

C.thecreativityelementiseasilysatisfied

D.thedecisionoffilmingsportsconcernsmanyelements

问题2选项

A.telecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated

B.Itisofnoconsequencethatlivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission

C.Courtshaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors

D.Section101oftheCopyrightActexpresslyprovidesso

问题3选项

A.TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUS.

B.Oneofthethreeconditionsforcopyrightprotectionisfixation.

C.Telecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated.

D.Sportstelecasts,iftransmittedonalivebasis,arenotcopyrightedworks.

问题4选项

A.CasesInvolvingSportsTelecastsProtection

B.CopyrightabilityofSportsTelecasts

C.ConditionsforCopyrightProtection

D.SportsTelecastsarenotCopyrightable

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Sportstelecastsareoriginalworksofauthorship.Tobeoriginal,aworkmustbeindependentlycreated(asopposedtocopiedfromotherworks)andpossessatleast“someminimaldegreeofcreativity”.Itisobviousthatlivesportstelecastsareindependentcreations,ratherthanreproductionsofearlierworks.（体育电视节目是原创作品。原创作品必须是独立创作的（而不是从其他作品中复制），并且至少拥有“最低程度的创造力”。很明显，体育直播节目是独立的创作，而不是对早期作品的复制）可知选A选项“他们至少拥有‘最低程度的创造力’”，同时可知B选项“他们是早期作品的复制品”错误；第一段Thecreativityelementisjustaseasilysatisfied.（创造性元素同样很容易得到满足）可知C选项“创意元素很容易得到满足”有在原文提及，但并不是体育电视节目是原创作品的原因，不符合题意；D选项“拍摄体育运动的决定涉及到很多因素”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Additionally,itisofnoconsequencethattheselivesportstelecastsarefixedsimultaneouswithitstransmission.Section101expresslyprovidesthat“aworkconsistingofsounds,images,orboth,thatarebeingtransmitted,is‘fixed’…ifafixationoftheworkisbeingmadesimultaneouslywithitstransmission”.Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.（此外，这些直播的体育节目与它的传输同步是固定的，这是无关紧要的。第101节明确规定，“被传送的由声音、图像或两者组成的作品，是‘固定的’……如果对该作品的固定与它的传送同时进行”。由于比赛的转播是在传播的同时录下的，所以转播以有形的形式固定下来）可知A选项“奥运会的转播是在传播的同时录制的”，B选项“体育实况转播与转播同时固定是没有关系的”以及D选项“版权法第101节明确规定”均是体育节目是固定的有形形式的原因；C选项“法院已经承认摄影和拍摄涉及创造性的努力”在第一段有提及Courtslonghaverecognizedthatphotographingandfilminginvolvescreativeendeavors.（法院早就认识到摄影和拍摄涉及创造性的努力），但并不是体育节目是固定的有形形式的原因。因此C选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段最后一句Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.（既然体育节目，即使是现场转播的节目，都是受版权保护的，那么下一个问题就是版权的归属问题）可知D选项“体育节目，如果是现场转播，则不属于版权作品”和原文相悖；第一段第一句TheCopyrightActof1976isthegoverningfederalcopyrightlawintheUnitedStates.（1976年的版权法是美国适用的联邦版权法）可知A选项“1976年的版权法是美国适用的联邦版权法”原文有提及；第一段second,theworkmustbe“fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression”（第二，作品必须“固定在任何有形的表达媒介中”）可知B选项“版权保护的三个条件之一是固定”原文有提及；第一段最后一句Sincethetelecastsofthegamesarevideotapedatthesametimethattheyaredisseminated,thetelecastsarefixedintangibleform.（由于比赛的转播是在传播的同时录下的，所以转播以有形的形式固定下来）可知C选项“比赛的转播是在传播的同时录下来的”原文有提及。因此D选项符合题意。

4.推理判断题。本文围绕着体育节目以及版权能力展开，选B选项“体育节目版权能力”；A选项“涉及体育节目保护的案件”以及C选项“版权保护条件”都是文章片面内容，不足以概括整篇文章，排除；根据原文Sinceitisclearlyestablishedthatsportstelecasts,eventhosetransmittedonalivebasis,arecopyrightedworks,thenextissueisownershipofthecopyright.（既然体育节目，即使是现场转播的节目，都是受版权保护的，那么下一个问题就是版权的归属问题）可知D选项“体育节目不受版权保护”明显错误，排除。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages___inthedictionary.

问题1选项

A.missing

B.losing

C.dropping

D.leaking

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项missing“丢失，缺失”；B选项losing“浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过”；C选项dropping“推动；帮助；宣扬；下降；终止”；D选项leaking“使渗漏，泄露；漏，渗；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：约翰向书商抱怨这本字典___几页。本句表达“字典缺失几页”，现在分词做后置定语，因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

Ⅷ.(ForensicAppraisal)

ForensicevidencehasplayedaroleinmanyCanadianwrongfulconvictions.In2007,theSupremeCourtheldina4:3decisionthatpost-hypnosis(催眠后)identificationsshouldnotbeadmittedbecauseoftheirunknownreliabilityandtheriskofwrongfulconvictions.ThisdecisionpresentsapotentialforCanadiancourtstoplacestricterreliability-basedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityofexpertevidenceincludingunreliableforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.Atthesametime,variousinquirieshavemademanyimportantrecommendationsaboutreformingthepracticeoftheforensicsciences.Manyoftheserecommendationshavebeenimplemented,thoughthetendencyhasbeentodosoonadiscipline-by-disciplineandjurisdiction-by-jurisdictionbasis.

AnumberofwrongfulconvictionsinCanadahavebeencausedbyfaultyforensicevidence.Therearetwomainwaystorespondtosuchdangers.Oneisbyreformingtheproductionofthestate’sforensicevidence.Theotherisforthecourtstoplacereliabilitybasedrestrictionsontheadmissibilityorcontentofforensicevidenceofferedbythestate.TheCommissionofInquiryintoProceedingsAgainstGuyPaulMorininits1998reportfoundthatOntario’sForensicCentreforForensicSciencehadmadenumerousmistakesintheproductionofhairandfibreevidencethatpurportedtolinkMr.MorintothemurderbeforehisDNAexoneration.ThisinquiryheardtestimonythatCrownprosecutorshadassumedthattheCentrewasinfallibledespitefindingproblemsincontaminationofevidenceandthemisuseofpublishedresearch.ManyreformswereintroducedatthatcentralcrimelaboratoryinOntariointhewakeofthehighlypublicizedinquiry.Adecadelater,asimilarinquirywasheldintheneighbouringprovinceofManitobawhenhaircomparisonevidencewasagainrefutedbyDNAtesting.TheManitobainquiryheardthattheRoyalCanadianMountedPolicelabshadstoppedconductinghaircomparisonevidenceinlightofmoreadvancedDNAtesting,butstoppedshortofrecommendingthatsuchhaircomparisonevidencebeinadmissible.Italsodidnotrecommendthatthecrimelaboratoriesbeseparatedfromthepolice.Finally,itsuggestedthatitdidnothavejurisdictiontoorderanationalauditofcasesthatreliedonhaircomparisonevidence,eventhoughtheprovinceofManitobahadconductedsuchaninquiry.

ManyofthesamethemesfoundintheMorininquirywhichfocusedonhairandfibrecomparisonevidencere-emergedadecadelaterwhentheOntarioCommissionofInquiryintoForensicPediatricPathology(theGoudgeInquiry)recommendedsimilarreformstothepracticeofforensicpathology.

79.AftertheSupremeCourtdecisionin2007,theadmissibilityofforensicevidencebecame___.

80.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthewaytorespondtothedangersofwrongfulconviction?

81.OnefindingincommonintheinquiryoftheprovincesofOntarioandManitobaisthat___.

82.Theunderlinedword“theme”canbereplacedbythefollowingwordinthecontext___.

问题1选项

A.stricter

B.morereliable

C.morereliabilitybased

D.moreexpertise

问题2选项

A.Haircomparisonevidenceisinadmissible.

B.Thestate’sforensicevidenceproductionshouldbereformed.

C.Variousinquiriesshouldbeearnedoutto