2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号87

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

Thedimensionsoftourismareastonishing.In2012，theU.N.tourismorganizationcelebratedreaching1billioninternationaltripsinasingleyear.Ingrosseconomicpoweritisinthesamecompanyasoil,energy,financeandagriculture.Atleastoneoutofeverytenpeoplearoundtheworldisemployedbytheindustry,accordingtoWolfgangWeinzoftheInternationalLabourOrganization.

Travelhasalsobecomeadefaultfund-raisingtechnique.（1）Todaypoornationsseetourismastheirbestbetoutofpoverty，secondonlytooilandenergyasthemajorengineofdevelopment.Thailandistheworld’sbiggestexporterofrice,yetitstourismisitsnum-ber-onemoneyearner.CostaRicahasturneditswildernessintoavenueforhighlyprofita-bleecotcurism.AssoonasSriLanka,andnowBurma，beganseeinganendtoconflict,theyopenedthedoortoarushoftourists.AftertheArabSpringuprising,Egyptsentoutapleatocruisecompaniesandtouroperatorstoreturnandkick-starttheeconomy

（2）TheU.N.tourismorganizationnowplacespovertyreductionasoneofitstopob-jectives，alongwiththehigh-mindedidealsofimprovinginternationalpeaceandprosperi-ty.SincetheendoftheColdWarandtheopeningoftheworldfortravel，tourismhasbe-comeanimportantsourceofforeignexchangefortheworld’spoorestnations,oftentheonlyone.Whiletourismrequiressomeinfrastructure,fromairfieldstomodernhigh-ways.Itislessexpensivethanbuildingfactories.Intheory,poorcountriesshouldbeabletousethenewrevenuefromthetourismindustrytopayfortheinfrastructurewhileraisingstandardsoflivingandimprovingtheenvironment.Onehundredoftheworld’spoorestna-tionsdoearnupto5percentoftheirgrossnationalproductfromforeigntouristswhomar-velattheirexoticcustoms，buysuitcasesofsouvenirsandtakeinnumerablephotographsofstunninglandscapes.

（3）Butjustastourismiscapableofliftinganationoutofpoverty，itisjustaslikelytopollutetheenvironment，reducestandardsoflivingforthepoorbecausetheprofitsgotointernationalhotelchainsandcorruptlocalelites，andcatertotheworstoftourism,in-cludingcondemningchildrentheexploitationofsextourism.Likeanymajorindustry,tourismhasaseriousdownside,especiallysincetourismandtravelisunderestimatedasaglobalpowerhouse，itsstudyandregulationisspottyatbest.（4）Tourism

isoneofthosedouble-edgedswordsthatmaylooklikeaneasywaytoearndesperatelyneededmoneybutcanravagewildernessareasandunderminenativeculturestofitintopackagetours:afifteen-minutesnippetofaballetperformedinSouthernIndia；nativehandicraftsrefashionedtofitoversizetour-ists.Whatisknownisthattourismandtravelisresponsiblefor5.3percentoftheworld’scarbonemissionsandthedegradationofnearlyeverytropicalbeachintheworld.

Tomakewayformoreresortswithspectacularviews，developersdestroynativehabi-tatsandignorelocalconcerns.（5）Preservationistsdecrythegrowingpropensitytobulldozeoldhotelsandbuildingsinfavorofconstructingnewresorts，waterholesandentertain-mentspotsthatlookidenticalwhetherinSingapore，DubaiorJohannesburg，aworldwherediversityisreplacedwithhomogeneity.Anothercatastropheforcountriesbettingontourismhascomefromwealthyvacationerswhofallinlovewithacountryandbuysomanysecondhousesthatlocalscannolongeraffordtoliveintheirowntownsandvillages.

【答案】（1）现今的贫穷国家将旅游业视为摆脱贫困的最佳方法，仅次于石油和能源这两个重要的发展引擎。

（2）联合国旅游组织现在将扶贫和增进国际和平与繁荣的高尚理想一起作为其首要目标之一。

（3）但是，正如旅游业能帮助一个国家摆脱贫困，它同样有可能污染环境、降低贫困人群的生活标准。造成这种现象的原因是旅游业的收益都流向了国际连锁酒店，并使当地的掌权人物腐化堕落。

（4）旅游业是众多双刃剑之一。旅游业看起来像是一种赚取急用钱的简单方法，但它也能破坏野生地区，弱化本土文化以适应旅游团体。

（5）为了建造新的度假胜地、酒吧和娱乐场所，老酒店和老建筑都被推倒。无论是在新加坡、迪拜或约翰内斯堡，这些新建的景区、建筑看起来都完全一样。保护主义者对这种日益严重的趋势加以谴责。

2.单选题

Tomysurprise,thehousewhichlookedrathershabbyoutsidewasluxuriouslyand（）furnishedinside.

问题1选项

A.artificially

B.arrogantly

C.arbitrarily

D.artistically

【答案】D

【解析】句意：令我吃惊的是，房子的外面看起来很破旧，内部却装饰得（）。A选项artificially人工地；B选项arrogantly傲慢地；C选项arbitrarily任意地；D选项artistically艺术地,D选项artistically符合句意。

3.单选题

Mr.Smithbecamevery（）whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.

问题1选项

A.ingenious

B.empirical

C.objective

D.indignant

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（）。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。

4.单选题

ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincreased（），awiderrangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.

问题1选项

A.Circulation

B.reproduction

C.manipulation

D.penetration

【答案】A

【解析】句意：美国报纸的新技术革命带来了（）、覆盖面拓宽和新闻工作的增加。A选项circulation发行量；B选项reproduction复制；生殖；C选项manipulation操纵，控制；D选项penetration渗透，A符合句意。

5.单选题

Earlylastyearthecompanyresearchedthepossibilityof（）anewlate-night

show.

问题1选项

A.launching

B.longing

C.leading

D.landing

【答案】A

【解析】句意：去年年初，这个公司研究了（）新的深夜秀的可能性。A选项launching发动；开展（活动、计划等）；B选项longing渴望；C选项leading领导；引导；D选项landing登岸；

降临。选项A符合句意。

6.单选题

ThecompanythatJoanworksforis（）withanautomotivecompany,soshecangetadis-countonanewcar.

问题1选项

A.correlated

B.parallel

C.affiliated

D.accounted

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：Joan工作的公司（）一家汽车公司，所以她买新车有折扣。

correlated有相互关系的；parallel平行的；affiliated附属的，有关的；accounted记账的；报告的。此处“beaffiliatedwith”为固定搭配，意思是“隶属于”，A项“有相互关系的”说得太模糊，看到C项是可以确定是隶属关系，公司员工才能拿到折扣，故选C。

7.单选题

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybehopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyatrighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesbowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear”.Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

1.ThepurposeofFrederickI’sexperimentwas（）.

2.Thereasonthatsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostlikelythat（）

3.Whatisparticularlyremarkableaboutachildisthat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill（）infuture.

问题1选项

A.toprovethatchildrenarebornwithabilitytospeak

B.todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeak

C.tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

D.toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

问题2选项

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

B.theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

D.theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

问题3选项

A.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak

B.hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s

C.hecanproducehisownsentences

D.heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

问题4选项

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.

C.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.

D.Alltheabove

问题5选项

A.haveahighIQ

B.belessintelligent

C.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

D.notnecessarilybebackward

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据题干关键词“FrederickI’sexperiment”定位至第一段：itmaybehopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent（他让护士们保持沉默，这也许是为了发现如果没有听到母语，孩子会说什么语言）。因此，B选项正确。

2.根据题干关键词“childrenarebackwardinspeaking”定位至第三段：mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant（最常见的原因是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感。），因此C选项正确。

3.第四段指出：evenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways（更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分）。因此C选项“他可以组成自己的句子”正确。

4.文章第四段第三句指出：atfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinbornwiththecapacitytospeak，可知孩子的语言能力一部分是天生的；从第四段最后一句可知年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分，可知婴儿的大脑是具有选择性的，文章第四段第一句指出：expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage，可知人类的语言阶段往往是在特定的年纪完成的，由此可知，A、B和C选项均正确，故选D。

5.根据题干关键词“childstartstospeaklater”定位至第四段：therearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ（有的孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智商的人），但是并不是每一个孩子都这样，因此排除A选项，B、C选项在文章中没有提及，由此可知D选项为正确答案。

8.单选题

Whenan'inventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossible（1）ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheidea（2）,orpatentit.

A（3）patentistheresultofabargain（4）betweenaninventorandthestate,buttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod（5）.

Onlythemostexceptionalcircumstances（6）thelifespanofapatent（7）toalterthisnormalprocessofevents.

Thelongestextensionever（8）wastoGeorgesValensi:his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto（9）andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention.

Becauseapatentremainspermanently（10）afterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe（11）officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasdialarefreeforanyonetouseand,if（12）thanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyone（13）toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough（14）patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherform（15）invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionally（16）totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis（17）onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

Anyoneclosely（18）inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,（19）makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate（20）thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.

问题1选项

A.work

B.possibility

C.measures

D.courses

问题2选项

A.open

B.covered

C.secret

D.improved

问题3选项

A.granted

B.granting

C.inventing

D.invented

问题4选项

A.striking

B.struck

C.tobestriking

D.tostrike

问题5选项

A.terminating

B.continuing

C.continues

D.terminates

问题6选项

A.are

B.tobe

C.be

D.is

问题7选项

A.extending

B.willextend

C.extended

D.tobeextended

问题8选项

A.granted

B.granting

C.togrant

D.beinggranted

问题9选项

A.receiving

B.sending

C.receive

D.send

问题10选项

A.public

B.secret

C.close

D.concealed

问题11选项

A.customer

B.commerce

C.patent

D.television

问题12选项

A.longer

B.older

C.weaker

D.younger

问题13选项

A.wished

B.refusing

C.refused

D.whishing

问题14选项

A.live

B.dead

C.working

D.recording

问题15选项

A.temporarily

B.suddenly

C.permanently

D.sharply

问题16选项

A.dangerous

B.undesirable

C.safe

D.terrible

问题17选项

A.contracted

B.sent

C.anticipated

D.based

问题18选项

A.involving

B.involved

C.contained

D.containing

问题19选项

A.which

B.when

C.that

D.where

问题20选项

A.with

B.off

C.before

D.from

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:C

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:A

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:A

第15题:C

第16题:C

第17题:D

第18题:B

第19题:C

第20题:D

【解析】1.句意：当一项发明创造问世时，对发明者而言有三种可供选择的。因此D项courses（做法）符合句意。

2.句意：他可以把这项发明公布于世，或，或申请专利。根据空格处前后句意推测，此处选C。意为“保密”。

3.句意：专利是发明者与国家之间达成的一种契约。因此A项granted（授予）正确。

4.句意：授予的专利发明者与国家之间达成的一种契约。此为动词strike的过去分词形式做后置定语。

5.句意：按照契约，发明者可以对自己的成果在一定期限内享有垄断权,垄断后，他就得把发明的细节问题公之于众。Terminate意为“结束”，此为时间状语从句，从句中缺谓语动词。故选D。

6.句意：只有在极其特殊的情况下才可以延长专利期限。此句为only短语位于句首，句子应部分倒装，主语为thelifespanofpatent，因此用系动词is。

7.此处主语为专利，所以应该用被动语态，is被提前了，因此选C。

8.句意：曾经最长的专利延期名额给了GeorgesValensi。这里应用grant的过去分词形式表被动。

9.句意：1939年他就取得彩色电视接收器线路的专利，而且这一专利延续到1971年，因为这项专利在其大部分正常期限内都没有彩电可供，这样这项专利无望获得回报。因此，send（发送）符合句意。而且，空格前为动词不定式to，因此选D。

10.句意：因为一项专利到期后，就永远了。A项符合句意和逻辑。

11.句意：因此，局所属的图书馆架子上有成千上万种专利。根据句意选C。

12.句意：如果半个世纪，任何人都可以自由使用。longer长久的，长期的；older多年的，长时间的；weaker虚弱的；younger年轻的。因此选B。

13.句意：实际上，专利专家们常对开发有效专利而又避免高额费用的人提出建议，避免侵犯他人专利的有效办法就是使用过期专利。此处，wish符合句意，此处逻辑主语为anyone，因此选D。

14.句意：实际上，专利专家们常对希望开发有效专利而又避免高额费用的人提出建议，避免侵犯他人专利的有效办法就是使用过期专利。Live实况播送的；dead无效的；working起作用；recording记录的。因此选A。

15.因为用任何其他方式公布观点都会使之失效。C项permanently（永久地）符合句意。

16.句意：因此，传统上，从其他印刷材料上想出办法是。C项safe（安全的）符合句意。

17.句意：众多现代技术的进步都是这些法律安全的考虑。因此D项based（根据）符合句意。

18.句意：任何一个经常专利和发明的人很快会得知。B项involved（参与了）符合句意。

19.句意：只有把握时代的需求，跟上新技术的步伐，专利才能变成商业实践，做到名利双收。此处为强调句型，应用引导词that。

20.句意：电视生成原理许多原创思路都起源于19世纪后期和20世纪初。

9.翻译题

Bacteria（细菌）,likepeople,canbedividedintofriendandfoe.81.Inspiredbyevidencethatthefriendlysortmayhelpwitharangeofailments（疾病）,manypeopleconsumebacteriaintheformofyogurtsanddietarysupplements.Suchasmatteringofartificialadditions,however,representsbutadropintheocean.Thereareatleast800typesofbacterialivinginthehumangut.AndresearchbyStevenGilloftheInstituteforGenomicResearchinRockville,Maryland,andhiscolleagues,publishedinthisweek’sScience,suggeststhatthecollectivegenomeoftheseorganismsissolargethatitcontains100timesasmanygenesasthehumangenomeitself.

DrGillandhisteamwereabletocometothisconclusionbyextractingbacterialDNAfromthefaeces（粪便）oftwovolunteers.82.Becauseofthecomplexityofthesamples,theywerenotabletoreconstructtheentiregenomes（基因组）ofeachofthegutbacteria,justtheindividualgenes.Butthatallowedthemtomakeanestimateofnumbers.

Whatallthesebacteriaaredoingistrickytoidentify—thebacteriathemselvesaredifficulttocultivate.83.Sotheresearchersguessedatwhattheymightbeuptobycomparingthegenestheydiscoveredwithpublisheddatabasesofgeneswhosefunctionsarealreadyknown.

84.ThiscomparisonhelpedDrGillidentifyforthefirsttimetheprobable

enzymatic（酶（性）的）processesbywhichbacteriahelphumanstodigestthecomplex

carbohydratesinplants.Thebacteriaalsocontainaplentifulsupplyofgenesinvolvedinthesynthesisofchemicalsessentialtohumanlife—includingtwoBvitaminsandcertainessentialaminoacids—althoughtheteammerelyshowedthatthesemetabolicpathwaysexistratherthanprovingthattheyareused.Nevertheless,thepathwaystheyfoundleavehumanslookingmorelikeruminants:animalssuchasgoatsandsheepthatusebacteriatobreakdownotherwiseindigestiblematterintheplantstheyeat.

ThebroaderconclusionDrGilldrawsisthatpeoplearesuperorganismswhosemetabolismrepresentsanamalgamationofhumanandmicrobialattributes.Thenotionof

asuperorganismhasemergedbefore,asresearchersinotherfieldshavecometoviewhumansashavingadiverseinternalecosystem.85.This,suggestsome,willbecrucialtothesuccessofpersonalisedmedicine,asdifferentpeoplewillhavedifferentresponsestodrugs,dependingontheirmicrobialflora.（微生物群落）Accordingly,thenextstep,saysDrGill,istoseehowmicrobialpopulationsvarybetweenpeopleofdifferentages,backgroundsanddiets.

Anotherareaofresearchistheprocessbywhichthesehelpfulbacteriafirstcolonizethedigestivetract.Babiesacquiretheirgutfloraastheypassdownthebirthcanalandtakeagene-filledgulpoftheirmother’svaginalandfaecalflora.Itmightnotbethemostdeliciousoffirstmeals,butitcouldwellbeanimportantone.

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

【答案】81.有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。

82.由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。

83.因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。

84.这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。

85.有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。

10.单选题

Asoneoftheyoungestprofessorsintheuniversity，MissKingiscertainlyonthe（）ofabrilliantcareer.

问题1选项

A.edge

B.porch

C.threshold

D.course

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的

。

edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线。因此，C项threshold符合句意。

11.单选题

Althoughthemodellooksgoodonthesurface,itwillnotbearclose（）.

问题1选项

A.temperament

B.contamination

C.scrutiny

D.symmetry

【答案】C

【解析】句意：尽管这个模特表面上看起来很漂亮，可（）就不行了。A选项temperament性格，气质；B选项contamination污染；C选项scrutiny细看；仔细观察；D选项symmetry对称。itwillnotbearclosescrutiny意为“细看就不行了”。

12.单选题

Itisdifficultto（）thisgoalifyouworkhardcontinuously.

问题1选项

A.attributeto

B.audit

C.bare

D.attain

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：即使你一直努力工作，也很难这个目标。attributeto归因于；audit稽查，审计；bare揭开;脱掉（衣服）；attain获得，达到。因此，D项符合句意。

13.单选题

Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulace,scientistsimmediatelygettowork,tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimes,successisachieved,asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasite,germorcellthatcausestheprob-lemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcases,inwhichtheen-tirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraverisk,itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccination,soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.

Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifitisencountered,onecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthis,asmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment,sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnatural-ly,inwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat,shouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblem,hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithit,havingalreadydonesobefore.

Therearedangersinherentintheprocess,however.Onoccasion,eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle,resultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbing,and,therefore,thepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine,designedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopula-tionandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevac-cinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Thus,iftheentirepopula-tionoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday,30000Americanswouldbeleftdead.

Fortunately,thesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970s,endingthemanda-toryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofareintroductionofthedisease,however,mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume,resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocess,whichistrulyamixedblessing,mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.

1.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe（）

2.WhatdoestheexampleoftheSmallpoxVaccineillustrate?

3.Thephrase“warditoffnaturally”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis（）

问题1选项

A.“Vaccinations:ABlessingorACurse”

B.“PrinciplesofVaccinations”

C.“Vaccines:MethodsandImplications”

D.“AMiracleCureunderAttack”

问题2选项

A.Thepossiblenegativeoutcomeofadministeringvaccines.

B.Thepracticaluseofavaccinetocontrolanepidemicdisease.

C.Theeffectivenessofvaccinesineradicatingcertaindisease.

D.Themethodbywhichvaccinesareemployedagainstthedisease.

问题3选项

A.disposeofitnaturally

B.fightitoffwithease

C.seetoitreluctantly

D.splitupproperly

问题4选项

A.Savingthemajoritywouldnecessarilyjustifythedeathoftheminority.

B.Theimmunesystemcanbetrainedtofightweakerversionsofadisease.

C.Mandatoryvaccinationsareindispensabletothesurvivalofthepopulace.

D.Theprocessofvaccinationremainsamysterytobefurtherresolved.

问题5选项

A.tocommentandcriticize

B.todemonstrateandargue

C.tointerestandentertain

D.toexplainandinform

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨题。C选项“接种：方法和含义”概括全文大意。其他选项不够全面。

2.细节题。文章中天花的举例是在第三段中出现的，第三、四段主要阐述使用疫苗可能带来的负面效果，而A选项“管理疫苗可能带来的负面后果”与文章相符。

3.细节题。第二段讲述的是如果接种疫苗，身体可以自然对抗这种疾病，选项B（很轻松地与之对抗）正确。

4.推理题。选项B（免疫系统能够被训练来抵抗较弱的疾病变体）符合原文中心思想。

5.主旨题。本文是科普性文章。所以D项（为了解释和告知信息）正确。

14.单选题

We（）afigureofamanclingingtothemastoftheship.

问题1选项

A.discerned

B.dispatched

C.dissipated

D.diminished

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们（）那个倚靠在船桅杆的人。discerned认出，识别；dispatched派遣，分派；dissipated驱散，放荡；diminished减少，缩小。因此，A项符合句意。

15.单选题

Ashasalwaysbeenthecasewhentragedyhasstruckourcommunity,thepeopleofourtownfeeltheobligation,andrightlyso,to（）insupportofthevictimandhisfamily.

问题1选项

A.entrench

B.rally

C.disseminate

D.apologize

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。句意：当社会内有悲剧事情发生时，我们镇的居民感到有义务，（）以支持受害者和他的家人。entrench保卫、防护；rally重整、团结；disseminate散播、宣传；apologizes道歉。B项rallyin意为“举行集会”符合句意。

16.单选题

Thetownplanningcommissionsaidthattheirfinancialoutlookforthenextyearwasoptimistic.Theyexpectincreasedtax（）.

问题1选项

A.efficiency

B.revenues

C.privileges

D.validity

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。句意：城镇规划委员会对他们下一年的经济前景持乐观态度。他们期盼税收增加。

efficiency效率；revenue税收，收益；privilege特权；validity有效性。taxrevenue表示“税收”，是常用词组。故本题选B。

17.单选题

Theymadedetailedinvestigationsto（）themselveswiththeneedsofthe

ruralmarket.

问题1选项

A.adhere

B.acknowledge

C.acquaint

D.activate

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。此处为固定搭配，acquaintwith意为“熟悉，了解”。

18.单选题

TheexpeditionhasleftfortheAndesandthereisno（）whenitwillreturn.

问题1选项

A.informing

B.reporting

C.knowing

D.advising

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。

19.单选题

Pleaserefrain（）smoking.

问题1选项

A.from

B.of

C.at

D.against

【答案】A

【解析】短语辨析。句意：请勿吸烟。Refrain和from搭配为固定短语，意为“制止，克制不做某事”，因此正确答案是A选项。

20.单选题

Hisphysicalandemotional（）toOxfordandtoMississippi,tothelandandtothepeoplethatshapedhim,wasatthecoreofhisbeing.

问题1选项

A.personality

B.character

C.fidelity

D.morality

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：全身心的（）是他的全部：无论是对牛津和密西西比，还是对那片土地和那些塑造他的人。personality个性；character性格；fidelity忠诚；morality道德。故选C。

21.单选题

Recentresearchhasclaimedthatanexcessofpositiveionsintheaircanhaveanilleffectonpeople’sphysicalorpsychologicalhealth.Whatarepositiveions?Well,theairisfullofions,electri-callychargedparticles,andgenerallythereisaroughbalancebetweenthepositiveandthenegativecharged.Butsometimesthisbalancebecomesdisturbedandalargerproportionofpositiveionsarefound.Thishappensnaturallybeforethunderstorm,earthquakeswhenwindssuchastheMistral,HamsinorSharavareblowingincertaincountries.Oritcanbecausedbyabuild-upofstaticelec-tricityindoorsfromcarpetsorclothingmadeofman-madefibers,orfromTVsets,duplicatorsorcom-puterdisplayscreens.

Whenalargenumberofpositiveionsarepresent,intheairmanypeopleexperienceunpleasanteffectssuchasheadaches,fatigue，irritability,andsomeparticularlysensitivepeoplesuffernauseaorevenmentaldisturbance.Animalsarealsoaffected,particularlybeforeearthquakes,snakeshavebeenobservedtocomeoutofhibernation,ratstofleefromtheirburrows,dogshowlandcatsjumpabout

unaccountably.ThishasledtheU.S.GeographicalSurveytofundanetwork,ofvolunteerstowatchanimalsinanefforttoforeseesuchdisastersbeforetheyhitvulnerableareassuchasCalifornia.

Conversely,whenlargenumbersofnegativeionsarepresent,thenpeoplehaveafeelingofwell-being.Naturalconditionsthatproducetheselargeamountsarenearthesea,closetowaterfallsorfountains,orinanyplacewherewaterissprayed,orformsaspray.Thisprobablyaccountsforthebeneficialeffectofaholidaybythesea,orinthemountainswithtumblingstreamsorwaterfalls.

Toincreasethesupplyofnegativeionsindoors,somescientistsrecommendtheuseofionizers:smallportablemachines,whichgeneratenegativeions.Theyclaimthationizersnotonlycle