2022年考研考博-考博英语-郑州大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号55

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-郑州大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured（）thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

问题1选项

A.intermsof

B.bymeansof

C.inregardto

D.inlinewith

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语。intermsof“依据，按照”；bymeansof“用，依靠”；inregardto“关于”；inlinewith“符合，与……一致”。分析句子结构可知，空格处后面的内容是做方式状语，因此从A与B选项中选，根据两个词组的意思，可知选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Changingfromsolidtoliquidwatertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis（）producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

问题1选项

A.absorption

B.consumption

C.transition

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。absorption“吸收”；consumption“消费，消耗”；transition“过渡；转变”；interaction“相互作用”。前半句提到“从固态变成液态，水需要吸收它周围所有物质的热量”，因此空格处表示的就是“吸收(热量)”这个过程，选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Wearegoingto（）whatwerelearnedsofarbysomerevisionexercisetoday.

问题1选项

A.affirm

B.reinforce

C.consolidate

D.conform

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。affirm“肯定，断言”；reinforce“加强”；consolidate“巩固”；conform“使遵守”。根据whatwelearned“我们所学的”与bysomerevisionexercise“通过一些练习”可知是通过练习来巩固我们所学的内容，因此选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Theeachrevolvesbothroundthesunandonitsownaxis.

问题1选项

A.resolves

B.involves

C.rotates

D.evolves

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项resolves“决定；溶解；使……分解；决心要做……”；B选项involves“包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于”；C选项rotates“旋转；循环”；D选项evolves“进化，进展”。句意：每一个（星球）都绕着太阳和自己的轴旋转。本句关键词revolves表示“使……旋转；使……循环”，可和rotates做同义替换；因此C选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomaniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobepackedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.

Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.

Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn’tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhigh-heeledshoes.

Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen’sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstability?Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.

1.Designersandbigstoresalwaysmakemoney（）.

2.Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenchangetheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas（）.

3.Thewriterwouldbelesscriticaliffashiondesignersplacedmorestressonthe（）ofclothing.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

5.Bysaying“theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious”（Para.4,Line1-2）,thewritermeansthat（）.

问题1选项

A.bymercilesslyexploitingwomenworkersintheclothingindustry

B.byconstantlychangingthefashionsinwomen’sclothing

C.becausetheyarecapableofpredictingnewfashions

D.becausetheyattachgreatimportancetoqualityinwomen’sclothing

问题2选项

A.awasteofmoney

B.anexpressionofcreativity

C.anexpressionoftaste

D.awasteoftime

问题3选项

A.cost

B.appearance

C.comfort

D.suitability

问题4选项

A.Newfashionsinclothingarecreatedforthecommercialexploitationofwomen.

B.Theconstantchangesinwomen’sclothingreflecttheirstrengthofcharacter.

C.Thefashionindustrymakesanimportantcontributiontosociety.

D.Fashiondesignsshouldnotbeencouragedsincetheyareonlywelcomedbywomen.

问题5选项

A.women’sinconstancyintheirchoiceofclothingisoftenlaughedat

B.menaremorereasonableinthematteroffashion

C.menarealsoexploitedgreatlybyfashiondesigners

D.womenarebetterabletoputupwithdiscomfort

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores（因为她们一想到穿着过时的衣服出现在公众面前就会颤抖，她们总是被设计师和大商店利用）以及第二段第一句Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn（时尚的变化只不过是故意制造浪费。许多妇女每年花大量的钱来更换几乎没穿过的衣服）可以判断出B选项“通过不断改变妇女服装的时尚”正确；A选项“通过残酷剥削服装业的女工”和C选项“因为他们能预测新时尚”错误，原文并没有提及；根据第三段第二句Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability（时装设计师很少关注保暖、舒适和耐用等重要因素）可以得知D选项“因为他们非常重视妇女服装的质量”错误；因此B选项符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。根据原文第二段第三句Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave（那些不能以这种方式扔掉衣服的女人，会浪费她们的时间来修改她们已有的衣服），可知D选项“浪费时间”正确；根据第二段第二句Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn（许多妇女每年花大量的钱来更换几乎没穿过的衣服）可以得知A选项“浪费钱”错误，题目问的是作者对于女性改变她们老式服装这件事的态度；B选项“一种创造力的表达”以及C选项“一种品味的表达”在文中都没有提到；因此D选项符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。根据第三段Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability.Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.（时装设计师很少关注保暖、舒适和耐用等重要因素。他们只对外表感兴趣，并利用女人只要看起来漂亮就会忍受种种不适这一事实）可以判断出C选项“舒适”正确以及B选项“外貌，外观；出现，露面”错误；根据原文第一段Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.（如果女人们年复一年地被无情地剥削，那只能怪她们自己。因为她们一想到穿着过时的衣服出现在公众面前就会颤抖，她们总是被设计师和大商店利用）可知作者认为时尚界是在利用女性，并且认为时尚圈没有对社会做出真正的贡献，因此A选项“费用，代价，成本”并不是作者所考虑的内容；D选项“适合；适当”在文章中未提及；因此C选项符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。根据原文第一段第一二句Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores（如果女人们年复一年地被无情地剥削，那只能怪她们自己。因为她们一想到穿着过时的衣服出现在公众面前就会颤抖，她们总是被设计师和大商店利用），可知A选项“时装的新款式是为对女性的商业剥削而创造的”正确；B选项“女人服装的不断变化反映了她们性格的力量”和D选项“时尚设计不应该被鼓励，因为它们只受女性欢迎”未在原文中提起；根据第三段第一句Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety（没有人能说时尚产业对社会做出了真正重要的贡献）可以得知C选项“时尚产业对社会做出了重要的贡献”错误；因此A选项符合题意。

第5题:推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到最后一段第一句Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.（当把男人和女人在时尚方面进行比较时，得出的结论是显而易见的）以及第三句Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.（男人很聪明，不会让时装设计师欺骗自己）可以判断出B选项“男人在时尚问题上更讲道理”正确；根据原文倒数第二段最后一句Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn’tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhigh-heeledshoes（几乎每个男人在他的一生中，看到一个女人在冬天穿着单薄的衣服瑟瑟发抖，或者穿着高跟鞋在厚厚的雪地里小心翼翼地行走时，都会微笑）可知A选项“女人在衣着选择上的反复无常经常被嘲笑”错误，和原文表达的含义不符合；C选项“男人们也被时装设计师极大地利用了”在文章中未提及；根据文章倒数第二段theytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright（他们利用女人只要看起来漂亮就会忍受种种不适这一事实）可知文章只是说利用这件事，并不是说女人更能忍受不适，也不是题目所问的结论指代的内容，D选项“女人更能忍受不适”错误；因此B选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Vegetablesareagarden’s（）.

问题1选项

A.produce

B.product

C.production

D.products

【答案】A

【解析】考查近义词辨析。produce，product，production都有“生产，产品”的意思，produce多指蔬菜水果等农产品；product一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品；production含义广泛，它主要指生产这一动作或过程，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。句意：蔬菜是菜园的农产品。本句表示蔬菜是农产品。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Exercisecanaffectouroutlookonlife,anditcanalsohelpusgetridoftension,anxietyandfrustration.Soweshouldtakeexercise（）.

问题1选项

A.constantly

B.normally

C.usually

D.regularly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。constantly“不断地，时常地”；normally“正常地，通常地”；usually“通常，经常”；regularly“定期地”。根据空格前列举的锻炼带来的各种好处及常识可知空格处应该填入一个表示“经常”意义的词，regularly与usually都有此意，但后者一般位于be动词和助动词后面，行为动词前，所以选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam（）tocarryingouttheplan.

问题1选项

A.resolved

B.engaged

C.obliged

D.committed

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语搭配。beresolvedto“决心……”；beengagedin“忙于做……”；beobligedto“不得不；有义务”；becommittedto“致力于……”。Since引导了一个原因状语从句，“由于已经来不及改变主意了”，所以空格处所在的句子表示“执行这个计划”，因此选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Lifeinsurancereflectsoneofthebestpartsofhumanbeings,caringforothers.Onebuyslifeinsurancebecauseheorshelovestheirspouseandchildren.Therearebenefitswhilelivingbuttherealreasonistomakesureothersarefinanciallytakencareof.

OneofthefirstrecordsoflifeinsurancewasinRome.There,groupscametogethercalledburialclubs.Theseweresetupbythepoortopayforthefuneralsofthemembersandtohelpthesurvivingfamilymembersfinancially.Themiddleageshadassociationsforthevarioustypesofhighlyskilledlabor.Thereareaccountsthatshowthattheseguildshelpedtheirmemberswithvarioustypesofinsuranceincludinglifeinsuranceanddisabilityinsurance.LifeinsurancecameintoitsowninEnglandinthelate1600'sandbecamepopularfromthenon.DuringthistimeLloyd'sofLondonwasgrowing.Lloyd'snamecamefromLloyd'sCoffeeHousewhereinsurancewastransactedbyshipownerswiththeunderwriterswhomettoputtogetherinsurancecontractsandothershippingandmerchantrelatedbusiness.

Somepeoplethinkofinsuranceasgambling.Itreallyisn'tgamblingeventhoughithasthesimilaritiesofprobabilityandodds.Insuranceservesapublicgoodofsharingthefinancialrisksofexistenceandlifeanddeathamongmanytoservethosewhohaveexperiencedaloss.

ThefirstlifeinsurancecompanyintheUnitedStatesstartedin1735.ThisCompanywasstartedforthebenefitofPresbyterian（长老会的）ministers'families.Lifeinsurancewasoriginallydominatedbythemutuallifeinsurancecompanies.Thesearelifeinsurancecompaniesthatareownedbythepolicyholdersandthusthosepolicyownersreceivetheirpro-rata（按比例的）shareofthecompany'sprofits.Therearealsostocklifeinsurancecompanieswheretheprofitsaremadeforthebenefitofthestockholders.Similartothemutuallifeinsurancecompaniesarefraternal（互助会的）lifeinsurancecompanieswhichwerestartedbythevariousfraternalorderstoassisttheirmembers.Todaytheinsurancebusinesshasevolvedtoamulti-facetedbusinesswithvariousprogramsandnumerousdistributionmethods.Theinternetandtheinsuranceindustryisinitsinfancywithmostinsurancecompanieshavingawebsiteandnowwithwebsitesabletodolifeinsurancequotesonlinesuchaswhichalsohaseducationalpageswhereyoucanlearnaboutthetypesoflifeinsuranceincludingwholelifeinsurance,termlifeinsuranceandsurvivorshiplifeinsurance.

Therearechoicestodaythatdiffergreatlyfromthechoicesofevenafewyearsago.Theinternethasmadeinformationonlifeinsuranceaccessiblejustasanysubject.Butyoustillneedtherightknowledge.Thatmaycomefromaqualifiedinsuranceagentwhoknowstheirbusinessorfromagreatlifeinsuranceordisabilityinsurancewebsitethatprovidesgreatinformationforyoutostudy.

1.What’sthemainpurposesofthe‘‘burialclubs”？

2.Whatdoestheword“underwriters”inParagraph2mean?

3.Whatmakeslifeinsurancedifferentfromgambling?

4.WhatkindoflifeinsurancecompaniesdiddominatethepremiermarketintheU.S.?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Tohelpthefamiliesoftheirdeadmembers.

B.Toprovidelifeinsuranceanddisabilityinsurance.

C.Tobebeneficialtotheshareholder.

D.Tomakeprofitsfortheclubmembers.

问题2选项

A.Theownersoftheshippedcargo

B.Insurancecompaniesortheiragents

C.Theclerksoftheshipcompanies

D.Lloydinsurancecompany’sagents

问题3选项

A.Lifeinsurancedependsonprobabilityandodds

B.Lifeinsurancebenefitsthosewhobuyit

C.Lifeinsurancecaresforothers

D.Lifeinsurancemakesmanypeoplesharetheburden

问题4选项

A.Burialclubsinvariousguilds

B.Fraternallifeinsurancecompanies

C.Stocklifeinsurancecompanies

D.Mutuallifeinsurancecompanies

问题5选项

A.Aqualifiedinsuranceagentknowsinsurancebusinesswell

B.Insurancechoicesaredifferentbetweennowandthepast

C.Weshouldhaveourlifeinsuredonline

D.Weshouldchoosetherightwebsitetolearnaboutinsurance

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“丧葬社团俱乐部的主要目的是什么？”文章第二段第三句话提到“这些俱乐部是由穷人设立，用来支付其成员的丧葬和在经济上帮助活着的家庭成员”（Theseweresetupbythepoortopayforthefuneralsofthemembersandtohelpthesurvivingfamilymembersfinancially），因此选项A“帮助死者的家人”符合题意。

2.词义题。题目问的是“第二段中出现的单词underwriters是什么意思？”文章第二段最后一句提到who引导的定语从句用来解释说明underwriters，是把保险合同和其他船舶及商船相关的业务放在一起的人（whomettoputtogetherinsurancecontractsandothershippingandmerchantrelatedbusiness），因此选项B“保险公司的代理”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“是什么让人寿保险与赌博不同？”文章第一段第一句话提到“人寿保险体现了人类最优秀的品质之一——关心他人”（Lifeinsurancereflectsoneofthebestpartsofhumanbeings,caringforothers），第三段最后一句提到“保险服务于公众利益，它通过在很多人中间分担生存、生活和死亡的经济风险来服务那些遭受损失的人”（Insuranceservesapublicgoodofsharingthefinancialrisksofexistenceandlifeanddeathamongmanytoservethosewhohaveexperiencedaloss），由此可知选项C“人寿保险关心他人”符合题意。

4.考查细节事实题。题目问的是“什么样的寿险公司主宰了美国的主要市场?”文章第四段提到“人寿保险最初是被互惠人寿保险公司支配的”（Lifeinsurancewasoriginallydominatedbythemutuallifeinsurancecompanies），因此选项D符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“最后一段的大意是什么？”文章最后一段的中心句是第一句话Therearechoicestodaythatdiffergreatlyfromthechoicesofevenafewyearsago（今天的保险选择跟几年前的大不相同），因此选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Couldyoupossibly（）meatthenextcommitteemeeting?

问题1选项

A.comeupwith

B.makeupfor

C.doawaywith

D.standinfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语。comeupwith“提出，想出”；makeupfor“补偿，弥补”；doawaywith“废除，去掉”；standinfor“代替”。将四个选项代入空格处只有选项D符合。

11.单选题

Itisnowbelievedthatthedramaticchangesinfamilystructure,thoughregrettable,areimpossibletoreverse.

问题1选项

A.sensational

B.emotional

C.horrible

D.striking

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sensational“轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的”；B选项emotional“情绪的；易激动的；感动人的”；C选项horrible“可怕的；极讨厌的”；D选项striking“显著的，突出的，惊人的；打击的；罢工的”。句意：人们现在认为，家庭结构的显著变化虽然令人遗憾，但是不可能逆转的。本句关键词dramatic表示“巨大的；急剧的；引人注目的；令人激动的；戏剧的”，在句中可和striking（显著的）做同义替换；因此D选项正确。

12.单选题

Thetranslatormusthaveanexcellent,up-to-dateknowledgeofhissourcelanguages,fullfacilityinthehandlingofhistargetlanguage,whichwillbehismothertongueorlanguageofhabitual（1）andaknowledgeandunderstandingofthelatestsubject-matterinhisfieldofspecialization.Thisis,asit（2），hisprofessionalequipment(素养).（3）this,itisdesirablethatheshouldhaveaninquiringmind,wideinterests,agoodmemoryandtheabilitytograspquicklythebasic（4）ofnewdevelopments.Heshouldbewillingtowork（5）hisown,oftenathighspeeds,butshouldbehumbleenoughtoconsultothers（6）hisownknowledgenotalwaysproveadequatetothetaskinhand.Heshouldbeabletotypefairlyquicklyandaccuratelyand,ifheisworkingmainlyforpublication,shouldhavemorethananodding（7）withprintingtechniquesandproof-reading.Ifheisworkingbasically.（8）aninformationtranslator,letussay,foranindustrialcompany,heshouldhavetheflexibilityofmindtoenablehimto（9）rapidlyfromonesourcelanguagetoanother,aswellasfromonesubject-mattertoanother,（10）thisabilityisfrequently（11）ofhiminsuchwork.Bearinginmindthenatureofthetranslator'swork,i.e.theprocessingofthewrittenword,itis,strictlyspeaking,（12）thatheshouldbetospeakthelanguagesheisdealingwith.Ifhedoesspeakthem,itisanadvantage（13）ahindrance(障碍)，butthisskillisinmanywaysaluxurythathecan（14）with.Itis,（15）,desirable（16）heshouldhaveanapproximateideaaboutthepronunciationofhissourcelanguagesevenifthisisrestrictedto（17）howpropernamesandplacenamesarepronounced.Thesame（18）toanabilitytowritehissourcelanguages.Ifhecan,wellandgood;ifhecannot,itdoesnot（19）.Therearemanyotherskillsand（20）thataredesirableinatranslator.

问题1选项

A.use

B.usage

C.utility

D.application

问题2选项

A.shouldbe

B.wouldbe

C.was

D.were

问题3选项

A.Becauseof

B.Morethan

C.Exceptfor

D.Inadditionto

问题4选项

A.truth

B.reason

C.theory

D.principle

问题5选项

A.for

B.on

C.by

D.of

问题6选项

A.because

B.when

C.should

D.if

问题7选项

A.skill

B.knowledge

C.acquaintance

D.familiarity

问题8选项

A.as

B.out

C.for

D.with

问题9选项

A.transform

B.change

C.turn

D.switch

问题10选项

A.while

B.since

C.though

D.therefore

问题11选项

A.required

B.lacked

C.faced

D.confronted

问题12选项

A.advantageous

B.essential

C.unnecessary

D.useless

问题13选项

A.over

B.ratherthan

C.despite

D.instead

问题14选项

A.deal

B.concern

C.work

D.doaway

问题15选项

A.consequently

B.accordingly

C.thus

D.however

问题16选项

A.and

B.if

C.that

D.when

问题17选项

A.knowing

B.havingknown

C.know

D.haveknown

问题18选项

A.amounts

B.comes

C.refers

D.applies

问题19选项

A.matter

B.mind

C.harm

D.work

问题20选项

A.characteristics

B.distinctions

C.qualities

D.features

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:C

第8题:A

第9题:D

第10题:B

第11题:A

第12题:C

第13题:B

第14题:D

第15题:D

第16题:C

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:A

第20题:C

【解析】1.考查名词词义辨析。use“使用”，侧重指为到达某一目的而利用某人或某物；usage“使用”，侧重被很多人公认的惯例，习俗;utility“实用”，指有效地使用某物使其发挥效用；application“应用”，侧重指将理论用到某种特殊情况。此处是指为了到达沟通目的而使用语言，因此选项A符合题意。

2.考查词组辨析。asitshouldbe“应当，适当”；asitwouldbe“好像，仿佛”；asitwas“事实上，结果却是”；asitwere“可以说是，似乎就是，好像”。根据语境，选项D符合题意。

3.考查逻辑关系。空格处后面提到的inquiringmind,wideinterests,agoodmemory等与前一句所提到的成为译者的素养是平行关系，因此空格处填入D符合题意，意思是除了前面提到的这些能力，还包括inquiringmind,wideinterests,agoodmemory等。

4.考查名词词义辨析。truth“真理”;reason“原因”；theory“理论”；principle“原理，原则”。根据newdevelopment可知此处大意是“快速掌握新进展的基本原理的能力”，选项D符合题意。

5.考查固定搭配。onone’sown“依靠自己”，选项B符合题意。

6.考查倒装句。由空格后否定句hisownknowledgenotalwaysproveadequatetothetaskinhand中没有助动词可推测这里是用倒装句来表示条件分句，选项C符合题意。

7.考查固定搭配。skill与of连用;knowledge常与of连用；acquaintancewith“了解，知道”；familiaritywith“熟悉”。由于空格前的morethan“多于，超出”以及译者的专业不是出版方面可知“了解”符合语境，选项C符合题意。

8.考查固定搭配。workas“担任，以……身份而工作”，因此选项A符合题意。

9.考查固定搭配。将一种语言转变成另一种语言，用switch适合，选项D符合题意。

10.考查逻辑关系。根据前后关系可知此处应该填入一个表示“既然或由于”意思的单词，因此选项B符合题意。

11.考查固定搭配。requiresth.ofsb.“要求某人某事”，选项A符合题意。

12.考查形容词词义辨析。advantageous“有利的，有益的”；essential“基本的，必要的”；unnecessary“不必要的，多余的”；useless“无用的，无效的”。前面提到译者的工作性质是处理书面文字，因此对于讲那门语言是没有必要的，因此选项C符合题意。

13.考查逻辑关系。前一句提到没有必要讲这门语言，而如果他会讲这门语言，属于一种优势，而不会是阻碍，因此ratherthan“而不是”符合题意。

14.考查固定短语。dealwith“处理，涉及”；concernwith“使关心”；workwith“与……共事”；doawaywith“废除，去掉”。根据表示转折的并列连词but可知此处指“译者可以不掌握说这些语言的技能”，因此选项D符合题意。

15.考查逻辑关系。前一句提到译者可以不掌握说这些语言的技能，后面提到他应该对源语言的发音有一个大致的概念（heshouldhaveanapproximateideaaboutthepronunciationofhissourcelanguages），可以看着前后有一个转折关系，因此选项D符合题意。

16.考查固定搭配。Itisdesirablethat+从句，“.…..是合适的”。选项C符合题意。

17.考查固定搭配。berestrictedtodoingsth.“限制做某事”，这里表示一般时态，因此选项A符合题意。

18.考查固定搭配。amountto“相当于，总计为”;cometo“想起，共计”；referto“参考，涉及”；applyto“适用于”。空格处所在句子的大意是：同样的道理也适用于写源语言。选项D符合题意。

19.考查固定搭配。Itdoesnotmatter“没关系，不要紧”，空格处所在句子的大意是：如果译者没有书写源语言的能力，也没关系。选项A符合题意。

20.考查名词词义辨析。characteristics“特征，特点”；distinction“区别”；quality“质量，品质”；feature“特色，特征”。由and可知空格处所在的单词与skill表示的意思相似，由前文professionalequipment可知此处表达的是“其他技能和品质”，因此选项C符合题意。

13.单选题

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisitbecausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.

Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotiveassemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts—aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.

Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.

Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavebeguntosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.

Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducationhowever,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.

1.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries（）.

2.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthat（）.

3.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestortoshowthateducationemerged（）.

4.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation（）.

问题1选项

A.isconventionaldowngraded

B.hasbeenoverestimated

C.issubjecttogroundlessdoubts

D.hasfallenvictimofbias

问题2选项

A.theU.S.workforceismoreorganize

B.theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive

C.theU.S.workforcehasabettereducation

D.theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

问题3选项

A.asaresultofpressureongovernment

B.whenpeoplenolongerwenthungry

C.C.priortobetterwaysoffindingfood

D.whenpeoplehadenoughtime

问题4选项

A.followedimprovedproductivity

B.doesnotdependoneconomicperformance

C.resultsdirectlyfromthecompetitiveenvironments

D.cannotaffordpoliticalchanges

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者在第一段中认为教育在贫穷国家的重要性……”。文章第一段第二句后半句提到“传统观点认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最高优先事项之一，这种观点是错误的”(however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong)，由此可知贫穷国家教育的重要性被高估了，因此选项B符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“日本和美国劳动力的一个主要区别是什么？”文章第二段最后提到研究表明丰田、尼桑和本田位于美国的工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%（YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts），由此可以推测出日本的生产率比美国的要高，因此选项B符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者引用我们祖先的例子来说明教育的出现……”。文章第四段第二句话提到“我们怀疑，即使政府不强迫，持续的经济增长也会促进教育的发展”(Wehavebeguntosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit)；当我们的祖先还在狩猎和采集的时候，除了寻找食物，他们没有时间去思考其他的事情，由此可知教育之所以出现，是因为不需要去担心食物的问题，选项B“人们不再挨饿”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章最后一段可知教育的发展……”。文章最后一段的第一句提到随着教育的进步，人类的生产潜力也增加了(Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell),选项A“伴随生产力的提升”符合题意。

14.单选题

Onenight,whentelevisionbeganbroadcastingaboringTVshow,Isaidtomywife,“Theprogrammeisevenlessinterestingthantheadvertisement,orcommercials.Letushaveachange.

Mywife,whohappenedtohavearemotecontrolinherhand,consentedimmediately,switchedtoanotherchannelandenjoyedanadvertisementofriceflourwithme.Justatthemoment,Ifoundthatwewerenolongerasdisgustedwiththecommercialsaswehadbeenbefore.

ThenextdaywhenItoldmyexperiencetomycolleagues,they,tomysurprise,allhadthesamefeeling.Afewevensangseveralofthecommercialssongs.

Afewyearsago,whenadvertisementsbegantoappearintheChinesemedia,mostpeople,includingmyself,wereagainstthepractice.Somesighed,“ThesocialistTV,newspaperhasstartedimitatingthewesternbourgeoismediatool!”Whathaschangedtheaudience’smentalityinonlyseveralyears'time?

First,Chineseadvertisementhaveimprovedtheiradvertisingandtheiradvertisingtechniques,atthebeginning,thelanguageofadvertisementwassimple,themusicinsipidandtheimagescoarseandcrude.Later,somebetterforeignadvertisementscametoChineseTVandnewspapers.

“Wherethereisamountain,thereisaroad;wherethereisaroad,thereisaToyota”.ThewordsoftheJapaneseadvertisementpublicizingtheToyotacarareveryabsurdbutimpressiveandeasytomemorize.“Nestlecoffeeistastyindeed.”TheAmericanadvertisementpromotingthesaleoftheNestlebrandcoffeehasbecomeanewhouseholdphraseinChina.Gradually,Chineseadvertisementsalsohavelearnedhowtodressthemselvesup.Theyhavestrangeandhumorousassociations,charming,deepmalevoices,colorfulimagesandsongsthatarepleasingtotheearandeasytolearn.Forthesereasons,thecommercialsforSantanacars,FudacolourfilmandOrientbeverageshavesuccessfullyattractedaTVaudience.

Second,lifeneedsadverti