2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号91

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Whenitbecameclearthatmanagementandtheunioncouldnotsettletheirdifferences,thepresident_______tosettletheargument.

问题1选项

A.interacted

B.intervened

C.interconnected

D.interviewed

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“interacted”意为“交流；沟通；合作；相互影响”；B选项“intervened”意为“干涉；调停；插入”；C选项“interconnected”意为“使互相连接”；D选项“interviewed”意为“采访；接见；对……进行面谈；对某人进行面试”。句意：当资方和工会显然无法解决分歧时，主席出面解决了争论。由题干可知，资方和工会无法解决分歧，需要一个第三方来干涉调停以解决争论。因此B选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Imustgonow.（）,ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime.

问题1选项

A.Incidentally

B.Accidentally

C.Occasionally

D.Subsequently

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项incidentally“顺便说一句；偶然地；附带地”；B选项accidentally“意外地；偶然地”；C选项occasionally“偶尔；间或”；D选项subsequently“随后，其后；后来”。句意：我现在必须离开了。顺便说一句，如果你想要那本书，那么我下次将把它带来。根据句中“Imustgonow我现在必须离开了”可知“顺便说一句”符合语境，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Thecontinuousrainwas（）fortheexceptionalpoorharvest.

问题1选项

A.blamed

B.condemned

C.accused

D.charged

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项beblamedfor“因……被责备；归咎于”；B选项becondemnedfor“因……受到谴责或被追究责任”；C选项beaccusedfor“因……被指控”；D选项bechargedfor“因……被指控或收费”。句意：罕见的歉收归咎于持续的下雨。根据句中“continuousrain持续的下雨”与“poorharvest歉收”可知“归咎于”符合语境，因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Theseverityofadjustmentproblemsexperiencedinasecondculturedependsontheindividual’sabilitytoadapttonewsituations.

问题1选项

A.excitement

B.intensity

C.solutions

D.importance

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。severity“严重性；严格；猛烈”；A选项excitement“兴奋；刺激；令人新奇的事物”；B选项intensity“强度；强烈；紧张”；C选项solutions“解决方案；应对措施；溶液剂”；D选项importance“价值；重要；重大”。句意：在第二种文化中经历的适应问题的严重程度取决于个人适应新情况的能力。题干指出“adjustmentproblemsexperiencedinasecondculture在第二种文化中所经历的适应问题”，可推知severity在这里是“严重性”的意思，因此B选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

Somepeoplesaythatthestudyofliberalartsisauselessluxurywecannotaffordinhardtimes.Students,theyargue,whodonotdevelopsalablekillswillfinditdifficulttolandajobupongraduation.Butthereisaprobleminspeakingof“salableskills”.Whatskillsaresalable?Rightnow,skillsformakingautomobilesarenothighlysalable,buttheyhavebeenfordecadesandmightbeagain.Skillsareanotherexampleofvaryingsalability,asthejobmarketfluctuates.What’smore,ifonewantstobuildacurriculumexclusivelyonwhatissalable,onewillhavetomakethecoursesveryshortandchangethemveryoften,inordertokeepupwiththerapidchangesinthejobmarket.Butwillnottheeffortbeinvain?Inveryfewthingscanwebesureoffuturesalability,andinasocietywherepeoplearefreetostudywhattheywant,andworkwheretheywant,andinvestastheywant,thereisnowaytokeepsupplyanddemandinlaborinperfectaccord.

Aschoolthatdevotesitselftotallytosalableskills,especiallyinatimeofhighunemployment,sendingyoungmenandwomenintotheworldarmedwithonlyanarrowrangeofskills,isalsosendinglambsintothelion’sden.Ifthosepeoplegainnothingmorefromtheirstudiesthansupposedlysalableskills,andcan’tmakethesalebecauseofchangesinthejobmarket,theyhavebeencheated.Butifthoseskillsweremorethansalable,ifstudygavethemabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundthemandgreateradaptabilityinachangingworld,theyhavenotbeencheated.Theywillfindsomekindofjobsoonenough.Flexibility,andabilitytochangeandlearnnewthings,isavaluableskill.Peoplewhohavelearnedhowtolearncanlearnoutsideofschool.Thatiswheremostofushavelearnedtodowhatwedo,notinschool.Learningtolearnisoneofthehighestliberalskills.

1.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthattheauthorisfavorof（）.

2.Theword“fluctuate”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingismorelikelytogetajobintimesofhighunemployment?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,indevelopingacurriculumschoolshould（）.

5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.teachingpracticalskillthatcanbesoldinthecurrentjobmarket

B.aflexiblecurriculumthatchangeswiththetimes

C.aliberaleducation

D.keepingabalancebetweenthesupplyanddemandinthelabormarket

问题2选项

A.remainsteady

B.changeinanirregularway

C.followasetpattern

D.becomeworseandworse

问题3选项

A.Apersonwiththeabilitytolearnbyhimself.

B.Aconstructionworkers.

C.Acarrepairman.

D.Apersonwithquiteafewsalableskills.

问题4选项

A.predictthesalabilityofskillsinthefuturejobmarket

B.takethecurrentjobmarketintoconsideration

C.considerwhatskillsaresalable

D.focusontheabilitytoadapttochanges

问题5选项

A.liberalartseducationisbeingchallengednow

B.schoolsthatteachpracticalskillsfarebetterduringhardtimes

C.extracurricularactivitiesaremoreimportantthanclassroomlearning

D.manystudentsfeelcheatedbytheeducationalsystem

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第三句“…ifstudygavethemabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundthemandgreateradaptabilityinachangingworld,theyhavenotbeencheated”，如果学习能让他们更好地了解周围的世界，更能适应不断变化的世界，那么他们就没有被欺骗。这说明作者赞同让学生能了解周围世界、适应世界变化的通识教育。A选项“teachingpracticalskillthatcanbesoldinthecurrentjobmarket”意为“教授能在当前就业市场上出售的实用技能”，由原文可知，作者认为就业市场是不断变化的，把年轻男女输送到只有有限技能的世界，是在把羔羊送入虎穴，所以作者是不赞同的；B选项“aflexiblecurriculumthatchangeswiththetimes”意为“随时代变化的灵活课程”，作者对于这种课程的态度是“Butwillnottheeffortbeinvain?”但这种努力不会是徒劳的吗？所以作者是不赞同的；C选项“aliberaleducation”意为“通识教育”，与原文相符；D选项“keepingabalancebetweenthesupplyanddemandinthelabormarket”意为“保持劳动力市场供求平衡”，原文“thereisnowaytokeepsupplyanddemandinlaborinperfectaccord”我们不可能使劳动力的供求完全一致，所以作者是不赞同的。因此C选项符合题意。

第2题:语义推测题。由fluctuate定位到文章第一段第六句“Skillsareanotherexampleofvaryingsalability,asthejobmarketfluctuates”，随着就业市场的波动，技能是可售性变化的另一个例子。并且由后文可知，therapidchangesinthejobmarket就业市场是快速变化的。A选项“remainsteady”，意为“保持稳定”，与原文不符；B选项“changeinanirregularway”意为“不规则的变化”，与原文相符；C选项“followasetpattern”意为“遵循固定模式”，原文并未提及就业市场的变化有固定的模式；D选项“becomeworseandworse”意为“变得越来越糟”，原文只是指变化但没有说是往糟糕的方向发展。因此B选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。由highunemployment定位到文章第二段。文章第二段提到现在是个高失业率的时代，首先从反面举例如果只学会少数技能就进入社会等于羊入虎穴，接着又说到学习理解和适应这个改变的世界能更快找到工作，最后总结道“Learningtolearnisoneofthehighestliberalskills”学会学习是最高的不受限制的技能之一，因此有自学能力的更容易找到工作。A选项“Apersonwiththeabilitytolearnbyhimself”意为“有自学能力的人”，符合原文；B选项“Aconstructionworkers”意为“一位建筑工人”，C选项“Acarrepairman”意为“一位汽车修理工”和D选项“Apersonwithquiteafewsalableskills”意为“一个有相当多的销售技巧的人”，都只是掌握了少数技能，但不是自学的能力。因此A选项符合题意。

第4题:判断推理题。由developingacurriculumschool定位到文章第一段第七句“What’smore,ifonewantstobuildacurriculumexclusively…inordertokeepupwiththerapidchangesinthejobmarket”即发展课程就必须使课程非常短，并经常更换它们，以跟上就业市场的快速变化。由此可推测，现代课程的着重点在于适应变化的能力。A选项“predictthesalabilityofskillsinthefuturejobmarket”意为“预测技能在未来就业市场的销路”，原文未提及预测技能的销路，是强调就业市场是不断变化的，要去适应这种变化；B选项“takethecurrentjobmarketintoconsideration”意为“把当前的就业市场也考虑进去”，就业市场是一直变化的，所以重点是适应变化；C选项“considerwhatskillsaresalable”意为“考虑哪些技能是可以销售的”，可销售的技能是需要不断更换的，所以不是课程的重点；D选项“focusontheabilitytoadapttochanges”意为“关注适应变化的能力”，符合原文。因此D选项符合题意。

第5题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需逐个分析各个选项。A选项“liberalartseducationisbeingchallengednow”意为“通识教育现在正受到挑战”，与原文相符；B选项“schoolsthatteachpracticalskillsfarebetterduringhardtimes”意为“在不景气的时候，教授实用技能的学校表现更好”，与原文相反，学会有限技能的人进入社会只是羊入虎口，所以最关键的技能是自学能力；C选项“extracurricularactivitiesaremoreimportantthanclassroomlearning”意为“课外活动比课堂学习更重要”，原文是指有自学能力的人在校外也能继续学习，但并没有说课外活动就比课堂学习更重要；D选项“manystudentsfeelcheatedbytheeducationalsystem”意为“许多学生觉得教育制度欺骗了他们”，原文是如果他们获得的只是销售技能，不能随就业市场的变化而变化，那么他们就是受骗了，但这不是学生的想法，是作者的观点。因此A选项符合题意。

6.单选题

Becauseofadverseweatherconditions,thetravelersstoppedtocamp.

问题1选项

A.local

B.unfamiliar

C.good

D.unfavorable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。adverse“不利的；相反的；敌对的”；A选项“local当地的；局部的；地方性的”；B选项unfamiliar“不熟悉的；不常见的”；C选项good“好的；优良的；愉快的”；D选项unfavorable“不利的；令人不快的；不顺利的”。句意：由于天气条件恶劣，旅行者们停下来露营。根据句中“thetravelersstoppedtocamp这些旅客停下了去扎营”可知adverse在这里的意思为“不利的”，因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms.It’snotlikeeitherofthemtobeara（）.

问题1选项

A.disgust

B.curse

C.grudge

D.hatred

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项disgust“厌恶，嫌恶”；B选项curse“诅咒；咒骂”；C选项grudge“怨恨；不满”；D选项hatred“憎恨；怨恨；敌意”。由本句“I’msurprisedtheyarenolongeronspeakingterms”（我很惊讶他们不说话了）可知他们之前的关系是很好的，所以这里的语义最有可能是不满，没有到有敌意那么严重。句意：我很惊讶他们不再说话了，他们俩不像是对对方不满。因此C选项正确。

8.不定项选择题

PsychologistsagreethatI.Q.contributeonlyabout20percentofthefactorsthatdeterminesuccess.Afull80percentcomesfromotherfactors,includingwhatIcallemotionalintelligence.Followingaretwoofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped:

1.Self-awareness.Theabilitytorecognizeafeelingasithappensisthekeystoneofemotionalintelligence.Peoplewithgreatercertaintyabouttheiremotionsarebetterpilotsoftheirlives.

Developingself-awarenessrequirestuningintowhatneurologistAntonioDamasiocalls“gutfeelings.”Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem.Forexample,whenpeoplewhofearsnakesareshownapictureofasnake,sensorsontheirskinwilldetectsweat,asignofanxiety,eventhoughthepeoplesaytheydonotfeelfear.Thesweatshowsupevenapictureispresentedsorapidlythatthesubjecthasnoconsciousawarenessofseeingit.

Throughdeliberateeffortwecanbecomemoreawareofourgutfeelings.Takesomeonewhoisannoyedbyarudeencounterforhoursafteritoccurred.Hemaybeawareofhisirritabilityandsurprisedwhensomeonecallsattentiontoit.Butifheevaluateshisfeelings,hecanchangethem.

Emotionalself-awarenessisthebuildingblockofthenextfundamentalofemotionintelligence:beingabletoshakeoffbadmood.

2.MoodManagement.Badaswellasgoodmoodsspicelifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance.

Weoftenhavelittlecontroloverwhenwearesweptbyemotion.Butwecanhavesomesayinhowlongthatemotionwilllast.PsychologistDianneTiceaskedmorethan400menandwomenabouttheirstrategiesforescapingfoulmoods.Herresearch,alongwiththatofotherpsychologists,providesvaluableinformationonhowtochangeabadmood.

Ofallthemoodsthatpeoplewanttoescape,rageseemstobethehardesttodealwith.Whensomeoneinanothercarcutsyouoffonthehighway,yourreflexivethoughtmaybe:Thatjerk!Hecouldhavehitme!Ican’tlethimgetawaywiththat!Themoreyoustew,theangrieryouget.Suchisthestuffofhypertensionandrecklessdriving.

Whatshouldyoudotorelieverage?Onemythisthatventilatingwillmakeyoufeelbetter.Infact,researchershavefoundthat’soneoftheworststrategies.Amoreeffectivetechniqueis“refraining”,whichmeansconsciouslyreinterpretingasituationinamorepositivelight.Inthecaseofthedriverwhocutsyouoff,youmighttellyourself:Maybehehadsomeemergency.Thisisoneofthemostpotentways,Ticefound,toputangertorest.

Goingoffalonetocoolclownisalsoaneffectivewaytorefuseanger,especiallyifyoucan’tthinkclearly.Ticefoundthatalargeproportionofmencooldownbygoingforadrive—afindingthatinspiredhertodrivemoredefensively.Asaferalternativeisexercise,suchastakingalongwalk.Whateveryoudo,don’twastethetimepursuingyourtrainofangerthoughts.Youraimshouldbetodistractyourself.

Thetechniquesofreframinganddistractioncanalleviatedepressionandanxietyaswellasanger.Addtothemsuchrelaxationtechniquesasdeepbreathingandmeditationandyouhaveanarsenalofweaponsagainstbadmoods.

1.Whataregutfeelings?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofknowingone’sgutfeelingsisthat（）.

3.Theword“spice”inParagraph6isclosedinmeaningto（）.

4.Theessenceof“refraining”inParagraph9is（）.

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyarefeelingoneisbornwith.

B.Theyarefeelingsonemaybeunawareof.

C.Theyarefeelingsoffearandanxiety.

D.Theyarefeelingsfeltbysensiblepeople.

问题2选项

A.onecandevelopthem

B.onecancallother’sattentiontothem

C.onemaygetridofthem

D.onemaycontrolthem

问题3选项

A.addinterestto

B.lengthen

C.makedull

D.bringintoexistence

问题4选项

A.toforgettheunpleasantsituation

B.toadoptapositiveattitude

C.toprotectoneselfproperly

D.toavoidroadaccidents

问题5选项

A.WhatisEmotionalIntelligence?

B.HowtoDevelopEmotionalIntelligence.

C.StrategiesforGettingRidofFoulMoods.

D.HowtoControlone’sGutFeelings.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“gutfeelings”定位到第三段第二句话“Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem”（直觉可能在一个人没有意识到的情况下发生）可知，直觉是人们可能没有意识到的感觉。A选项“它们是天生的”没有原文依据；C选项“它们是恐惧和焦虑的感觉”错误，直觉包括很多种感觉；D选项“它们是理智的人所感受到的感情”错误，人都会有直觉，没有理性和感性之分。因此B选项正确。

第2题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第四段倒数一、二句话“Hemaybeawareofhisirritabilityandsurprisedwhensomeonecallsattentiontoit.Butifheevaluateshisfeelings,hecanchangethem”（他可能意识到了自己的易怒，当有人提醒他时，他会感到惊讶。但如果他评估自己的感受，他就能改变。）可知既然可以改变，那就是可以控制的。A选项“可以开发它们”、B选项“一个人可以引起别人的注意”、C选项“人们可以摆脱它们”均说法错误，文中没有相关表述。因此D选项正确。

第3题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“spice”定位到第六段“MoodManagement.Badaswellasgoodmoodsspicelifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance”（情绪管理。好心情和坏心情可以丰富生活，塑造性格。关键是平衡）可知spice是丰富的意思，即给生活增加乐趣。A选项“增加乐趣”；B选项“延长”、C选项“乏味”、D选项“产生”三项与该处语义不符。因此A选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“refraining”定位到第九段“Amoreeffectivetechniqueis‘refraining’,whichmeansconsciouslyreinterpretingasituationinamorepositivelight.Inthecaseofthedriverwhocutsyouoff,youmighttellyourself:Maybehehadsomeemergency”（一种更有效的方法是“克制”，这意味着有意识地以一种更积极的态度重新解释当前的情况。对于插队的司机，你可以告诉自己：也许他遇到了紧急情况）可知遇到问题时要克制自己，当遇到插队的司机时的想法告诉我们要用积极的态度去思考这些问题。A选项“忘记不愉快的处境”；C选项“妥善保护自己”、D选项“避免交通意外”三项不是本质，而是具体可以怎么去让自己的处境变得舒缓一点的方法，所以排除。因此B选项正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句话“Followingaretwoofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped…”（以下是构成情商的两个主要品质，以及如何开发它们……）可知本文主要围绕如何开发情商所展开。A选项“什么是情商”概括不全面，文章不是主要讲了情商的定义，有简单的提及；C选项“摆脱坏心情的策略”、D选项“如何控制自己的直觉”两项都是如何开发情商的不同的两个方法，不能概括整个文章的主旨大意，所以排除。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Duringthesummerholidayseasonthereareno（）roomsinthisseasidehotel.

问题1选项

A.empty

B.blank

C.deserted

D.vacant

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项empty“空的；无意义的；无知的；徒劳的”，一般指可容纳人或者物的容器还未容纳进去；B选项blank“空白的；空虚的；单调的”，一般指表面无字迹的；C选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的”；D选项vacant“空的；空缺的；空闲的”，多侧重于指某个位置没有人居住或者占用导致空闲的。由本句关键词“rooms”（房间）可知，这里是指没有空余的房间，所以与vacant相对应。句意：在夏季假期期间，这家海滨旅馆没有空房了。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Herpanicwastransient,andceasedwhenshebegantospeak.

问题1选项

A.beyonddescription

B.unnoticed

C.passingquickly

D.vague

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。transient“短暂的；路过的”；A选项beyonddescription“无法形容，难以形容”；B选项unnoticed“被忽视的；不引人注意的；未被注意的”；C选项passingquickly“飞逝的”；D选项vague“模糊的；含糊的”。句意：她的惊慌是暂时的，一开口就停止了。由题干中的“ceasedwhenshebegantospeak一开口就停止了”可推知transient在这里有“短暂的”的意思，因此C选项正确。

11.单选题

Toabsorbayoungerworkforce,manycompaniesofferedretirementplansasincentivesforolderworkerstoretireandmakewayfortheyoungeroneswhoearnedlowersalaries.

问题1选项

A.rewards

B.opportunities

C.motives

D.stimuli

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。incentive“激励；奖励；诱因”；A选项reward“奖励；奖赏”；B选项opportunity（其复数形式为opportunities）“时机，机会”；C选项motive“动机，目的”；D选项stimuli（其为stimulus的复数形式）“激励；刺激；促进因素”。句意：为了吸收更年轻的劳动力，许多公司推出了退休计划，以激励年龄较大的员工退休，为工资较低的年轻员工让路。根据句中“retirementplans退休计划”可知incentive在这里的意思应为“激励”，因此D选项正确。

12.单选题

Sheansweredwithan（）“No”totherequestthatsheattendthepublichearing.

问题1选项

A.eloquent

B.effective

C.emotional

D.emphatic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项eloquent“意味深长的；雄辩的，有口才的；有说服力的”；B选项effective“有效的，起作用的；实际的，实在的”；C选项emotional“情绪的；易激动的；感动人的”；D选项emphatic“着重的；加强语气的；显著的”。由本句“Sheansweredwithan______‘No’”（她回答不）可知她对否定这件事情的态度的坚决，所以emphatic的意义与其对应。句意：对于要求她出席公开听证会的要求，她断然地说了“不”。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

ThereareafewsmallthingsthatIdon’tlikeaboutmyjob,but（）it’sveryenjoyable.

问题1选项

A.allatonce

B.onceandforall

C.somuchas

D.byandlarge

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项allatonce“突然”；B选项onceandforall“一劳永逸地；彻底地；最后一次”；C选项somuchas“甚至于；连……都不”；D选项byandlarge“大体上，总的来说”。句意：虽然工作上的一些小事情让我讨厌，但是总的来说它是非常令人愉快的。由题干中的“afewsmallthings一些小事情”和表示转折的“but”可知“byandlarge总的来说”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

14.不定项选择题

ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere”.

Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.Sayshe,“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushroomsmightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’regotfarworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”

Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.

1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmerican’sviewoftheirfood?

2.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause（）.

3.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Paragraph2,Line4),BruceAmesmeans（）.

4.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson（）.

5.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyoverstatethegovernment’sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.

B.Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.

C.Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.

D.Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.

问题2选项

A.nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironment

B.pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculture

C.manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals

D.almostallfoodshaveadditives

问题3选项

A.plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseases

B.plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowth

C.farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants

D.farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases

问题4选项

A.thegovernment

B.theprocessor

C.theconsumer

D.thegrower

问题5选项

A.Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.

B.Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.

C.Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.

D.Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段第一句“ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.许多美国人对围绕食品的大多数风险持有严重扭曲和夸大的看法。”可知C项“他们高估了食物的危害。”与原文相符；A项“他们夸大了政府对食品工业的干预”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“他们对食品的安全性过于乐观。”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“他们忽略了他们所吃食物的风险。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第二句“…upto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.……高达植物重量10%的成分是天然杀虫剂。”可知A项“没有一种食物是不受环境污染的”与原文相符。B项“农药在农业中被广泛使用”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“许多蔬菜包含危险的天然化学物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“几乎所有的食品都含有添加剂”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。

第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第三句“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves...因为植物没有颌或牙齿来保护自己……”可知这里的“theyemploychemicalwarfare它们使用化学武器”代指“植物产生某些化学物质来对抗虫害和疾病”，由此知A项“植物产生某种化学物质来对抗病虫害”与原文相符。B项“植物吸收有用的化学物质来促进它们的生长”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“农民使用人造化学物质溶解植物中的天然化学物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“农民使用化学药品保护植物免受病虫害”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句“Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.也许最重要的是，消费者将不得不更好地学习如何正确处理和烹饪食物。”可知C项“消费者”正确。A项“政府”；B项“加工者”；D项“种植者”。因此C选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第二句“WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.虽然美国人没有理由害怕坐在餐桌前吃饭，但他们完全有理由要求显著改善食品和水安全。”可知D项“关于食物消费，有理由谨慎，但没有理由惊慌。”与原文相符。A项“饮食变得比以前更危险。”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“必须立即采取措施改善食品生产和加工。”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“健康食品在现代社会不再是一个梦。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Oneoftheresponsibilitiesofthelocaltroopsistomakesurethatallshipsobedientlyfollowtrafficsrulesinbusyharbors.

问题1选项

A.currently

B.intricately

C.dutifully

D.distinctly

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词obediently意为“顺从地；服从地；忠顺地”；A选项“currently”意为“当前；一般地”；B选项“intricately”意为“杂乱地；复杂地”；C选项“dutifully”意为“忠实地；尽责地，忠诚地”；D选项“distinctly”意为“明显地；无疑地，确实地”。句意：当地军队的责任之一是确保所有船只在繁忙的港口顺从地遵守交通规则。由题干可知，followtrafficsrules（遵守交通规则），所以军队应该是确保船只忠实、顺从地遵循交通规则，以免出现混乱。由此可知，obediently在此处最可能是“顺从地”的意思，四个选项中dutifully具有“忠实地”的意思，与此相近。因此C选项符合题意。

16.单选题

TheEuropeanCommissionissueda____decisiononOct.29permittinganalliancebetweenUnitedAirlines,DeutscheLufthansaandScandinavianAirlinesSystemthatallowsthemtocoordinateprices,schedulesandroutesinthetransatlanticmarket.Itturnedouttobewellreceived.

问题1选项

A.automatic

B.landmark

C.obsolete

D.outgrown

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“automatic”意为“自动的；无意识的；必然的”；B选项“landmark”意为“有重大意义或影响的”；C选项“obsolete”意为“废弃的；老式的”；D选项“outgrown”意为“过大的”。句意：10月29日，欧盟委员会发布了一项具有里程碑意义的决定，允许美国联合航空公司、德国汉莎航空公司和斯堪的纳维亚航空公司建立联盟，在跨大西洋市场协调价格、航班和航线。结果很受欢迎。由题干可知，decision（决定）后的内容是允许三家不同国家的航空公司建立联盟，并且反响很好，所以可以推测出这个决定具有重大意义和影响。因此B选项符合题意。

17.不定项选择题

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniorsfromfeatheringtheirownnestsatexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerican’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Insteadhefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidesspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.

Toassesstheimpactofperformancerelatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithstatesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverall-success.

Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

1.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

2.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggest?

3.Theword“seduction”(Line1,Para.4)probablymeans（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

问题1选项

A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

问题2选项

A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.

B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.

C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.

D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms.

问题3选项

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

D.exertionstounderstand

问题4选项

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

问题5选项

A.Doubtful

B.Optimistic

C.Positive

D.Approving

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由recruitingoutsiders定位到文章第一段第一、二句“Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniors…recruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent”，即美国的公司采用了三种方法来保护股东的利益。聘用更多外部人员也是方法之一。A选项“Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation”意为“使公司的业务多样化”，原文并未提及；B选项“Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors”意为“加强高层管理者与董事会的合作”，原文并未提及；C选项“Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement”意为“推行有效的企业管理改革”，这是手段不是目的；D选项“Toprotecttheinterestsofthes