英美概况USA-8课件

1.WorldWarI2.EntryintoWWI3.PeaceConferenceof19194.ProsperityandDepression5.Roosevelt’sNewDealChapter8WorldWarIandtheDepression01.WWI:QuestionsTime? July28,1914–Nov.11,1918(Armistice)WhendidAmericajoinWWI? 1917WhodidAmericafightinWWI?

Germany,Austria-Hungary,OttomanEmpire

11.WWI:PrewarSituationTheendofthe19thcenturywasaperiodofimperialism,thehigheststageofcapitalism.Brit:1/4ofworldland

Rus:1/7 Ger:0.8%Unitedin1871,GerbegancompetingwithBritforworlddomination.Essence:

Greatpowersredividingtheworld&strugglingforeconomicinterestsandworldhegemony.21.WWI:Triggertheassassinationof

ArchdukeFrancisFerdinand(费迪南大公),heirtothethroneofAustria-Hungary,onJune28,1914

Whileheandhiswiferodeinanopencarin

Sarajevo,Bosnia,theywereassassinatedby

SerbiannationalistPrincip

(普林西普).AustriadeclaredwaronSerbiaandothercountriessoonjoinedinthewar.

41.WWI:Belligerents&ThreefrontsEasternFront: Russiavs.GermanyandAustria-HungaryWesternFront:

Britain&Francevs.GermanySouthernFront: Serbiavs.Austria-Hungary52.EntryintoWWI:ReasonsLackofmilitarypreparationsatthebeginningFinancialrelationswiththeAlliedpowersPublicopinionsGermany’ssubmarinecampaign62.1LackofmilitarypreparationsStrongnavy(3rd)butweakarmyandairforces anarmyoflessthan100,000men&only17airplanesRemainedneutral[WoodrowWilson]PreparationsforthewarDec.1914,NationalSecurityLeague[国家安全联盟]1916,NationalDefenseAct[国防法案] --doubledthestandingforce --reorganizedtheNationalGuard --providedforthetrainingofofficers72.3PublicopinionsApartfromanAnglophileelementsupportingtheBritish,publicopinionwentalongwithneutralityatfirst.ThesentimentwasstrongforneutralityamongtheIrishAmericans,GermanAmericans,andSwedishAmericans,aswellasmanySouthernfarmers,churchleadersandwomen.However,thecitizenryincreasinglycametoseeGermanyasthevillainafternewsofatrocitiesinBelgiumin1914,andthesinkingofthepassengerlinerLusitania

in1915indefianceofinternationallaw.9unrestrictedsubmarinewarfareatypeofnavalwarfareinwhichsubmarinessinkmerchant/passengershipswithoutwarning,asopposedtoattacksbyprizerules.Prize/Cruiserrulesstatethat

passengershipsmaynotbesunk,crewsofmerchantshipsmustbeplacedinsafetybeforetheirshipsmaybesunk(lifeboatsarenotconsideredaplaceofsafetyunlessclosetoland),onlywarshipsandmerchantshipsthatareathreattotheattackermaybesunkwithoutwarning.11WeaponryinWWIWWIsawtheuseofvarioustypesofweapons:grenadecatapults,

artillery,machinegun,submarines,warplanes,armoredcars,railwayguns,

tanks,&aircraftcarriers.Chemicalweaponryrangedfromdisablingchemicals,suchasteargasandtheseveremustardgas(芥子气),tolethalagentslikephosgene

(光气)andchlorine

(氯).Thekillingcapacityofgas,however,waslimited–only4%ofcombatdeathswerecausedbygas.Becauseitwaspossibletodevelopeffectivecountermeasuresagainstchemicalattacks,suchasgasmasks13ArmisticeNov.11,1918,representativesofFrance,Germany,andBritainmetinatraincaroutsideaFrenchtownandsignedthearmisticethatendedWWI.Germany’sunconditionalsurrenderendedoneofthebloodiestwarsinhistory.KingGeorge

VdedicatedthedayasRemembranceDay.14EffectsTheGerman,Russian,Austro-HungarianandOttomanempiresdissolved.EmergenceofindependentcountriesTheU.S.becomingthestrongestpower&thelargestcreditor. 6bndebtor10bncreditor153.ParisPeaceConference,1919

tosetthepeacetermsforGermanyandotherdefeatednationsthe“BigFour”:Britain,Italy,France,USAWilson’sFourteenPoints,LeagueofNationsTreatyofVersailles16TreatyofVersaillesimposedastrictreductionofGermany’sarmyandnavy,strippedherofallhercolonies,andforcedhertoadmitguiltforthewarandtopayforitscostToformtheLeagueofNationsNotapprovedbytheU.S.Senate,andtheU.S.didnotjoinintheLeagueatlast.17TheFour-PowerTreaty(四国条約)atreatysignedbytheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,FranceandJapanattheWashingtonNavalConferenceon13December1921.AllpartiesagreedtomaintainthestatusquointhePacific,byrespectingthePacificholdingsoftheothercountriessigningtheagreement,notseekingfurtherterritorialexpansion,andmutualconsultationwitheachotherintheeventofadisputeoverterritorialpossessions.

19Five-powertreatyatreatytolimitnavalconstructionandpreventanarmsraceamongthevictoriouspowersinthewakeofWorldWarI.signedbyBritain,theUSA,Japan,FranceandItaly.Itlimitedtheconstructionofbattleships,battlecruisers(巡洋舰)

andaircraftcarriersbythesignatories.Thenumbersofothercategoriesofwarships,includingcruisers,destroyersandsubmarines,werenotlimitedbythetreatybutcouldonlybebuiltupto10,000tonsdisplacement.204.Prosperity:RoaringTwentiesTime:1919-1929CoolidgeProsperity(1923-29)TheRoaringTwentiesisaphraseusedtodescribethe1920s,principallyinNorthAmerica,butalsoinLondon,BerlinandParisforaperiodofsustainedeconomicprosperity,emphasizingtheperiod'ssocial,artistic,andculturaldynamism.Bythemiddleofthedecade,prosperitywaswidespread.Thesecondhalfofthedecadewasknownasthe"GoldenTwenties".

22RoaringTwentiesUrbanizationJazzmusicblossomed,JazzAge19thAmendmentin1920:womensuffrageTheLostGeneration:youngpeoplewhocameoutofWWIdisillusionedandcynicalabouttheworld;ErnestHemingwayandF.ScottFitzgeraldwhowrotenovelsandshortstoriesexpressingtheirresentmenttowardsthematerialismandindividualismthatpermeatedduringthisera.ArtDecoCinema:CharlieChaplin;MickeyMouse235.Roosevelt’sNewDealaseriesofeconomicprograms(about24)between1933and1936duringthefirsttermofPresidentFranklinD.RooseveltinresponsetotheGreatDepression.3Rs:Relief,Recovery,andReformRelieffortheunemployedandpoorRecoveryoftheeconomytonormallevelsReformofthefinancialsystemtopreventarepeatdepression.

25AgriculturalAdjustmentAct农业调整法Time:enactedMay12,1933

Content:

restrictedagricultural