2022年考研考博-考博英语-西北工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号5

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西北工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Avirtualanchorite,he（

）tohisself-sufficiency.

问题1选项

A.adheres

B.confirms

C.conforms

D.admonishes

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。adhere“坚持；依附”，为不及物动词，一般与to构成adhereto“坚持；粘附”；confirm“确认；证实”，为及物动词；conform“使遵守；使一致”。句意：作为隐士的他坚持自给自足。选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

Byadvocatingmoderatechange,theythinkthattheycankeepconsumercostslow.

问题1选项

A.reasonable

B.radical

C.immediate

D.minimum

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过提倡……改变，他们认为可以保持消费者的低成本状态。reasonable“合理的，明智的”；radical“根本的，彻底的”；immediate“立即的”；minimum“最低的”。根据后面的“消费者的低成本状态”可知前面的改变是“适度的”，即划线单词的意思是“适度的；合理的”。因此选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

ThelargetowersoftheGeorgeWashingtonBridgewerenotencasedinmasonrybutwereleftexposedtorevealtheirhandsomesteelstructure.

问题1选项

A.harsh

B.hoarse

C.good-looking

D.flagrant

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：乔治华盛顿大桥的桥塔并没有采用砖石结构，而是直接将塔身暴露在外，显示出它……钢结构。harsh“严酷的”；hoarse“嘶哑的”；good-looking“好看的，漂亮的”；flagrant“骇人听闻的”。根据“steelstructure”可以推测出handsome的意思是“雄伟的”。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Thebookshiftedheroutlookfromsocialtospiritual,foritsthemewasthatbeforeyouchangeotherpeopleyouhavetochangeyourself.

问题1选项

A.viewpoint

B.vocation

C.prospect

D.preference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这本书将她的……从社会转向精神方面，因为它的主题是在改变他人之前，你必须先改变自己。viewpoint“观点，视角”；vocation“职业”；prospect“前景，期望”；preference“偏爱，倾向”。根据“fromsocialtospiritual”可推测划线单词的意思是“观点”，因此选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Thepolice,tryingto（

）exactlywhowasattheparty,areinvestigatingeverypersonconcerned.

问题1选项

A.ascertain

B.arrest

C.imagine

D.count

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。ascertain“确定；查明”；arrest“逮捕；阻止”；imagine“想象；猜想”；count“计算；认为”。句意：警察试图查明有谁参加了那场聚会，正在调查每一个人。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Scientificintegrityisasmuchamatterofself-interestasitisof（

）.

问题1选项

A.self-esteem

B.self-deceiving

C.selfishness

D.self-improvement

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。self-esteem“自尊；自负；自大”；self-deceiving“自欺的”；selfishness“自私自利”；self-improvement“自我改善；自我修养”。句意：科学诚信有关尊严，更是与自身利益有关的事情。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Therearesomeearthphenomenayoucancounton,butthemagneticfield,somedayisnotofthem.Itfluctuatesinstrength,driftsfromitsaxis,andeveryfew100,000yearsundergo,dramaticpolarityreversal—aperiodwhenNorthPolebecomesSouthPoleandSouthPolebecomesNorthPole.Buthowisthefieldgenerated,andwhyisitsounstable?

GroundbreakingresearchbytwoFrenchgeophysicistspromisestoshedsomelightonthemystery.Using80metersofdeepseasediment（沉淀物）core,theyhaveobtainedmeasurementsofmagnetic-fieldintensitythatspan11polarityreversalsandfourmillionyears.Theanalysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm.Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelong-termdeclineprecedingeachpolarityreversal.Whenthepolesflip—aprocessthattakesseveralhundredthousandyears—themagneticfieldrapidlyregainsitsstrengthandthecycleisrepeated.

Theresultshavecausedastiramonggeophysicists.Themagneticfieldisthoughttooriginatefrommolten（熔化的）ironintheoutercore,3,000kilometersbeneaththeearth'ssurface.Bystudyingmineralgrainsfoundinmaterialrangingfromrockstoclayarticles,previousresearchershavealreadybeenabletoidentifyreversalsdatingback170millionyears,includingthemostrecentswitch730,000yearsago.Howandwhytheyoccur,however,hasbeenwidelydebated.Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteor（流星）impacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright.Infact,Olsonsays,intensitythatpredictablydeclinesfromonereversaltothenextcontradicts90percentofthemodelscurrentlyunderstudy.Iftheresultsprovetobevalid,geophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth’sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesismostappropriatetothepassage?

2.Theword“flip”(Line6,Para.2）mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.WhathavethetwoFrenchgeophysicistsdiscoveredintheirresearch?

4.TheFrenchgeophysicists'studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyprevailingtheoriesin（

）.

5.InPeterOslo'sopiniontheFrenchexperiment（

）.

问题1选项

A.PolarityReversal:AFantasticPhenomenonofNature.

B.MeasurementoftheEarth'sMagnetic-FieldIntensity.

C.FormationoftheTwoPolesoftheEarth.

D.ANewApproachtotheStudyofGeophysics.

问题2选项

A.decline

B.intensify

C.fluctuate

D.reverse

问题3选项

A.Someregularityinthechangesoftheearth'smagneticfield.

B.Somecausesofthefluctuationoftheearth'smagneticfield.

C.Theoriginoftheearth'smagneticfield.

D.Thefrequencyofpolarityreversals.

问题4选项

A.itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth'smagneticfield

B.thewaytheearth'smagneticintensityismeasured

C.itsexplanationoftheshiftintheearth'spolarity

D.thewaytheearth'sfluctuationrhythmisdefined

问题5选项

A.islikelytodirectfurtherresearchintheinnerphysicsoftheearth

B.hassuccessfullysolvedthemysteryofpolarityreversals

C.iscertaintohelppredictexternaldisasters

D.hascausedgreatconfusionamongtheworld'sgeophysicists

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章在第一段最后提出问题“磁场是怎么产生的，为什么会如此不稳定？”（Buthowisthefieldgenerated,andwhyisitsounstable?）；紧接着第二段提到两位法国地球物理学家进行了开创性的研究在一定程度上提供了线索；文章最后一段最后两句话提到“如果这些结果被证明是正确的，地球物理学家将有一种新理论来指导他们去探究地球内部物理学。它确实为将来的研究指明了方向。”（Iftheresultsprovetobevalid,geophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth’sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch），由此可知选项D“地球物理学的新的研究方法”符合题意。

第2题:词义题。文章第二段倒数第二句话提到“虽然磁场强度变化短时间内没有规律，但是好像在每一次两极逆转之前，都有一个不可避免的下降过程”（Althoughthestrengthofthemagneticfieldvariesirregularlyduringtheshortterm,thereseemstobeaninevitablelong-termdeclineprecedingeachpolarityreversal），polarityreversal的意思是“两极逆转”，可推测“polesflip”与之同义，flip有“翻转”的意思。选项D符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第二段第三句话提到“分析显示，强度的波动看起来有明显、准确的节奏”（Theanalysisrevealsthatintensityappearstofluctuatewithaclear,well-definedrhythm），由此可知选项A“地球磁场变化有一些规律”符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第三段提到“然而，这种转换是怎样发生的？原因是什么？争论激烈。几种理论把两极转换同流星碰撞这类的外部灾难联系起来。但是奥尔森认为如果法国研究者是正确的话，这几种理论就不能成立了”（Severaltheorieslinkpolarityflipstoexternaldisasterssuchasmeteor（流星）impacts.ButPeterOlson,ageophysicistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,saysthisisunlikelyiftheFrenchresearchersareright），选项C“地球两极的解释”符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。文章最后一段最后两句话提到“如果这些结果被证明是正确的，地球物理学家将有一种新理论来指导他们去探究地球内部物理学。它确实为将来的研究指明了方向。”（Iftheresultsprovetobevalid,geophysicistswillhaveanewtheorytoguidethemintheirquesttounderstandtheearth’sinnerphysics.Itcertainlypointsthedirectionforfutureresearch），选项A“指导地球内部物理学的进一步研究”符合题意。

8.单选题

Itishardtothinkofafieldinwhichitisnotimportantto（

）whatislikelytohappenandactaccordingly.

问题1选项

A.lookout

B.figureout

C.turnout

D.pointout

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。lookout“注意；当心”；figureout“解决；算出”；turnout“（以某种方式）发生；结果是”；pointout“指出；指明”。句意：很难想象在某一个领域知道接下来可能发生什么并且采取了相应的行动这种做法不重要。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

“Doyouwanttoseemydriver’slicenseormypassport?”

“Oh,（

）."

问题1选项

A.eitherdoeswell

B.eitheronewilldo

C.eachoneisgood

D.eachwillbefine

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。Either表示“两者中的任何一个”，each表示“两者中的每一个”。因此根据题干可知应该用either,时态应是将来时，所以选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

The（

）of“snake”issimplythis:aleglessreptilewithalong,thinbody.

问题1选项

A.connotation

B.denomination

C.donation

D.denotation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。connotation“内涵；含蓄”；denomination“面额；名称；教派”；donation“捐款；捐赠物；捐赠”；denotation“符号；表示；意义”。句意：“蛇”的字面意思是：一种有着长而细的身体的无腿爬行动物。选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

Manysocialservicesareprovidedby（

）societiesandorganizationsthatdonotexpectanymaterialpayment.

问题1选项

A.wealthy

B.voluntary

C.helpful

D.spiritual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。wealthy“富有的；充分的”；voluntary“自愿的”；helpful“有帮助的；有益的”；spiritual“精神的；心灵的”。句意：很多社团自愿组织提供很多社会福利事业，并不期望任何物质报酬。选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

Everymeans（

）triedoutbutneverwithsuccess,asfarasmyknowledgegoes.

问题1选项

A.is

B.are

C.hasbeen

D.havebeen

【答案】C

【解析】考查主谓一致。every开头，可知后面要用单数，根据句意可知要用完成时，因此选项C符合题意。

13.单选题

Youshouldhaveyoureyesexamined（

）tobesureofyoureyesight.

问题1选项

A.periodically

B.persistently

C.continuously

D.continually

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。periodically“定期地；周期性地；偶尔”；persistently“坚持地；固执地”；continuously“连续不断地”；continually“不断地；频繁地”。句意：为了确保你的视力，你应该定期检查眼睛。选项A符合题意。

14.单选题

IsupposeyouarenotleavingforBeijingtoday,（

）?

问题1选项

A.areyou

B.doyou

C.aren’tyou

D.don’tyou

【答案】A

【解析】考查反义疑问句。句中“Isuppose”是一个插入语，陈述部分“youarenot…”是否定意义，因此疑问部分应该用肯定意义，选项A符合题意。

15.单选题

PleaseexcusemeifIhaveleftanyofmyquestions（

）.

问题1选项

A.tobeunanswered

B.nottoanswer

C.unanswered

D.beingunanswered

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。leavesth.done意为“使……处于……状态”，因此选项C符合题意。

16.单选题

Theeconomygrewatitsfastestratesince1980thankstoa(n)（

）inworldtrade.

问题1选项

A.inflation

B.stimulus

C.bulge

D.boom

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。inflation“膨胀；通货膨胀”；stimulus“刺激；激励”；bulge“膨胀；凸出部分”；boom“繁荣”。句意：由于世界贸易的繁荣，经济自1980年以来以最快的速度增长。选项D符合题意。

17.单选题

He（

）hisassistanttopickuptheplansfromtheoffice.

问题1选项

A.dispose

B.dispensed

C.dispatched

D.dispersed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词此词义辨析。dispose“处理；安排”；dispense“分发；分发；免除；执行”;dispatch“派遣；发送；分派”；disperse“分散；使散开；传播”。句意：他派助手去办公室取方案。选项C符合题意。

18.单选题

Themostusefulwayoflookingatamapisnotasapieceofpaper,butasarecordof（

）.

问题1选项

A.organizedgeographicalinformation

B.geographicalorganizedinformation

C.geographicallyorganizedinformation

D.organizedgeographicallyinformation

【答案】C

【解析】考查修饰关系。Organized是作定语修饰information,geographically修饰organized，选项C符合题意。

19.单选题

TherearetwocolumnsmarkedAandBbelow.10setwordsarelistedincolumnAwiththedefinitionsprovidedincolumnB.StudythephrasesincolumnAcarefullyandmatcheachwordwiththecorrectdefinitionincolumnB.

ColumnA

1.vitality

2.prompting

3.instantaneous

4.dynamic

5.prudent

6.original

7.feverish

8.facilitate

9.likewise

10.sponsor

ColumnB

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题1选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题2选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题3选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题4选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题5选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题6选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题7选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题8选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题9选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

问题10选项

A.excited;restless

B.forcethatproduceschange,actionoreffects;energeticandforceful

C.persistentenergy;livelinessorvigor

D.similarly;also

E.happeningordoneimmediately

F.makesomethingeasyorlessdifficult

G.urgingorpersuading

H.existingfromthebeginning;creative;fresh

I.personwhomakeshimselfresponsibleforanother;personwhoputsforwardaproposal

J.showinggoodjudgment;actingwithcareandforesight

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:G

第3题:E

第4题:B

第5题:J

第6题:H

第7题:A

第8题:F

第9题:D

第10题:I

【解析】第1题:vitality“生命力，活力，热情”。

第2题:prompting“促进，鼓舞”。

第3题:instantaneous“即刻的，立刻的”。

第4题:dynamic“动力”，名词；“精力充沛的”，形容词。

第5题:prudent“谨慎的”。

第6题:original“最初的，独创的”。

第7题:feverish“发热的；极度兴奋的”。

第8题:facilitate“促进”。

第9题:likewise“同样地”。

第10题:sponsor“主办者，保证人”。

20.单选题

Overthelastfifteenyears,runninghasbecomeapopular（

）for30millionparticipantsofallages.

问题1选项

A.fantasy

B.pastime

C.symposium

D.penalty

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fantasy“幻想”；pastime“消遣，娱乐”；symposium“讨论会；座谈会”；penalty“惩罚，处罚”。句意：在过去的十五年来，跑步已经成为了一种流行的消遣方式，不同年龄段共三千万人的参与。选项B符合题意。

21.单选题

Manywell-educatedpeopledon’tbelievethat（

）willendangerfreedomofspeech.

问题1选项

A.censership

B.censureship

C.sensorship

D.censorship

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。四个选项中只有选项D这个单词是存在的，censorship“审查制度”。句意：很多受过良好教育的人认为审查制度不会危及言论自由。选项D符合题意。

22.单选题

（

）eatriceratherthanpotatoes.

问题1选项

A.Mostofpeople

B.Mostofthepeople

C.Themostofpeople

D.Themostpeople

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。most后面可以直接跟可数或者不可数名词，意思是“大多数”；mostof后面接有定冠词、指示代词或物主代词所修饰的名词，表示“特定范围中的大多数”；themost后面通常跟形容词，表示最高级。因此选项B符合题意。

23.单选题

Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill（

）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

问题1选项

A.confine

B.conform

C.confront

D.confirm

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。confine“限制；禁闭”；conform“符合；遵守；适应环境（后面一般跟介词to）”；confront“面对；遭遇；比较（为及物动词）”；confirm“确认；证实；批准（及物动词）。句意：特定文化下的绝大部分人会遵守那种文化已建立的标准。选项B符合题意。

24.单选题

130yearslater,thissinglewallstillstandshereinmute（

）totheRevolutionofParisCommunein1873.

问题1选项

A.testimony

B.memory

C.tribute

D.evidence

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。testimony“证词；证据”;memory“记忆；内存”；tribute“致敬；悼念”；evidence“证据；证明”。句意：130年后，这面墙仍然站在那里默默见证1873年的巴黎公社革命。选项A符合题意。

25.单选题

Itisquitenecessaryforaqualifiedteachertohavegoodmannersand（

）knowledge.

问题1选项

A.extensive

B.expansive

C.intensive

D.expensive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。extensive“广泛的，大量的”；expansive“广阔的”；intensive“密集的，加强的”；expensive“昂贵的”。句意：一个合格的老师要有良好的修养和广博的知识，这是非常重要的。选项A符合题意。

26.单选题

Thegovernmentlackedmoneybecauseofbitingoil（

）.

问题1选项

A.prices

B.stations

C.buildings

D.revenues

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。price“价格；价值”；station“车站；驻地；地位”；building“建筑；建筑物”；revenue“税收，税收收入”。句意：政府因为棘手的石油收入而缺钱。选项D符合题意。

27.单选题

Youwillonlybeallowedtoleaveearlyin（

）circumstances.

问题1选项

A.exceptional

B.coincidental

C.peculiar

D.imperative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exceptional“特殊的；例外的”；coincidental“巧合的”；peculiar“不寻常的；特有的；古怪的”；imperative“紧急的；不可避免的；必要的”。句意：你只有在特殊时刻才被允许提前离开。选项A符合题意。

28.单选题

Ididn’tignoreher（

）.Ijustdidn’trecognizeher.

问题1选项

A.attentively

B.intensively

C.intentionally

D.intensely

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。attentively“注意地；聚精会神地”；intensively“强烈地；集中地”；intentionally“故意地；有意地”；intensely“强烈地；紧张地；热情地”。句意：我不是有意忽视她，只是没认出她。选项C符合题意。

29.单选题

GivingEmployeesWhatTheyWant:TheReturnsareHugeDavidSirota,co-authorofTheEnthusiasticEmployee:HowCompaniesProfitbyGivingWorkersWhatTheyWant,findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors.Hetoldus:"Peopleatworkhavevariousbasicgoals.First,theywanttobetreatedfairly.Employeeswanttoknowtheyaregettingwhatisnormallydefinedascompetitivepay.IfIfeelunderpaid,thereisnotmuchanorganizationcandotoboostmymorale.Second,employeeswantasenseofachievementfromwork.Thekeyelementistobeproudofyourjobandproudoftheorganizationforwhichyouaredoingit.Thethirdelementiscamaraderie.Thisisalsonotmentionedmuchinourfield,butit’skey——notonlyinthesenseofhavingafriend,butworkingwelltogetherasateam.”

And,hesays,thereareanumberofotherthingscompaniescandotoboostmorale:“First,providesecurity.Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.Thereareanumberofstepsyoucantakebeforemakingpeopleredundant.

Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline.Theteamcouldlookatqualityandatwhateverkindsofmaintenanceandsupportwereneeded,anditcoulddecidehowtorotateworkers.Asopposedtotheusualtop-downmanagement,thisapproachistremendouslysatisfyingforworkers,andthusreducestheneedforbureaucracybecausethepeopleessentiallyaremanagingthemselves.

“Recognitionisalsoimportant.Organization-wideawardsshouldbeliketheNobelPrize,wherepeersareinvolvedintheselectionoftheindividualswhoreceivetheawardforoutstandingachievement,notday-to-daywork.

“Thetraditionalmeritpaysystemswithanappraisalandpayincreasearequitenegative.Workersfeelnorelationbetweenwhattheydoandtheirpayincrease.Arewardhastobefeltassuch.Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency.

“Inthe1980sand1990s,wehadareactiontoparticularformsofmanagement.Wetalkaboutfourkinds:thefirstoneispaternalism,whereworkersaretreatedaschildren.Thenthereisadversarial,whereworkersaretheenemy.Thenthereistransactional,whereworkersarelikeciphers.Managementdoesnotknowwhattheyarelikeasindividuals.Theattitudeis,‘Wepaidyou,nowweareeven.Wedon’toweyouanything.’That’swheremostcompanieshavegonetoday.Loyaltyisdead.

“Thefourthiswhatwehavebeentalkingabout,whichisthepartnershiporganization.ItdoesnotmeanthatbecauseIpaidyou,wearenoweven.Youdon’ttreatpartnersthatwaybecauseyoumightneedthemtohelpyououtsometime,andtheymightneedyou.It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies.”

1.Inparagraph1,whateffectofhighmoraleismentioned?

2.WhichofthesedoesSirotasuggestisgoodreactionforacompanywithfinancialproblems?

3.HowdidToyotamotivateworkersonassemblylines?

4.Howshouldbonusesbeawarded,accordingtoSirota?

5.What,nowadays,isthetypicalmanagement-workerrelationship?

问题1选项

A.Employeesstaywiththecompanylonger.

B.Employeesworkharderthantheircounterpartsinothercompanies.

C.Companiesproducebetterresultsthantheirrivals.

D.Companieswithhighmoralearemorerespected.

问题2选项

A.Reducingtheworkforce.

B.Outsourcingtoreducecosts.

C.Reducingtherewardspackages.

D.Transferringemployeestootherjobs.

问题3选项

A.Byaskingmanagerstotaketurnstoperformasworkers.

B.Bylettinggroupsofworkersmakedecisionsontheirworkorganization.

C.Byallowingteamstotakeoverthewholeprocessofproduction.

D.Byrewardingthemforachievingtheirproductiontarget.

问题4选项

A.Theyshouldbedecidedbypeopleatthesamelevelintheorganization.

B.Theyshouldbegivenonamonthlybasis.

C.Theyshouldbebasesonroutinework.

D.Theyshouldbeawardedasaresultofevaluationfromlinemanagers.

问题5选项

A.Onwhereworkershavetobecaredforbytheirmanagers.

B.Oneofhostility,showingstrongdislikewitheachother.

C.Onewhichispurelyeconomic.

D.Oneofco-operationonequalterms.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。文章第一段第一句后半部分提到“发现那些员工士气高的公司比他们的竞争公司经营得要好”（findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors），因此可知员工士气高的公司收益要比竞争对手高，选项C符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。文章第二段提到“解雇员工应该是最后的手段，而不是最初的。有些公司会采用一些防御办法。如果公司遇到困难，他们重新培训员工或者从别的承包商那里接工作”（Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.），由此可知选项D“将员工调整到其他岗位”符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第三段第一二句话提到“当工作遇到困难时，建议团队进行自我管理。Toyota就是最好的例子”（Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline），接着该段介绍了团队如何来进行自我管理，比如决定如何让员工轮班（decidehowtorotateworkers）。因此选项B符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章第五段提到“研究证实了一种‘收益分享’的系统，在这种系统下一组员工不断进行绩效评估。如果生产量增加了20%，劳动力增加了10%，那么意味着效率更高”（Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency），由此可知奖励是根据员工的工作业绩来定的，选项C符合题意。

第5题:细节事实题。文章最后一段最后一句话提到“它更像成年人之间的一种关系，不像孩子或者敌人之间的相处模式，而是盟友”（It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies），由此可知选项D“平等的合作关系”符合题意。

30.单选题

AlthoughGuthmanwasa（

）ofseveralcampaigns,hehadneverseenactiononthefrontlines.

问题1选项

A.veteran

B.volunteer

C.victim

D.villain

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。veteran“老兵；富有经验的人”；volunteer“志愿者；志愿兵”；victim“受害人；牺牲者”；villain“坏人；罪犯”。句意：尽管古斯曼是参加过几场战役的老兵，但是她从来没有见过前线的场景。选项A符合题意。

31.翻译题

在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不好，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。数学能训练人的逻辑思维。其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。

Thefirstbeginningsofthetheorymaybepromptedbycasualobservationandexperience.Inthesefirstprobestowardtheory,descriptionoffactsmakesupmostshareoftheeffort.Increasingsophisticationandrigorleadstoagrowingconcernwithtestingtentativetheoriesusingcarefullyselecteddataandavarietyofstatisticaltechniques.Intheselaterdevelopments,thesubjectmatterofadisciplinebecomesincreasinglytheoreticalanddeductive,ratherthanempiricalanddescriptive.

【答案】Layingasolidfoundationforstudywillworkforallyourlife.Intherudimentarystageoflearning,themostimportantsubjectsinschooleducationarelanguageandMathematics.Languageisatoolforreadingandcommunication.Ifyouarepoorinyourmotherlanguage,youcannotexpressyourselfwell.Andyouwillfindit’sdifficulttoabsorbnewknowledgefromothercountrieswithoutmasteringaforeignlanguage.Mathematicscantrainpeople’slogicalthinking.It’shardtotellwhichsubjectismoreimportant,forothersubjectsalsohavetheirownadvantages.Forinstance,physicalandmusiceducationmakecontributiontoourintelligencedevelopment.

不经意的观察和经历可能会促进理论的开始。在探究理论之初，描述事实构成了这种探索努力的最大部分。随着理论不断变得复杂和严谨，人们开始使用精心挑选的数据和各式各样的统计方法来测试尝试性的理论。在随后的发展中，学科的主题变得理论化，并且具有推导性，不再是经验和描述的。

32.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

SinglesDaywasbegunbyChinesecollegestudentsinthe1990sasaversionofValentine’sDayforpeoplewithoutromanticpartners.Thetimingwasbasedonthedate:Nov.11,or“11.11”—foursingles.Unattachedyoungpeoplewouldtreateachothertodinnerorgivegiftstowoothatspecialsomeoneandendtheirsinglestatus.

Thatgift-givinghelpedtoturnitintoamajorshoppingeventassellersofeverythingfromjewelrytoTVstocarssawamarketingopportunityandlaunchedSinglesDaysales.ItisChina’sanswertoCyberMondayintheUnitedStates—thedayafterThanksgivingweekend,whenonlineChristmasshoppingbeingsandmerchantshavetheirbusiestsalesday.

【答案】光棍节源于上世纪90年代的中国大学生中，对于没有浪漫伴侣的人来说，这是另一个情人节。时间是11月11日或者11•11——4个单身。单身的年轻人彼此之间聚餐或者送礼物给那个特别的人来结束他们的单身状态。

送礼物把光棍节变成了一个重要的购物活动，从珠宝到电视到汽车等的销售商们都从中看到了商机，并推出了光棍节销售活动。光棍节相当于美国的“网络星期一”，即感恩节周末后的一天，网上圣诞节购物开始，商人们开始了他们繁忙的销售日。

33.单选题

HeavyrainfallinthesouthofEnglandmeansthatfloodingis（

）.

问题1选项

A.imminent

B.momentous

C.transient

D.p