初中英语语法名词课件

1、名 词 目录一 名词概述二 名词的分类三 名词的数四 名词的格五 名词的用法一 名词概述名词的概念：用来表示各种各样的人和事物名称的词就是名词名词的范围包括：人称、具体事物、抽象事物、时间、地点、方向等普通名词：一类东西或者一个抽象概念名词个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work,peace。注意：1）普通可数名词前一般要加a或者an或者the例如：a book the key2)专有名词的第一个字母一般大写，前面加th

2、e,且the首字母不大写例如：the USA the UN3）人名前若有尊称或者头衔，第一字母大写例如：Chairman Hu 4）集体名词作主语事，谓语只能用单数例如： Class one is the No.1 in the sports game5）可数名词有数的概念，单数名词前一般加a/an；复数名词词尾一般加-s/-es例如： an egg a box of eggs 6）专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般属于不可数名词，除此之外有一种判断不可数名词的方法：液体物质：water. oil .soup小颗粒物：dust sand 自然现象：light snow wind抽象概念：thou

3、ght importance消息、建议：advice news information事物总称：clothing jewelry有些不可数名词在一定的上下文也可以用作可数名词，但往往意思也发生变化不可数可数iron铁an iron一个熨斗rubber橡胶an rubber一块橡皮glass玻璃two glasses两玻璃杯room空间a room一个房间三 名词的数（一）可数名词的数 1 名词变复数的规则变化：（1）一般在词尾加-s 清辅音后读/s/ ，浊辅音后读/z/（2）以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es 读/iz/ 例如： (boxes buses dishes watch

4、es) （3）以-y结尾的：辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i再加-es；元音字母加y结尾，直接加-s （4）部分以f或fe结尾的词：把f、fe改为v，再加-es （半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙） half leaf self wife knife wolf shelf thief life 2 名词变复数的不规则变化：（1）变内部元音 （oo-ee; a-e） man-men tooth-teeth foot-feet（2）词尾加-en或-ren （3）单、复数词形相同的词(人在中国日本和瑞士，喜欢绵羊鹿和鱼) Japanese Chinese（4）汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位的

5、名词无复数形式，但要用斜体（5）表示“某国人”的名词，单复数变化情况： 单复数形式相同；变词尾的man为men；词尾加-s(walkman, German, human) （6）以o结尾的词：加-es;加-s （黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿）（广播录像动物园，钢琴袋鼠照相片）（7）外来词的复数变化：datum-data 数据 basis-bases 基础（8）复合名词的复数变化主要词变复数:passer-by_passers-by father-in-law_ fathers-in-law前后两词都变复数:man teacher-men teachers (二)不可数名词的数 1 不可数名词所表示

6、的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，只能借助数词和量词来表示一定的数量，这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。 （注：可数与不可数是一个语法概念） 2 表示方法：“数词或冠词+量词（单数或复数）+of+不可数名词”a bottle of juicea glass of orangetwo boxes of milk不可数名词NOUN.3）物质名词在某些情况下可以变为可数名词，有复数形（一）当物质名词转换为个体名词时例如：Cake is a kind of food These cakes are delecious（二）当物质名词表示物质种类时例如：The factory produces st

7、eel We need various steels（三）当物质名词表示份数时例如： Our country is famous for tea Two teas ,please 4）抽象名词在一些固定词组中可用作可数名词例如： take a walk catch a cold 5）可数名词和不可数名词表示复数时，用于修饰他们表示数量的词也不能乱用，有些只能修饰可数名词；有些只能修饰不可数名词；还有一些都可以修饰修饰可数名词修饰不可数名词manymuch很多fewlittle很少a fewa little一些somesome一些plenty ofplenty of许多A lot of/lots

8、 ofA lot of/lots of许多与众不同NOUN.scissors shoespantsglasseschopsticks Fish作鱼讲时单复数同形可数；This is a fish 作鱼肉讲时，不可数;E g: There is not much fish on the plate作各种鱼类讲时后面必须加-es构成复数E g: He raises a lot of fish in the pool（5）有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息)

9、, Chinas population(中国的人口).（6）无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).名词所有格所修饰的词的省略1） 在某些句子中，名词所有格所修饰的词，往往可以省略 Johns bike is better than Mikes bike.2 ）表示店铺、住家、公共建筑时，名词所有格后可省略名词 the doctors Mr. Blacks Home 3 ）the+姓氏复数，表示“一家人” the Smiths史密斯一家; 4）年份前面加the后面加-s,表示年代，

10、例如20世纪80年代， the 1980s 19世纪60年代 the1860s 双重所有格: a friend of my sisters=one of my sisters friend, a picture of Mr. Li(s)注：名词作定语时，除了man,woman用复数形式外，其他都不用复数形式，例如：a shoe shop, an apple tree,表示复数形式，two shoe shops, apple trees.5 作状语，主要用来表示时间、距离、长度、重量、程度、方式或价格等。可以单独作状语，也可以是名词词组作状语 （修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示时间、地点、状态、程度

11、等含义） The film lasted an hour. The box weighs 20 kilograms. I go to school every day.6 作同位语We students must study hard.Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me.A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed.The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000.The woman with two children _( is ,are ) com

12、ing here.Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.isisisisamNOUN.6. Maths _(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy.7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers).8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000.9. There are many _ (peoples,people )in the street in summer.10. One of the s

13、tudents _ (have, has) gone to Shanghai.isiswomen teacherspeoplehasNOUN.典型例题解析The Browns is going to visit China. ( )The Browns are going to visit China. ( )The young is dancing there. ( )The young are dancing there. ( )Physics are very difficult to learn. ( )Physics is very difficult to learn. ( )We

14、 have five Germen in this meeting. ( )We have five Germans in this meeting. ( )This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. ( )This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. ( ) NOUN.( ) 1. Please give me _ paper.A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B

15、. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.Bill runs fast. He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday. Aboys Bboys Cboy Dboys . ( ) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 5. In the picture there are many_ and two_.A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxe

16、s C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs 课时训练DDBAC选择填空：NOUN.( ) 6. This is not my cap, but my _. A. brothersB. brothersC. brothersD. brother ( )7.They write most of their_ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters BBNOUN.( ) 8. _are_for cutting things. A. Knife, u

17、sed B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used ( ) 9. John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoeC. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes( ) 10.Excuse me, where is the_? A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms DAA根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1. Different people ma

18、y have different _. (idea)2. I often go to work on . (foot)3. I know one of the . (boy)4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass)5. Please give them their . (photo)6. Are there any in the box? (watch)7. There are twelve in a year. (month)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthsNOUN.8. Would you like some ? (tomato)9. Look at those in the boats! (people)10. Look! The are singing. (woman)11. September 10th is Day. (teach