功能语言学导论课件

1、王 勇华中师范大学外国王勇语学院wangyongfl2012124语言的形式和功能：功能主义视角一、引言：形式和功能鸟喙的形状是鸟类随着时间的推移，逐渐适应环境的一个典型例子。鸟类的喙主要用来获取食物捕食、叼住、撕咬以及从水中过滤食物，有时也用于攀登、修饰、争斗和筑巢。2鸟喙每种鸟的捕食习惯都与它们喙的形状和大小有着直接的关系。鸟喙的多样化使得它们适合吃不同的生物，3红牡丹鹦鹉喙短钝，先端具利钩，利于剥食种子。金背啄木鸟喙凿状，啄食昆虫4鸟喙鸟腿的最大差异体现在脚趾的形态组合和数量的变化上。游泳型行走型栖树型抓握撕裂型攀爬型5鸟足工具及其用途仿生学 （bionics）语言学中的形式主义和功能主

2、义形式和功能78二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义There are many ways of describing the grammar of a language. Formal approach sees grammar as a set of rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures of the language.Grammatical vs. ungrammatical sentences. Their primary concern is with the forms of grammatical st

3、ructures and their relationship to one another, rather than with their meanings or their uses in different contexts.Passive vs. active 10二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义Formalism: Language should be examined as an autonomous subject.Linguistic structure can be investigated entirely in its own terms without taking i

4、nto account the use to which it is put.11二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义FunctionalismLanguage is not a self-sufficient entity, but that it has an essentially instrumental character.It is used in and indeed to serve human interaction.Active vs. Passive12二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义Functional linguistics studies language in use

5、. Langue vs. Parole Competence vs. PerformanceMethodologyFunctionalism: external, corpus-based, inductive; Formalism: internal, speculation, intuition-drivenIntra-organism vs. inter-organism. 14二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义Formalism: Sapir, Bloomfield: the structuralist schoolChomsky: generative grammarFunctiona

6、lism: Hjelmslev: The Prague School, Firth and the London School, Sidney LambPike and tagmemics15二、功能语言学的主要流派：欧洲 Collocation“You shall judge a word by the company it keeps.”ContextSituational context:The speaker and hearerThe actions they are performing at the timeVarious external objects and eventsD

7、eictic featuresLinguistic Context 17二、功能语言学的主要流派：欧洲 Copenhagen SchoolHjelmslev, Two levels: expression plane vs. content planeFrench School: Martinet (two principles: economy and realism), Kristeva (intertextuality) Dutch School: Simon Dik Russian School: Bakhtin theory of heterogloss18二、功能语言学的主要流派：

8、美国 19二、功能语言学的主要流派：美国 Discourse grammar：Chafe (Giveness, Contrastivenss, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Points of View)Princes information theory, Sandra A. Thompson: 主语突出性语言和主题突出性语言Thompson and Mann: Rhetoric structure theoryTalmy GivonPeter Fries 202. Main schools in functional linguistics 修辞结构

9、理论，该理论是由William C. Mann 和Sandra A. Thompson提出的，用于描写篇章的功能和结构的理论。这些功能和结构使语篇成为人类交际的有效的和可理解的工具。他们认为，语篇结构的研究需考虑在语篇范围内、以某种方式相联系的各个部分及其关系。其基本假设包括：卫道真：篇章语言学，中国社会科学出版社，20021) 篇章是由功能明显的各个部分组成的; 2)语篇既具整体性又具连续性，因为篇章中所有的部分都是为作者的某个目的服务的; 3) 某个语篇的基本成分组成了较大的单位，这个较大的单位组成更大的单位，这样，整个篇章便形成了等级; 二、功能语言学的主要流派：美国 Tagmemics

10、: PikeCognitive grammar: Langacker, Lakoff, JohnsonLanguage typology: Greenberg, Comrie, CroftWord order, adposition and OV, NDem NRel24这种蕴含共性的级差是有其解剖学依据的。光线的不同波长对应不同的颜色，并在人的视觉系统中引自不同的反应。黑白两种颜色对比最鲜明，对人的视觉系统的刺激最为明显，红色引起的刺激反应次之，再次之的是绿色或黄色，等等。世界诸语言中颜色词呈现这种级差分布是人们的视觉神经系统的工作原理决定的。三、系统功能语言学Halliday （Syste

11、mic Functional Linguistics）Meaning and form, choice is meaning I love(d) him.She is my girl friend. Is or was？He/she/it (when referring to a pet/animal)27三、系统功能语言学1927年10月3日，许广平和鲁迅在上海开始共同生活。小学生阅读材料“(民国)十六年，与番禹许广平女士同居。”许广平据调查，某村去年就有对未婚青年，在双双外出打工期间非法同居，生了孩子后才回乡领取结婚证，举行婚礼。28Cheney Hunting Accident Feb.

12、 11 2006Cheney shot Whittington (by accident).Cheney: Ultimately Im the guy who pulled the trigger that fired the round that hit Harry.Bush: He heard a bird flush, and he turned and pulled the trigger and saw his friend get wounded. 29三、系统功能语言学SystemContext FunctionStructureStratification30三、系统功能语言学

13、：系统A system is a set of options with an entry condition: that is to say, a set of things of which one must be chosen, together with a statement of the conditions under which the choice is available. (Halliday 1976: 3)It is the system that formalizes the notion of choice in language. (ibid)31三、系统功能语言

14、学：系统32The System of 2nd Person in Chinese33The System of 3rd Person in Chinese34性别gender第三人称third person数number阳性(masc.)阴性(fem.)中性(neut.)复数(plur.)单数(sing.) 三、系统功能语言学：功能Experiential functionInterpersonal functionTextual function He broke the window yesterday.35Structure 三、系统功能语言学：结构36三、系统功能语言学：三种主语Lo

15、gical subject: He broke the window The window was broken by himGrammatical subjectPsychological subject37三、系统功能语言学：层次Context of culture: genreContext of situation: registerContext of co-text: lexico-grammar Sound/Writing3839expression:phoneticsexpression:phonologycontent:lexico-grammarcontent:semant

16、icscontextStratification (from H&M 2004: 25)40四、功能语言学的应用Discourse analysisStylisticsLanguage learning/teachingCritical discourse analysisContrastive linguistics, typology, translationLanguage description41Discourse AnalysisIt (IFG) was being written specifically for those who are studying grammar fo

17、r purposes of text analysis, (IFG: f36)The aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken or written in modern English. (ibid: f41)42IFG: f42The current preoccupation is with discourse analys

18、is, or “text linguistics”, and it is sometimes assumed that this can be carried on without grammar or even that it is somehow an alternative to grammar. But this is an illusion. A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis at all, but simply a running commentary on a text43IF

19、G: F41In any piece of discourse analysis, there are always two possible levels of achievement to aim at: One is a contribution to the understanding of the textThe higher level achievement is a contribution to the evaluation of the text: the linguistic analysis may enable one to say what the text is,

20、 or is not, an effective text for its own purposes. 44Unit 4 Closing Door on a Home新编综合英语（3） Over the next seven years, they little house became a home, as they filled every room with memories Everything elicit memory In a corner of the second bedroom, their child said her first word. The front door

21、 painted red for good luck.The window where their now 3-year-old daughter, Lily, waved goodbye to her father every morning and waited for him every night. 45Everywhere she turns, she cant help but see moments from the past. There is the spot under the red maple tree where Tommy and Lily sat on summe

22、r evenings and watched the wind in the leaves. Here is the side yard where, after Beths father dies, she planted garden in his memory.46五、功能语言学与语篇分析Experiential functionSix process typesMaterialMentalRelationalVerbalBehavioral Existential47Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the

23、Language of William Goldings The Inheritors48In our interpretation, someone held up a bow and drew it.In Loks interpretationa stick rose upright and began to grow shorter at both ends.it shot out to full length againThe dead tree by Loks ear acquired a voice4.1 经验功能5.1 经验功能5.1 经验功能Shaka: King of the

24、 ZuluIf his warriors could not run 50 miles a day, they died; if they were unable to dance barefoot on a carpet of jungle thorns, they died; They diedThey would be killed by his slayers. Dont move, or you die49Judy Brady: Why I Want a WifeI want a wife who will take care of the details of my social

25、life. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not

26、interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, wh

27、o makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night o

28、ut by myself.50I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life. When my wife and I are invited out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the baby-sitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house

29、 clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not interrupt when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wif

30、e who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them

31、as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.51I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a second helping of

32、 the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it.52I want a wife to be invisible鸟宿池边树，僧 月下门。文字上的“推敲”实际上是意义的推敲。53推敲5.2 人际功能Interpersonal function Speaker expresses his/her attitude to or opinion about the proposition or proposal. J

33、ohn is at home.John is certainly at home.545.2 人际功能YesNoJohn is at home.John is certainly at home.John is probably at home.John may / may not be at home.John is certainly not at home.John is not at home.555.2 人际功能Unit 10 Keep Class 2 under Your ThumbI managed to make out that mixed up with these gia

34、nts was a certain amount of furniture. There were certainly fights going on; and I believe one desk was chasing another. I cant recall much in particular what they were doing; indeed, that was the worst of it that these improprieties couldnt be nailed down.5.2 人际功能May I come in?Do you allow me to co

35、me in?Can I help you?What do you want?I think we are lost, are we?57汉语中的情态系统*这个可以有。这个可能有。58Some Subject Variation Devices59It was reported that It is said that a girl is not eligible for marriage until she can cook a perfect bowl of rice.It is possible that a failure to distinguish between the two s

36、exes can explain the lack of agreement.There should be another one like this.There are a lot of discussion about what will happen next.the so-called dummy subject婵娟骂宋玉“你是没有骨气的文人！”“你这没有骨气的文人！”郭沫若剧本朱光潜咬文嚼字605.3 语篇功能Thematic structureInformation structureCohesionHalliday and Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in En

37、glishthe, this, that615.3 语篇功能62ThemeRhemeHere the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffeeThe Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee hereIt took the Greek man hoursto drink a small cup of coffee hereHours can be spent over a small cup of coffee hereOver a small cup of coffeethe Greek man can spend hours here5.3 语篇功能63The coffee house serves as a home away from home. Here the Greek man can spend hours over a small cup of coffee5.3 语篇功能64The coffee house serves as a home away from home. Here