冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译@中英文翻译@外文文献翻译

1、完美WORD格式编辑毕业设计（论文）外文资翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文 出处：The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附 件：1.外文资翻译译文；2.外文原文。指马教师评语：学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑附件1 :外文资翻译还冲压模具设计对于汽车业与电子业，各种各样的快件是有各种同的成型工艺所 生产出来的，这些均可以入一般种类“快成形的范畴。板成形（也称为冲 压或压成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进。如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的 震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手

2、臂吧件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂 区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片能反映出 汽车冲压水线的宏大规模。站在这样的水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大的 汽车板类件被进同类型的板成形加工。是简单的剪完成的，然后进 同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、深、延、断、剪等，每一种情况均要求 特法的、专门的模具。而且还有大后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如深、延 与弯曲等工艺同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板平面的各种各样 的受应状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原图 1描述 的是一个简单的从圆坯深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。学习指导参考资料完美W

3、ORD格式编辑图1 板成形一个简单的水杯深是从凸缘型珏考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材被水平深。一个凸缘板上的单元体在半径方向上被限定,，市板厚保持几乎交。板成形的原如图 2所示。延通常是用来描述在板平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被长的板的直元体的变形原的术语。延的一种特法形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即 平面张延。在这种情况下，一个板的单元体仅在一个方向上进延，在 长的方向上宽没有发生变化，但是在厚上有明确的变化，即变薄。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑图2板成形原弯曲时当板经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原，因此在 定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张长与收缩的

4、典型实。在一个压机冲程中用于在一块板上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个直工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。图3典型的单工序冲孔模具1一下模座2、5导套3凹模4导杆6一弹压卸板7凸模8托板9凸模护套10扇形块11 固定板12凸模固定板13一垫块15一阶梯钉16一上模座17一模柄任何一个完整的冲压模具是有一副 （或多副的组合）用于冲制工作的（冲压） 件组成，包括：所有的支撑件部分与模具的工作部分件，即构成一副冲模。冲 压（术语）通常将完整压制工具的凹模（母模）部分定义为模具。导杆，或导柱，是安装在下模座上的。上模座则安装有用于导杆动的导套， 分别装有导套与导杆的模座与下模座

5、组合成为木架。模架有许多规格与结构设计 用于商业销售。安装在模座上的凸模固定装置固定两个凸模（模具中的突出部分），这两个学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑圆形凸模则通过插入在卸板上的导套进导向。套筒，或凸模护套，是用来保护 冲头，以免在冲压过程中被卡住。在冲穿工件材后，两个冲头进入到凹模一定 距离。凹模（母模）部分，即凹模，通常是由插入模具体内的两个模具导套组成的。 因为冲头的直径是被冲孔的直径所要求的，所以有一定间隙的凹模直径是大于冲头 直径的。由于工件材珏或工件在冲制回程时与冲头时连在一起，所以把材从冲头 上剥离是必需的。逆压卸板则保持冲头在冲制工件回程时缩回，使工件与工件剥 离。一个冲

6、制的工件通常是在槽内的，槽是由包含整个件外轮的平 板组成。模座是由封钉支撑板以及其他的块下程时定位的挡块等定位的。弯曲时一种最常见的成形工序。当我们仅将目光移至汽车或电器上的部件，或 一个剪纸机或档案柜上时，就会发现许多件是由弯曲成形的。弯曲仅可以用 来成形法兰、接头、波纹，也可以提高件的强（通过增加件的惯性矩） 。弯曲中所用的术语，如图4所示，应该注意的是，在弯曲中材的外纤维是处于应状态，而材的内纤维则处于压应状态。由于泊松比原因，在外部区域的件（弯曲长 L）是小于原始宽，处于内部区域的则比原始宽大。这种现学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑象可在弯曲一个矩形的松胶板擦时容观察到的。最小弯曲

7、半径对于同的属是变化的。一般而言，各种退火的展板在没有断或变弱的前提下，可以弯曲成一个等同属板厚的半径。随着 R/T比值的减少（弯曲半径对厚的比值变小），外纤维的应增加，材最终断（参见图我制方向（弯曲半径对厚的比值变小），外纤维的应增加，材最终断（参见图我制方向图5泊松效应同材的最小弯曲半径参考表1同材的最小弯曲半径参考表1，他通常是按照同板厚夹表示的，诸如：2T，3T，4T 等。表1 在室温状态下各种材的最小弯曲半径材状态软硬铝合06T钕青铜合，钕合04T黄铜，低铅02T镁5T13T郊奥氏体锈钢0.5T6T低碳钢，低合钢，高强铅合0.5T4T钛0.7T3T钛合2.6T4T学习指导参考资料完美

8、WORD格式编辑注：T材厚。弯曲容许范围，是指弯曲中的中性线（层）的长，用来确定弯曲件的珏长。然而，中性线（层）的位置是哟弯曲角（正如在材学课本中所描述）来决定的。弯曲容许范围（L/的近似的公式为：Lb= a （R+kT）式中：Lb弯曲容许范围，毫米；a弯曲角（弧），；T属板厚，毫米；R弯曲内层半径，毫米；k当半径RV2T时为0.33，当半径R2T时为0.50。弯曲方式通常用于冲压模具。属钢板或带，由 V形支撑，参见图6 （a）在 楔形冲头的冲压作用下进入 V形模具内弹簧加载压花销和件之间的摩擦将会防止或减少件在弯曲期间的边缘移。紧博具体上冲头图6弯曲方式棱边弯曲，参见图6 （b）是悬臂横式加

9、载方式，弯曲冲头对相对支撑的凹模 上的属施加弯曲。弯曲轴线是与弯曲模具的棱边和平的。在冲头接触工件之 紧博具体上冲头图6弯曲方式弯曲的大小是可以通过对一根短形横的简单弯曲的工艺过程的确定来估学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑算。在此情况下的弯曲是材强的函数，此弯曲的计算式为：P=KLST2/W式中：P弯曲，吨（对于米制使用单位，吨乘以 8.896数位以得到千牛 顿单位）；K模具开启系数：16倍材厚（ 16T）时的开启系数为1.20，8倍材厚（ 8T）时的开启系数为1.33;L件长，英寸 ；S极限张强，吨 /平方英寸；WV或U形模具的宽，英寸；T材厚，英寸。对于U形弯曲（槽形弯曲），弯曲大约是

10、 V形弯曲所需要的弯曲压的两倍，棱边弯曲则大约是V形弯曲所需要的弯曲压的 1/2。回弹。所有属材均有一个固定的弹性模，随之而来的是塑性变形，当施加在材上的弯曲消除时就会有一些弹性恢复（见图7）。在弯曲过程中这种恢复称为回弹。一般而言，这样的回弹在0.55之间变化，取决于固定的弹性模、 弯曲方式、模具间隙等。磷青铜的回弹则在1015之间。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑图7 弯曲中的回弹减少或消除在弯曲工序中回弹方法可以根据下工艺方法进，如图 8所示，在弯曲模具中产生的件也可以通过等同回弹角弯曲模上挖凹模或弹性缓冲式弯曲模而被过弯曲来减少或消除回弹。（ ）（ ）图8减少或消除回弹的方法从应用

11、角来说，有许多类型的压机，诸如：闭式双点偏心轴直动机械压机，冲压成形机，液压成形压机，液压机，弯板机，三动式压机，冲模回转压机，双点压机，双边齿轮驱动压机，双点直动压机，台式压机，边压机，闭式直动（曲柄）压机，肘杆式压机，单点直动压机，开式双柱可倾压机，开式压机，四点式压机，四曲柄压机，飞轮式旋压机，摩擦传动旋压机，闭式双点单动双曲柄压机，摇臂式压机旋式压机和上传动板冲压自动压机等。双动式压机是用于钣件的深加工。此种类型的压机有一个外块（压边圈），并且有一个断的内耳（冲头夹紧器）。在加工工作循环期间，压边圈首先与件接触，然后施加压使冲头夹紧器进适当件深（见图9）。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格

12、式编辑图9典型通用压机三动式压机具有和双动式压机相同的内、外块。另外，三动式压机床 身还有另一个块，它可向上运动，从而在一个冲压循环中实现反向伸。三动式 压机应用是很广泛。肘杆式压机是用于压印加工。这装置的设计是在冲压程的末端以很高压。此种压机用一个曲柄（曲柄带动这节运动，连节是由两个在上死点到下死 点之间进摆动的连杆组成，连杆摆动时间很短）在临近冲程底部时慢速移动的 块具有功很大的短距离位移。液压机主要是用于成形加工工序中，相比大多散 机械式压机，它有一个比较长的工作周期。液压机的优点足工作压、冲程和 块的速均是可调的（见图 10）。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑图10典型液压机液压机

13、属于压限定型的成形机械，液压机的主要用途体现在沿块径外是必须保持恒定或处于确摊制锋成形技术领域中。活与液压缸的驱动机构是用 线性方式实现的，并且直接连接到此。液压机框架结构的形式是非常类似于机 械式机。液压驱动装置于安装在机械框架结构中。因此几种液压机驱动很容 就被制成复杂成形与断加工（深、挤压、断、模锻等）的单一机械，并且所 要求的运动可以容地定位，弯扳机除它的长床身之外基本是与开式压机棚同 的，床身长可为620英尺（1.86米）或长，它基本上是用在尺寸大的钣件上的各种类型的弯曲加工成形，它也可以使用同整套的刀具分别进涔冲孔、 口与成形（见图 11）。这就可以使件仅通过把复杂的件分成几个简单

14、的加工 工序实现由复杂设计到确制造的过程，且没有使用昂贵的冲制刀具。此种类型加 工工序用于小批生产或试样件。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑传动机构图11典型弯板机使用带有简单工具的弯扳机可以容地对钣进弯曲。弯板机使用一个用在 机械或液压饥上的长模具，适用于小批生产。模具简单，适于各种类型的成形加 工，而且，加工工序很容实现自动化。弯板机的模具材可以是硬木（用于低强 材与小批生产） ，也可以是硬质合材。大多数应用中，一般是使用碳钢 或灰铸铁材模具。学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑附件2：外文原文Stamping Die DesignThe wide variety of sheet m

15、etal parts for both the automobile and electronic industries is produced by numerous forming processes that fall into the generic category of sheet-metal forming. Sheet-metal forming (also called stamping or pressing )is often carried out in large facilities hundreds of yards long.It is hard to imag

16、ine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an automobile factory, standing next to the gigantic machines, feeling the floor vibrate, and watching heavy duty robotic manipulators move the parts from one machine to another. Certainly, a videotape or television special cannot convey th

17、e scale of todays automobile stamping lines. Another factor that one sees standing next to such lines is the number of different sheet-forming operations that automobile panels go through. Blanks are created by simple shearing, but from then on a wide variety of bending, drawing, stretching, croppin

18、g , and trimming takes place, each学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑requiring a special, custom-made die.Despite this wide variety of sub-processes, in each case the desired shapes are achieved by the modes of deformation known as drawing, stretching, and bending. The three modes can be illustrated by considering t

19、he deformation of small sheet elements subjected to various states of stress in the plane of the sheet. Figure 1 considers a simple forming process in which a cylindrical cup is produced from a circular blank.Figure 1 Sheet forming a simple cupDrawing is observed in the blank flange as it is being d

20、rawn horizontally through the die by the downward action othe punch. A sheet element in the flange is made to elongate in the radial direction and contract in the circumferential direction, the sheet thickness remaining approximately constant Modes of sheet forming are shown in Figure 2.学习指导参考资料完美WO

21、RD格式编辑Figure2 Modes of sheet formingStretching is the term usually used to describe the deformation in which an element of sheet material is made to elongate in two perpendicular directions in the sheet plane. A special form of stretching, which is encountered in most forming operations, is plane st

22、rain stretching. In this case, a sheet element is made to stretch in one direction only, with no change in dimension in the direction normal to the direction of elongation but a definite change in thickness, that is, thinning.Bending is the mode of deformation observed when the sheet material is mad

23、e to go over a die or punch radius, thus suffering a change in orientation. The deformation is an example of plane strain elongation and contractionA complete press tool for cutting a hole or multi-holes in sheet material at one stroke of the press as classified and standardized by a large manufactu

24、rer as a single-station piercing die is shown in Figure3.学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑Any complete press tool, consisting of a pair( or a combination of pars ) of mating member for producing pressworked (stmped) parts, including all supporting and actuating elements of the tool, is a die. Pressworking terminol

25、ogy commonly defines the female part of any complete press tool as a die.The guide pins, orposts, are mounted in the lower shoe. The upper shoe contains bushings which slide on the guide pins. The assembly of the lower and upper shoes with guide pins and bushings is a die set. Die sets in many sizes

26、 and designs are commercially available. The guide pins are shown in Figure 3.Figure3 Typical single-station die for piercing hole1 Lower shoe 2,5Guide bushings 3Cavity plate 4Guid pin学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑6Spring-loaded stripper 7Punch 8Support plate 9Punch bushing10Fan-shaped block 11Fixed plate 12Pun

27、ch-holder plate 13Backingplate 14Spring 15Stepping bolts 16Upper shoe 17ShankA punch holder mounted to the upper shoe holds two round punches (male members of the die) which are guided by bushings inserted in the stripper. A sleeve, or quill, encloses one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure

28、 from the ram of the press. After penetration of the work material, the two punches enter the die bushings for a slight distance.The female member, or die, consists of two die bushings inserted in the die block. Since this press tool punches holes to the diameters required, the diameters of the die

29、bushings are larger than those of the punches by the amount of clearance.Since the work material stock or workpiece can cling to a punch on the upstroke, it may be necessary to strip the material from the punch. Spring-loaded strippers hold the work material against the die block until the punches a

30、re withdrawn from the punched holes. A workpiece to be pierced is commonly held andlocated in a nest (Figure 2-3) composed of flat plates shaped to encircle the outside part contours. Stock is positioned in dies by pins, blocks, or other types of stops for locating before the downstroke of the ram.B

31、ending is one of the most common forming operations. We merely have to look at the components in an automobile or an appliance-or at a paper学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑clip or a file cabinet-to appreciate how many parts are shaped by bending. Bending is used not only to form flanges, seams, and corrugations b

32、ut also to impart stiffness to the part ( by increasing its moment of inertia ).The terminology used in bending is shown in Figure 4. Note that, in bending, the outer fibers of the material are in tension, while the inner fibers are in compression. Because of the Poissons ratio, the width of the par

33、t (bend length, L) in the outer region is smaller, and in the inner region is larger than the original width. This phenomenon may easily be observed by bending a rectangular rubber eraser.Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals can be bent to a radius equal

34、 to the thickness of the metal without cracking or weakening. As R/T decreases (the ratio of the bend radius to the thickness becomes smaller), the tensile strain at the outer fiber increases, and the material eventually cracks (Figure 5).Figure 4 Bending terminology学习指导参考资料Rolling directionNo crack

35、sRolling direction完美WORD格式编辑Rolling directionNo cracksRolling directionElongated inclusions(stringers)(a) Parallel with bending direction (b) Vertical with bending directionFigure5 Poisson effectThe minimum bend radius for various materials is given in Table 1 andit is usually expressed in terms of

36、the thickness. such as 2 T, 3 T, 4T.Table 1 Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperatureMaterialConditionSoftHardAluminum alloys06TBeryllium copper04TBrass,low-leaded02TMagnesium5T13TSteelsAustenitic stanless0.5T6TLow-carbon,lowalloy,HSLA0.5T4TTitanium0.7T3T学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑Titaniu

37、m alloys2.6T4TNote :Tthickness of materialBend allowance as shown in Figure 4 is the length of the neutral axis in the bend and is used to determine the blank length for a bent part. However, the position of the neutral axis depends on the radius and angle of bend (as described in texts on mechanics

38、 of materials).An approximate formula for the bend allowance, Lb is given byLb= a(R，kT)Where Lbbend allowance, in (mm).abend angle, (radians) (deg).Tsheet thickness, in (mm).Rinside radius of bend, in (mm).k0.33 when R is less than 2T and 0.50 when JR is more than 2T.Bend methods arc commonly used i

39、n press tool. Metal sheet or strip, supported by-V bockFigure 6(a),is forced by a wedge-shaped punch into the block. This method, termed V bending, produces a bend having an included angle which may be acute, obtuse, or 90.Friction between a springloaded knurled pin in the vee die and the part will

40、prevent or reduce side creep of the part during its bending.Edge bending Figure 6(b) is cantilever loading of a beam. The bending punch forces the metal against the supporting die. The bend axis is parallel to the edge of the die. The workpiece is clamped to the die block by a学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑sprin

41、g-loaded pad before the punch contacts the workpiece to prevent its movement during downward travel of the punch.Figure 6 Bending methodsBending Force can be estimated by assuming the process of simple bending of a rectangular beam. The bending force in that case is a function of the strength of the

42、 material. The calculation of bending force is as follows:P二KLST/WWhere P-bending force, tons (for metric usage, multiply number of tons by 8.896 to obtain kilonewtons).Kdie opening factor: 1.20 for a die opening of 16 times metalthickness, 1.33 for an opening of 8 times metal thickness.Llength of p

43、art, in.Sultimate tensile strength, tons per square in.Wwidth of V or U die, in.Tmetal thickness, in.For U bending (channel bending) pressures will be approximately twice学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑those required for V bending, edge bending requires about one-half those needed for V bending.Springback in that

44、 all materials have a finite modulus of elasticity, plastic deformation is followed, when bending pressure on metal is removed, by some elastic recovery (see Figure 7). In bending, this recovery is called springback. Generally speaking, such a springback varies in sheet from 0.5to 5, depending upon

45、finite modulus of elasticity, modes of bending, clearance of die and so on, but phosphor bronze may spring back from 10to15.Figure 7 Springback during bendingMethods of reducing or eliminating springback in bending operations can be made according to the following operations, shown in Figure 8, and

46、parts produced in bending die are also overbent through an angle equal to the springback angle with an undercut or relieved punch.学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑(a)(b)(c)Figure8 Methods of reducing or eliminating springback(a)(b)(c)Figure8 Methods of reducing or eliminating springbackFor the applications, there

47、are many types of the presses, such as the single-action straight-slide eccentric mechanical press, punch press, hydro-former press, hydraulic press, press brake, triple-action press, turret press, two-point press, twin-drive press, two point single-action press, watch press, trimming press, closed-

48、type single-action crank press, knuckle-lever press, one-point single-action press, open-back inclinable press, open-side press, four-point press, four-crank press, flywheel-type screw press, friction screw press, straight-side single-action double-crank press, rocker-arm press, screw press and top-

49、drive sheet-metal stamping automatic press and so on.A double-action press is used for large, or deep drawing operations on sheet metal parts. This type of press has an outer ram ( blank holder ) and a section inner ram ( punch holder ) . During the operating cycle, the blank holder contacts the mat

50、erial first and applies pressure to allow the punch holder to properly draw the part (Figure 9).学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑Figure9 Typical versatile pressA triple-action press has the same inner and outer ram as the double-action press, but a third ram in the press bed moves up allowing a reverse draw to be

51、made in one press cycle. The triple-action press is not widely used.A knuckle press is used for coining operation. The design of the drive allows for very high pressures at the bottom of the ram stroke. This type uses a crank, which moves a joint consisting of two levers that oscillate to and from d

52、ead center and results in a short, powerful movement of the slide with slow travel near the bottom of the stroke.A hydraulic press is used basically for forming operations and has a slower operating cycle time than most mechanical presses. The advantages of hydraulic presses are that the working pressure stroke, and speed of the学习指导参考资料完美WORD格式编辑ram are adjustable (Figure 10).Hydraulic presses belong to the force-constrained type of forming machines . Their main use is found in those areas of forming technology where the force along the path