国际经济学微观-贸易部分2classical theory of international trade

1、Chapter 2:Classical theory of international trade第二章：古典国际贸易理论International EconomicsCourse Guideline 本节内容提纲Economic Views of Mercantilism 重商主义者的经济观点 Historical Development of Classic Theory of International trade 古典贸易理论的产生与演变Theory of Comparative Advantage 比较优势理论 一、 Economic Views of Mercantilism 重商

2、主义者的经济观点 1 The historical background and basic ideas of Mercantilism 重商主义产生的历史背景及基本思想 15-17 century, in some European countries, international trade-related work were described, the collection of European economic thought known as mercantilism.15-17世纪，欧洲一些国家阐述国际贸易的相关著作，这段时期欧洲的经 济思想集合史称重商主义。Time: 15t

3、h century -17th century. Started from the 15th century, the heyday is in the 16th -17th century, and decline in the second half of the 18th century.时间：15世纪-17世纪。产生于15世纪，全盛于16、17世纪，衰落于18世纪下半叶。Background： 背景：Europe entered later period of feudalism（欧洲进入封建社会晚期）Primitive accumulation of capitalism（资本主义原

4、始积累）Mainly currency is gold and silver（货币主要是金银）Maritime transport development, the discovery of the New World overseas（海上交通的发展，海外新大陆的发现）Main idea:The currency or goods act as a currency is the only wealth. 核心思想：货币或能够充当货币的物品是唯一的财富。 In addition to gold and silver mining, another way to get gold and si

5、lver is foreign trade.除了金银开采外，对外贸易可以获得金银。 A country will e prosperous by developing foreign trade,while he must adhere to the principle of export to foreign countries, less to buy than sell or the principle of e less expenses, so as to increase wealth.国家要富强必须向国外输出商品、坚持少买多卖或多收入少支出的原则，通过发展对外贸易增加财富。To

6、achieve this purpose, the government need to actively intervene in the economic life, and they will enact the policy of protective tariffs and import restrictions to encourage exports, and actively explore to marine and colonies stimulate export. They could ensure that less gold and silver flowing a

7、broad to increase their accumulation of gold and silver currency . 为达到上述目的，国家需要积极干预经济生活，实行保护关税政策、鼓励出口限制进口、积极开拓航海和殖民地以带动出口，确保金银货币较多流入国内较少流向国外，增加本国金银货币积累。Early mercantilism: Theory on balance of bargain, Bullionism 早期重商主义：货币差额论、重金主义15th century to the mid-16th century 15世纪到16世纪中叶They asserted a ban on

8、 the outflow of money, and insisted on the absolute foreign trade less to buy than to sell. They also required the government to adopt a variety of laws and policies to ensure the absolute gold and silver into the country. 主张禁止货币外流、坚持对外贸易中的绝对少买多卖，要求国家通过各种法令和政策保证金银绝对流入国内。2 The view and the system of

9、the Mercantilist 重商主义的观点及经济体系 Late mercantilism:Theory of the balance of trade, Doctrine of Importance to industrial 晚期重商主义：贸易差额论、重工主义The second half of the 16th century to 17th century 16世纪下半叶到17世纪Currency output is no longer opposed to. Under the premise of more currency input, they advocated the

10、currency output to purchase raw materials or re-export trade. 不再反对货币输出，在货币输出能带来更多货币的前提下，主张输出货币购买原材料或进行转口贸易，发展生产从国外获取更多货币。On the one hand, two periods of mercantilism both emphasized that money is wealth. On the other hand, based on a certain amount of gold and silver currency, there must be trade su

11、rplus or deficit in any time. 一方面，两个时期的重商主义都强调货币是财富；另一方面，任一时点上金银货币总量一定，贸易一定有顺差或逆差。 According to the view of mercantilist, foreign trade is a zero-sum game , what means that a country gains from trade is the loss of another countrys trade. Trade is an important means to enhance personal wealth and in

12、crease national wealth for a country. 依据重商主义的观点，对外贸易是一种零和博弈（zero-sum-game），即一国贸易所得是另一国贸易所失。贸易是增进个人财富的重要手段，对一国而言对外贸易可以增长国家财富。In order to accumulate monetary wealth by trade, to ensure the gains from trade, the State intervention was acted as direct or indirect restricting currency outflows (to mainta

13、in a trade surplus) , so as to achieve its growth of monetary wealth. 为达到由贸易积累货币财富、保证本国从贸易中有所得的贸易目的，国家干预经济的宗旨是通过直接或间接限制货币流出（维持贸易顺差）实现本国货币财富增长。The most prominent feature of Mercantilist economic policy is the idea of state intervention 重商主义经济政策的最大特点是主张国家干预All export of gold and silver be prohibited o

14、r does not encourage, and it will be allowed in exceptional circumstances; 国家禁止出口至少不鼓励金银等充当货币的贵金属出口，只有在特殊情况下政府才允许货币流出；A series of policy measures was act to fight for the trade surplus maximum, and ensure the money flow into the country; 国家采取一系列政策措施最大限度地争取贸易顺差，保证货币流入本国；3 The economic policies and br

15、ief evaluation of Mercantilism重商主义的经济政策及简要评价 All industry was controlled by government increase the export competitiveness of domestic production; 国家通过控制行业生产提高本国商品的出口竞争力；National shipping policy is to control international trade, that promoting the flow of money by shipping services; 国家航运政策的宗旨是控制国际贸

16、易，促使航运服务的货币流入；Mercantilist emphasis that low-wage policy is an important way to reduce export costs and improve export competitiveness 重商主义强调低工资政策是降低出口商品成本、提高出口竞争力的重要方式 The evaluation of Mercantilism 重商主义的评价Mercantilism view that gold and silver is equivalent to currency, and the inference is that t

17、he wealth of a country is equivalent to the gold and silver currency the country has. 重商主义把金银等同于货币，其推论是把财富等价于一国拥有的金银货币。 Mercantilists theory of national wealth growth implied a logical paradox: the accumulation of money is at the expense of current consumption,and with the growth of national wealth

18、, the current living standards is decline. 重商主义关注的国家财富增长隐含一个逻辑悖论：货币积累以牺牲当前消费为代价，国家财富增长伴随当前生活水平下降 。Mercantilism view that the circulation is the source of wealth, business is the countrys most critical industries. 重商主义认为流通领域是财富的源泉，商业是一国最关键的行业。According to mercantilist view, trade is a zero-sum-game,

19、that means one gains from trade while another one loss. 依据重商主义的观点贸易是一种零和博弈，即一国贸易所得建立在另一国贸易所失之上。二、 The generation and evolution of classical trade theory 古典贸易理论的产生与演变 1 The price-specie-flow doctrine of Hume 休谟的价格流转说In 1752, Humes Political Essays described the price-specie-flow doctrine, he linked t

20、he quantity of money, price level and currency in the international flow together. 1752年，休谟在的政治论丛中系统表述了价格流转说（price-specie-flow doctrine），将货币数量、价格水平和货币在国际间的流动联系在一起。According to Humes theory, the price depends on the ratio of commodities and currencies, any changes in either will lead to price fluctua

21、tions. With the number of goods increase, lower prices; With the money increases, prices rise; Otherwise, the effect of reducing is contrary. 根据休谟的学说，价格取决于商品数量与货币的比例，任何一方变动都会引起价格波动。商品数量增加、价格下降；货币增加、价格上涨；反之，商品减少或货币减少有相反效应。International trade cannt lead to long-term trade surplus or deficit, currency

22、flowing and price changing spontaneous affect internal economy and to balance the international trade. Accumulated currency by trade surplus will not have any impact on international competitiveness of ones goods, Mercantilist economic policies works just in short-term. 国际贸易不可能导致长期贸易顺差或逆差，货币流动和价格变化的

23、自发机制影响内部经济并使国际贸易趋于平衡。贸易顺差积累货币不会对本国商品国际竞争力产生任何影响，重商主义的经济政策只有短期积极效应。Prerequisite for the price-specie-flow doctrine价格流转说的前提条件 2 Absolute advantage (Adam Smith) 斯密的绝对优势理论 1776, Adam Smith Strongly criticized the Mercantilist trade view in the “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nati

24、ons”, shorted as “The Wealth of Nations ”, raised the theory of classical international division of labor and trade based on absolute advantage. 1776年，亚当斯密在国富论中强烈地抨击了重商主义的贸易观，提出了以绝对优势（absolute advantage）为基础的古典国际分工和贸易理论。Main points: every country can improve productivity and increase world output thr

25、ough the division of labor and specialization of production. Free trade can lead both sides to enjoy a high level of production and living. 主要观点：各国通过分工和专业化生产可以提高生产率、增加世界产出，自由国际贸易使贸易双方同时享受较高的生产和生活水平。International trade based on different cost of production. A country import goods due to higher domest

26、ic commodity, at a production disadvantage; which a countrys exports due to its low cost production of the goods, in the production advantages. 国际贸易基础是各种生产成本的差异，一国进口产品缘于本国生产该商品成本较高，处于生产劣势；一国出口产品缘于本国生产该商品成本较低，处于生产优势。Absolute advantage (or disadvantage) : the cost of a country to produce one unit of a

27、 commodity is lower (or higher) than another. 绝对优势（或劣势）：指一国生产一单位某商品的成本低（或高）于另一国生产同一商品的成本。In the international trade based on the absolute advantage, both make specialized production with absolute advantage while exchange of goods with its absolute disadvantage. In this case, the worlds resources be

28、used effectively, and both trading parties gain interests from trade. It is a form of positive-sum-game 在源于绝对优势的国际贸易中，贸易双方专业化生产各自绝对优势的商品用其交换绝对劣势的商品，世界资源被有效利用，贸易双方从产量的增长中获得相应的贸易利益，属于一种正和博弈。 Smiths concept of cost is based on the labor value theory, that labor is the only factor of production and it i

29、s homogeneous. 斯密的成本概念建立在劳动价值论基础上，即认为劳动是唯一的生产要素并且是同质的。 Natural advantage: Climate, soil and mineral resources 自然优势（natural advantage）：气候、土壤和矿产资源 Acquired advantage: Special skills and techniques 后天获得的优势（acquired advantage）：特殊的技能和技术.The assumptions of absolute advantage theory绝对优势理论的假设Labor is the on

30、ly factor of production and homogeneous 劳动是唯一的生产要素并且是同质的；Free movement of labor in the country, but no flow between nations; 劳动在国内自由流动，但在国际间不能自由流动；The two countries produce two commodities, the price depends on the cost or the amount of labor input . 两国生产两种商品，商品的成本或价格取决于劳动投入量；Different technological

31、 level in different countries, but one country s technical level unchanged; 不同国家的技术水平有差异，但各国的技术水平不变；Production costs remain constant, that the time of one unit production keep the same. 生产成本不变，即生产单位商品的劳动时间不变；Full employment, goods and labor markets are perfect competitive market, without considering

32、 the transportation costs and other transaction costs. 经济体处在充分就业状态，商品和劳动市场是完全竞争市场，不考虑运输成本和其他交易费用。绝对优势理论的例子假定法国和加拿大在国际贸易前都生产酒和皮革，劳动是唯一的生产要素，这种两个国家、一种生产要素和两种商品的模型称为212模型。酒（wine）皮革（leather）单位产品的劳动投入量（小时/单位）劳动生产率（单位/小时）单位产品的劳动投入量（小时/单位）劳动生产率（单位/小时）法国21/251/5加拿大101/1041/4法国专业化生产酒，7小时生产3.5单位酒；加拿大专业化生产皮革，1

33、4小时生产3.5单位皮革；贸易前2+2，贸易后3.5+3.5，世界财富增加了。Contribution 贡献： Proved that trade is a positive-sum-game， and refuted the Mercantilist thinking about zero-sum game。 Smith opposed to mercantilist trade control, and advocated of free trade. This view is unique at that time，and make a far-reaching impact on th

34、e early classical economics and the theory of trade. 证明了贸易是一种正和博弈，反驳了重商主义有关零和博弈的思想。斯密反对重商主义的贸易管制、主张自由贸易，这种观点在当时独树一帜，深远地影响了早期古典经济学及贸易理论的发展 。Defect 缺陷： Can not explain when the two products in one country are both at a advantage or disadvantage, it is able to participate in international division of l

35、abor or not.不能解释某国家在两种产品均处优势或均处劣势下仍否能参与国际分工。3 comparative advantage (David Ricardo) 李嘉图的比较优势理论Ricardo published “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation“ in 1817， and put forward the theory of international trade based on comparative advantage . 1817年李嘉图出版了政治经济学及赋税原理，提出以比较优势（comparative advanta

36、ge）为基础的国际贸易理论。Main points: Even if there is not absolute advantage of commodity production in a country, as long as there is comparative advantage compared to other countries, it still gains benefit from international trade. 主要观点：即使一国的商品生产没有绝对优势，只要它与其他国家间存在比较优势，仍可从国际贸易中获利。If the both commodities pro

37、duction are at absolute advantage in one country compared to another country, then the commodity has a comparative advantage refers to the one that absolute advantage is greater. 若一国在两种商品的生产上较另一个国家均处于绝对优势，那么具有比较优势的商品指这个国家相对于另一个国家绝对优势较大者。比较优势理论的例子酒（wine）皮革（leather）单位产品的劳动投入量（小时/单位）劳动生产率（单位/小时）单位产品的劳动

38、投入量（小时/单位）劳动生产率（单位/小时）法国21/241/4加拿大81/861/6法国专业化生产酒，6小时生产3单位酒；加拿大专业化生产皮革，14小时生产2.33单位皮革；贸易前2+2，贸易后3+2.33，世界财富增加了。The benefits from trade is not only the increase of worlds total output, but also the benefits of the parties gained from the trade. 贸易好处不仅体现为世界总产出增加，还表现为贸易双方从贸易中获得贸易收益。Assume that the te

39、rms of trade is 1 unit wine could exchange for 1 unit leather, France export 1 unit wine in exchange for 1 unit leather in the international market, and gains 1 / 2 units of leather from trade; Canada export 1 unit leather for one unit of alcohol in the international market, and gains 1 / 4 unit win

40、e from trade. 假定贸易条件是1单位酒换1单位皮革（1W1L），法国在国际市场上出口1单位酒并换回1单位皮革，法国的贸易收益是1/2单位皮革(即2小时的劳动)；加拿大在国际市场上用1单位皮革换得1单位酒，其贸易收益是1/4单位酒(也是2小时的劳动) 。Smiths absolute advantage theory and the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage both study on international trade from market supply. Due to the absence of market de

41、mand factors to consider, both theories can not determine the terms of trade between the two countries. 斯密的绝对优势理论和李嘉图的比较优势理论都是从市场供给方面研究国际贸易基础，由于没有考虑市场需求因素，两种理论都无法确定两国之间的贸易条件。There is a trade range of mutually beneficial terms between France and Canada, is : 法国和加拿大互惠的贸易条件存在一个范围，即： 1/2L1W8/6L 国际贸易中的比较

42、优势由自然优势导致的专业化加拿大木材以色列柑桔意大利酒牙买加铝矿石墨西哥西红柿沙地阿拉伯石油美国小麦、谷物由后天所得优势导致的专业化香港纺织品日本汽车、电子消费品韩国钢铁、轮船瑞士手表美国喷气式飞机、计算机软件英国金融服务民用飞机美国的比较优势在哪里1998年美国制造业的比较优势产业比较优势率+0.42比较优势最高医疗设备+0.24化学品+0.21远距离通信设备+0.19食品+0.06工业供应品-0.16汽车-0.34消费品-0.46钢铁-0.57能源-0.63比较劣势最高资料来源：U.S. Department of Commerce，Survey of Current Business，J

43、uly 1999。 美国制造业中的哪个产业比较优势最高呢？上表列出了美国各部门的比较优势，这是通过各部门净出口（出口减进口）占全国进出口的比率来计算的。这个比率的取值在1（比较优势最高）到1（比较劣势最高）之间。一个行业比较优势率的绝对值相对另一行业的越高，那么该行业的比较优势就越明显（比较劣势越小）。一个行业比较优势率的高低如果不同其他行业相比就没有意义。当然，保护主义壁垒的存在在某种程度上歪曲了自由贸易状态下的比较优势率。Contribution贡献： Promote the development of free trade, foundation for the development

44、 and improvement of modern trade.推动了自由贸易的发展，为现代贸易理论的发展和完善奠定了基础。Defects:缺陷： There is no study on how to determine the terms of trade, and ignoring the two countries unified exchange rate at the end of the trade; set up a lot of stringent assumptions that do not meet the reality of international trade

45、, such as factors of production could not flow freely in the international community; the assumption limits the ability of the theory to explain the international trade fact, such as they can not explain the multi-country trade. 没有考察贸易条件的确定，忽视了贸易后两国最终的统一交换比率；设立了较多、较严格的假设条件，不符合国际贸易现实，如生产要素在国际间不能自由流动就

46、不切实际；假设限制了该理论解释当代国际贸易事实的能力，如不能解释多国间的贸易 4 Theory of reciprocal demand (Mill) 穆勒的相互需求理论John Stuart Mill has published “Principles of Political Economy” by 1848, and made an analysis on supply-demand to determine the terms of trade between the two countries. This is just the problem Ricardos theory of

47、comparative advantage did not complete. 1848年，穆勒出版了政治经济学原理，用供求分析法考察了国际贸易问题，确定了两国的贸易条件，这是李嘉图的比较优势理论没有完成的问题。Main points: What a countrys supply is also the trading partners demand from the country, and the supply and demand is mutual. Price is determined both by the sellers money demanded and the buye

48、rs commodity demanded. Supply and demand changes in commodity make prices adjust to the balance of supply and demand. 主要观点：一国供给也是贸易伙伴对该国商品的需求，供给和需求是相互需求。商品价格由卖方需求货币、买方需求商品的相互需求决定，供给和需求变化使商品价格自动调整达到供求平衡。The terms of trade between the two goods depends on supply and demand. When the volume of a countr

49、y exported goods to another country is just equal to the volume of another country imported goods, and the volume of a country imported goods is just equal to the volume of another country exported, then the relative price of two commodities on the international market is equilibrium terms of trade.

50、 贸易条件取决于两国对两种商品的供给和需求，当一国商品出口量恰好等于另一国对该商品进口量，而本国进口商品量等于另一国该商品出口量时，国际市场上两种商品的相对价格就是均衡贸易条件，贸易达到均衡。If France demand 1 unit wine and 2 units leather, and supply 1 unit wine to the international market ; while Canada demand 2 units wine and 1 unit leather, and supply 1 unit leather to the international m

51、arket. 若法国对酒和皮革的需求量为2单位和1单位，向国际市场提供酒1单位；加拿大对酒和皮革的需求量为1单位和1.33单位，向国际市场提供皮革1单位。 Terms of trade: 1W: 1L, international trade achieved balanced 贸易条件：1W1L，国际贸易实现均衡 If the French demand leather increased to 4/3 units , 1 unit wine can not equal 1 unit leather in the international market. The relative pric

52、e of leather goes up and stimulates the expansion of Canadian production and export of leather. So new trade conditions is more conducive to Canada. 若法国对皮革的需求量增加到4/3单位，国际市场上1单位酒换不到1单位皮革，皮革相对价格上升并刺激加拿大扩大皮革生产和出口，新贸易条件更有利于加拿大。How much gains from the trade depends on the terms of trade, and the greater

53、domestic exchange ratio differences between the two countries, the greater the gains from trade. 贸易收益大小取决于贸易条件，两国国内交换比率的差异越大，贸易收益越大。The equilibrium terms of trade determines the allocation between the trade. Terms of trade is closer to the trading partners exchange rate, and the more a country gains

54、 from trade. On the contrary,The trading partners assigned to the more gains from trade. 均衡贸易条件决定了贸易间的分配，贸易条件越接近贸易伙伴的交换比率，本国分配到的贸易收益越大，反之，贸易伙伴分配到的贸易收益大。 贸易均衡条件与贸易收益改善法国的贸易条件改善加拿大的贸易条件0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.01.51.00.5皮革酒加拿大的交换比率4:3BCE法国的交换比率1:2Att(1:1)5 Trade protection theory (Hamilton and List) 汉密尔顿和李斯特的贸

55、易保护理论Background: British began Industrial Revolution first, and started free trade policy in Mid-nineteenth century. At that point the countrys industrial development of most countries in Europe and the Americas lagged behind in the UK, with low level of economic development. 背景：英国首先开始产业革命，并于十九世纪中期开

56、始实行自由贸易政策，而此时欧洲大多数国家和美洲国家的工业发展滞后于英国，经济发展水平低。Hamilton from USA and List from Germany is the representative of non-mainstream classical economists, and they claimed that the economics based in British economists is only suitable for developed countries, and put forward the theory of trade protection.

57、以美国的汉密尔顿（Hamilton）和德国的李斯特（List）为代表的非主流古典经济学家宣称以英国经济学家为主的经济学只适于发达国家， 提出贸易保护理论。1791, Hamilton submitted The report on manufacturing to Congress. In that book, he elaborated the policy to protect the U.S. manufacturing sector and the implementation of trade control. And this book is regarded as classic

58、 theory of trade protection literature by descendants. 1791年，汉密尔顿向美国国会提交关于制造业的报告，阐述了保护美国制造业、实行贸易管制的政策主张，并被后人视为贸易保护理论的经典文献。Manufacturing industry is the key to establish a countrys industrial base. 制造业的发展是一国建立工业基础的关键。Advocates that state intervention in the economy, using a variety of measures to pro

59、tect infant industries. 主张国家干预经济、采用各种措施保护幼稚工业 。 Protective tariff system 保护关税制度 Limit the export of raw materials 限制原材料出口 To encourage imports of raw materials necessary 鼓励必需的原材料进口 Subsidies for industry 对工业进行补贴 Loans for private industry 对私营工业发放贷款 The core of Lists economics is productive forces th

60、eory and the theory of economic development stage. And both are the base of Lists trade protection theory. 李斯特经济学的核心是生产力论和经济发展阶段论，二者是李斯特贸易保护理论的基础Productive forces theory is the idea that productivity is a countrys ability to create wealth. Compared to the growth of a countrys wealth, productivity is