专业外语论文

1、Theory and practice of city image by Kevin lynchAbstract：Kevin lynch, a famous scholar of urban design, initiated the era of research on urban image and plays an important role in the theory of urban planning. With the construction of beautiful rural planning in China, there is a situation that the

2、traditional rural image is lost and the style quality declines in the current situation of rural landscape 1. Therefore, in the relevant planning and design, the application of urban image is also extensive. In the course work, I also have some understanding and application of this theory.Key words：

3、Planning and design; City image; Rural imagery; Local characteristics0. LeadAt the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, urban planning in the United States was based on the traditional urban landscape design method and the theory of rural city. Urban design is emphasized to create a beautiful and or

4、derly environment. By the 1950s and 1960s, the form determinism in design was facing the public challenge and strong challenge from sociologists. 2 against this background, Kevin lynch, an expert in urban planning and design in the United States, published a book called urban imagery combining with

5、the investigation and analysis of urban imagery of Boston, jersey city and Los Angeles.1. Urban image theoryA highly imageable city (visible, readable, or visible) should look appropriate, unique, and unusual, and should attract visual and auditory attention and engagement, writes Kevin lynch. This

6、kind of city has a highly continuous form, with many distinct parts clearly connected to each other, and can be understood gradually. 3 in lynchs concept, the arbitrariness needs to be built on a certain spatial sequence, that is, the unity and continuity that he emphasized again and again in the bo

7、ok. If a series of readable image elements can be arranged in an orderly manner in the city, then a number of environmental images that are combined within a system can jointly establish a recognizable overall structure.1.1 concept of city imageThe so-called city image refers to the direct or indire

8、ct experience and cognition of the surrounding environment caused by the influence of the surrounding environment on the residents. It is the impression of the city that can be recalled by the human brain through imagination, and it is also the subjective environment space in the minds of the reside

9、nts. In a city, most urban residents have a common impression of the areas where they hope to reach agreement in the interaction of a single physical entity, a common cultural background and a basic physiological feature. This is the public image, which is what urban planners are interested in and a

10、re eager to create an environment that can be used by many people 4.1.2 five elements of city imageAn important contribution of Kevin lynch in the field of urban image research is to put forward the five elements of urban image - road, boundary, region, node and landmark, as well as a set of imageab

11、le theory and design methodology composed of these five elements. Many researchers have applied this method to the rural image, especially the research results obtained from the analysis of village space, which are also of great significance. However, the differences of rural image elements in diffe

12、rent regions and types are obvious, and the discrimination and study of rural image elements that are different from the urban image are of great significance to the rural design.1.2.1 districtA large area of the city in which observers can enter or leave at will and which has a common character. Th

13、is type of neighborhood has a distinct theme. In general, this theme can be highlighted from the aspects of culture, characteristics, space, form, details, symbols, USES, activities, residents, maintenance level and even topography. The cohesion of these thematic features, through peoples imaginatio

14、n and comprehension, will form peoples image of the character of the block.1.2.2 edgeThe linear component of a city that is not considered a gateway is usually the dividing line between two areas. Lynch believes that the best edge is not only visually obvious, but also continuous, with no crossing f

15、unction.1.2.3 pathAn observers habitual, accidental, or potential moving channel. Such as streets, sidewalks, transport channels, canals, railways, etc. Lynch investigated the influence of the expressway, the function of the road, the special structure of the road, the facade on both sides of the ro

16、ad, the spatial continuity of the elements such as trees, the direction of the road and the form of the urban road network on the urban image, and believed that the road is the key to many individual images.1.2.4 landarkPeople recognize cities, observe them, form impressions, and have a memorable ex

17、troversion reference point. According to lynch, people who are more familiar with a city are increasingly relying on signs on the ground as guides to enjoy its unique, exclusive character.1.2.5 nodeKey points that the observer can enter and that can impress. Typical nodes in a city are mainly compos

18、ed of road intersections, squares, subway stations, etc., such as tian anmen square in Beijing.Generally, people regard buildings, structures and signs with obvious ersonality as the signs to understand a city, but all the five elements are of great significance to the deconstruction of a city, and

19、the combination of all elements is the comprehensive image of a city, which is unique, unique and non-repetitive 5.2. Design case of urban image theoryurban design of nancheng, dongguan cityDongguan international business district is located in dongguan city, guangdong province, south Beijing CBD ar

20、ea of 214.25 hectares, the central area is located in dongguan city in south central activity area, between the administrative and cultural center and south headquarters, geographical location is superior, the CBD of the overall design concept to create complex diverse, stereo, ecological and pleasa

21、nt city center district.2.1 districtFunctional zoning: it is mainly divided into three functional zones: north, middle and south. The northern zone continues the functions of the administrative and cultural center and is planned as a financial business district. Combined with the comprehensive devel

22、opment of the rail station, the central area is planned as an international consumption area. The southern area is planned as an innovation zone for science and trade, connecting with the headquarters base of nancheng.2.2 edgeThe orderly space of the street interface not only guides the pedestrians,

23、 but also brings a better spatial visual experience. The unified retraction of buildings is conducive to the formation of a beautiful and harmonious urban street interface. The rhythmic fluctuation of the skyline brings a better spatial experience and enhances the sense of sequence and rhythm of the

24、 open space.2.3 pathIn terms of transportation system, dongguan international business district adheres to the principle of small streets and dense road network, and is closely connected with the rail transit to build a three-dimensional and multi-layer slow travel network. The path plays the role o

25、f controlling the traffic and axis, and the walking space is continuous, safe and comfortable, which increases the attraction. The scale of the space provides a comfortable environment for the space.2.4 landmarkThe landmark buildings of the three areas are combined with the central square of the are

26、a, and the important tower blocks are arranged in the weekly map of the square. Form each area building group. Place the landmarks at the gateway and boundary of the area. Important buildings and local emphasis on the treatment of the building, marking the different heights of the building to enrich

27、 the skyline, providing the flow of people from the external reference experience.2.5 nodePublic open space sign node is a public area constructed by square space and greening. Through the north-south open space corridor of the base, the longitudinal axis of public space is formed. The northern end

28、of the axis corresponds to the government axis, and from north to south it passes through the financial district, the consumption district and the science and trade district. And in the three areas of the core location of the layout of three central squares. The central square surrounding the buildi

29、ng interface is unified, the sense of encircle is strong, the building and the square provide pleasant spatial scale feeling.The region forms a framework by nodes and limits the space by boundaries. The roads and landmarks are scattered throughout the region, and various elements overlap and complem

30、ent each other regularly. In the process of urban design, we should carefully consider every aspect, so as to create a city design that meets the development requirements on the macro level.3. The practice of urban image theory in the scheme - landscape garden designThis project is designed for the

31、fourth year of the curriculum, landscape design can be understood as a comprehensive application of the knowledge of architecture and urban planning.3.1 design requirementsIn order to develop leisure agriculture and rural tourism and create a new style of Chinas beautiful idyllic - peach blossom lan

32、dscape in hewan, we plan to carry out landscape planning of 10,000 mu peach garden in the ecological sightseeing agriculture demonstration area of Chinas peach land. It is required to design a tourist reception center of 3000 square meters, including peach culture display, tourist reception, casual

33、dining, tea room, souvenir sales and other functions. 1 ecological greenhouse of 300 square meters, used for breeding and display of new varieties; 1 viewing pavilion and gallery; Organic vegetable and fruit picking gardens; Picnic and barbecue area; A small eco-farm and a parking lot.3.2 base overv

34、iewThe base is located in liuping township, 4000 meters east of the city of qin an county. The terrain is low in the west and high in the east.3.3 scheme designBecause the whole terrain is distributed in a ladder, sloping from northeast to southwest, it is divided into different groups according to

35、the terrain and design requirements, forming the planning structure of one axis, two belts and six zones. Abstract the historic pottery vase of qinan dadi bay head as a water system, running through each area, and then endow the local culture with specific nodes in each area, so that it has a specia

36、l local flavor.3.4 theoretical practice3.4.1 districtAccording to different functions, different areas are arranged in the tour route. There are six areas in total: the tourist reception center is located at the entrance of the scenic spot, and there is a parking lot on the east side; The viewing sq

37、uare is located on the north elevation of the reception center and is used for performances. The barbecue area is located at the north end. The greenhouse can provide food materials and planting and breeding for the barbecue area. The parent-child experience area is arranged in combination with the

38、water system. Ecological farm can raise small animals; Fruit and vegetable picking area planted apple, peach and other fruit trees, spring flower autumn fruit picking; Museums are used to display historical artifacts or to hold exhibitions in conjunction with local culture.3.4.2 edgeComposite of aqu

39、atic environment of buildings and green space of each functional partition, the road system is to assume the role of the boundary, node and viewing gallery form interface, at the border as the terrain and buildings of different heights also enriched the stereo space interface, night lighting configu

40、ration also made the image of the border, boundary space and help to improve the environment surround close feeling.3.4.3 pathGarden road configuration is divided into inside, and pedestrians, the car is mainly used for road carriage of goods by park and fire fighting, one part into the view on the

41、promenade, the rest for the connection of each functional area small road, winding, step one scene, full of fun, visitors can see the park in different angles of various views and vegetation.3.4.4 landmarkThe park is marked by a memorial archway at the entrance, a visitor reception center and a muse

42、um. The tourist reception center, as the gateway of the scenic spot, has two floors and adopts the new Chinese style to provide tourists with services such as ticket sales, consultation, catering and retail. As an exhibition building in the scenic area, the folk museum is located in the highlands, w

43、ith a total of one floor, combined with the layout of the river system, as a place for exhibition and stay, and a landmark building for the end of the landscape3.4.5 nodeAs the planning design is landscape design, so the layout of nodes are more, and distributed in each area. With the elevation of t

44、he terrain, each node is located at a different height. With the advance of the landscape corridor, the node of the pavilion in the middle of the lake in the north pool becomes a turning point, and then the climax is formed to the museum of homestay. The distribution of nodes constitutes the sequenc

45、e of landscape in the garden and also enriches the composition of the garden.4. To summarizeOur government and the whole society in recent years in the countryside construction in the field of all kinds of investment is very big, but from the national level, have not been comprehensive improvement a

46、nd improve rural culture, rural culture assimilation of urbanization, and low-quality is playing a more and more outstanding, a series of problems, such as copying city model, out of the country, actually the country style, and there is still some outstanding problems in aspects of natural ecology.

47、Urban image of urban space shape is strong, but with the construction of the city, a lot of cities in the central district construction model of CBD area, and the use of the fixed mode is bound to lead to thousands of the city surface phenomenon appears, in the process of rural planning, considerati

48、on should be given in the image of the specific to the city to the countrys intentions to build, such as add local unique culture in landscape design, etc., into the local characteristics, make it become a regional characteristic of architecture and planning.Rural landscape image can be interpreted

49、as many people in the rural landscape image features of concrete and formed in peoples mind reflects the essential characteristics of rural landscape overall impression, and Chinas rural landscape image is in the process of peoples cognition of the rural landscape in the Chinese tradition of nature

50、and humanity, heaven knows what the personnel philosophy under the guidance of gradually formed, such as common psychological image, a xanadu poetic magnet, is the living environment of the Chinese ideal picture pursuit 6. The practice of the urban image theory in the garden design also reflects the

51、 similarities and differences between the city and the countryside. Therefore, in the design, we should put people first, seek the connection with the site, take measures according to the local conditions, and should combine with the local culture to design and plan the space that ADAPTS to the site

52、.reference1 dong wei. Research on the ideological system framework of urban design by Kevin lynch D. Harbin: masters thesis of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2006.2 shen yi people. Urban characteristics and urban image J. Urban problems, 2004.3 Kevin lynch. City image M. Translated by fang yiping a

53、nd he xiaojun. Beijing: huaxia press, 2001.4 li guoqin. Landscape image and community landscape planning D. Beijing: masters thesis of Beijing forestry university, 2007.5 Yang jian, dai zhizhong. Analysis of Kevin lynchs urban image research methods J. Journal of chongqing university of architecture

54、, 2007.6 li hezhang. Reflections on rural image and new rural planning and design: a case study of dachang village renovation planning J. Anhui agricultural science, 2010.凯文林奇城市意象理论认识与实践摘 要：城市设计的著名学者凯文林奇开启了对城市意象研究的时代，在城市规划的理论中有着重要的地位。随着我国美丽乡村规划的建设，乡村风貌现状中存在着传统乡村意象迷失与风貌品质下降的情况1，因此，在相关的规划设计中，城市意象的应用也较

55、为广泛，在课程作业的过程中，我对此理论也有所认识与应用。关键词：规划设计；城市意象；乡村意象；乡土特色 0.引 言在十九世纪与二十世纪交替之际, 美国的城市规划以传统的城市景观设计方法和田园城市理论为基础。强调城市设计为创造美好而有秩序的环境。到了二十世纪五六十年代, 设计中的“形态决定论”面临着来自社会学家的公开质疑和强烈挑战。2在这种背景下, 美国城市规划与设计专家凯文林奇结合对美国波士顿、泽西城和洛杉矶这三个主要城市的“城市形象性”调查分析，出版了城市意象一书。1.城市意象理论凯文林奇在书中写道：“一个高度可意象的城市（外显的、可读或是可见的）应该看起来适宜、独特而不寻常，应该能够吸引视

56、觉和听觉的注意和参与。”“这种城市具有高度连续的形态，由许多各具特色的部分互相清晰连接，能够逐渐被了解。3”在林奇的观念中，可意象性需要建立在一定的空间序列之上，即他在书中所一再强调的“统一”与“连续”。如果一系列可供“阅读”的意象元素能够被有序地排列在城市之中，那么，被组合在一个体系范围之内的诸多环境意象，就能够共同建立起一个容易被识别的整体结构。1.1城市意象的概念所谓城市意象,是指由于周围环境对居民的影响而使居民产生对周围环境的直接或间接的经验认识空间,是人的大脑通过想象可以回忆出来的城市印象,也是居民头脑中的“主观环境”空间。在一个城市中,大多数城市居民心中拥有的共同印象,即在单个物质

57、实体,一个共同文化背景以及一种基本生理特征三者的互相作用过程中,希望可能达成一致的领域。这就是“公众意象”这正是城市规划师所感兴趣的问题,并渴望通过它创造出一个供众多人使用的环境4。1.2城市意象的五大要素凯文林奇在城市意象研究领域的一个重要贡献是提出了城市意象的五元素道路、边界、区域、节点与标志物，以及由这五个元素组合而成的一套可意象理论及设计方法论。不少研究者将这套方法应用于乡村意象尤其是村落空间分析得出的研究成果也很有意义，但是，不同区域、不同类型的乡村意象元素的差异性显而易见，区别于城市意象的乡村意象元素判别与研究对乡村设计有着重要的意义。1.2.1区域指观察者可以在市区内随意进出其间

58、,而且具有共同特征的较大区域。 这类街区具有鲜明的主题。一般可以从文化、特色、空间、形态、细节、象征、用途、活动、居民、保养程度甚至地形等方面烘托这一主题。这些主题特征的凝聚,再经过人们的想象领悟, 便形成了人们对街区性格的意象。1.2.2边界城市中不被视为通道的线性成分, 其通常是两个区域的分界线。 林奇认为, 最好的边缘不仅仅在视觉上明显, 而且连续不断, 具有不准穿越的功能。1.2.3道路指观察者习惯、偶然或是潜在的移动通道。如街道、人行道、运输通道、运河 、铁路等。 林奇考察了城市中的高速公路、道路的功能、特殊的道路结构、道路两旁的门面、树木等要素的空间延续性、道路的方向以及城市路网的

59、形式等对城市意象的影响, 并认为“道路是许多个体意象的关键”。1.2.4标志人们认识城市、观察城市、形成印象、便于记忆的外向性参考点。林奇认为, 对某一个城市较熟悉的人,越来越依赖地上的标识作为向导来享受城市独特、专一的特色。1.2.5节点观察者可以进入、能够使人留下深刻印象的关键点。城市中典型的节点主要由道路的交叉口、广场、地铁站等组成,例如北京的天安门广场。人们一般将具有明显个性的建筑物、构筑物、标识牌等作为认识城市的标志, 但五种要素都对解构城市具有重要的意义, 各个要素间形成的组合才是人们对城市形成的综合意象, 这种意象具有独特性、唯一性和不重复性5。2.关于城市意象理论的设计案例东莞

60、市南城城市设计东莞市南城国际商务区位于广东省东莞市，商务区面积达214.25公顷，该片区位于东莞市南城中央活力区中部，行政文化中心与南城总部基地之间，地理区位优越，CBD总体设计理念为打造复合多元的、立体的、生态的、宜人的城市中心街区。2.1区域功能分区:主要划分为北、中、南三个功能片区，北部片区延续行政文化中心的职能，规划为金融商务区；中部片区结合轨道站点的综合开发，规划为国际消费区；南部片区对接南城总部基地，规划为科贸创新区。2.2边界沿街界面有序的空间收放指引行人的同时也带来了更好的空间视觉感受，建筑物统一退线有助于形成优美、和谐的城市沿街界面，有节奏的天际线波动带来更好的空间感受，加强