毕业设计外文资料翻译-安卓：改变手机发展格局

1、毕业论文（设计）外文资料翻译学 院： 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师： 外文出处：书名：IEEE Pervasive Computing 页码：2011,10(1):4-7 作者：Margaret Buter 附 件：1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文 指导教师评语：该同学专业术语、词汇翻译的准确度较高，体现了一定的专业英语应用水平。翻译工作较为认真细致，翻译材料能与原文能基本保持一致，能基本正确表达出原文意思，细节处理得当，保持准确。翻译字、词数满足要求。翻译材料语句较为通顺，符合中文的表达习惯。翻译工作能够按照规定，达到考核、提高学生英语应用水平的目的。签名： 2015年 1

2、0月 14日1外文资料翻译译文安卓：改变手机发展格局谷歌去年推出的Android智能手机改变了手机发展的格局。Android手机市场第一次确切威胁到了iPhone市场。主要变现为：一方面对于目标用户来说，谷歌的Android手机消费者和iPhone的消费者群体相似，产生了市场上的竞争。另一方面，谷歌推出Android手机的目的是为了赢得移动应用开发者的芳心。从市场份额和应用程序的数量角度上看，Android设备的远远大于iPhone设备的，Android成功打开了一个潜力巨大的市场。Android手机市场增长谷歌与多个手机厂商和服务提供商合作，给消费者提供iPhone所没有的功能。 HTC，三

3、星，LG每个品牌至少有一个优秀的Android手机产品。受益于谷歌提供的Android开源解决方案，任何手机制造商都可以把它作为一个软件开发平台。斯普林特公司，Verizon公司，T-Mobile和ATT的多款Android手机都可以提供电话服务，对比iPhone，只有ATT提供这样的电话服务，这方面来说，Android给消费者的选择已经非常清楚，下面看调查的安卓消费额：截至2010年9月，使用Android系统的智能手机销量为每天200,000部，而使用iOS 3系统和iOS4的iPhone手机销量为每天80,000部。图1显示了黑莓手机七个季度的销量，每季度的平均值稳定在约500600万元

4、，而iPhone的销量徘徊在约300万每季度，但同比销量增长速度只有在2010年第三季度和黑莓相近。在过去七个季度中，只有Android的销量在显著的增长。 Canalys的高级分析师皮特坎宁安说：Android已经得到了市场的一致好评。厂商现在在各个价格点都提供Android设备的选择，从高端的产品，如三星Galaxy S或HTC Desire，到价格极具竞争力的设备，如LG GT540 Optimus 和 Huaweibuilt Vodafone 845LG，提供商一直在尽量确保消费者可以负担得起任何Android设备的价格。如图1所示，Android是唯一在2010年第二季度显著增长的手

5、机，销量击败了iPhone并追上了黑莓手机。从第二季度到2010年第三季度的数据看，Android和iPhone的销量都增长了61。图2描绘了当前北美的市场份额，在2010年第三季度，Android成为市场的佼佼者，超越了iPhone和黑莓，并且拥有着39的市场份额。Android的软件平台Android操作系统的建立基于一个修改过的Linux内核（参见图3）。软件栈包含一个虚拟机上运行的Java应用程序，并且系统部件包含Java，C，C +和XML。Android手机附带了丰富的阵列内置活动（Android术语服务），包括电子邮件，网页浏览器，和一个地图应用。该平台秉承了替代和再利用理念，它

6、可以让用户定制手机。例如，Android手机配备了一个内置照片浏览器，它的浏览照片功能提供给所有应用程序使用。当然，用户可以自定义更换照片浏览器，并且所有的应用程序将自动调用自定义的照片浏览器。所有的应用程序都使用（或重用）相同的活动。这是该系统的开放式设计的一个例子。应用和开发移动应用正在改变人们使用手机的方式。十年前，人们使用手机仅仅用于拨打电话、发送短信；掌上电脑存储如通讯录和日历的重要信息；PC进行的任务，大体上是访问互联网，阅读电子邮件，编辑文档，玩游戏等。由于移动应用程序的强大能力和丰富性，今天的智能手机提供可以媲美十年前PC机的计算能力和应用功能，。智能手机已经成为实现我们核心通

7、信和信息需求的主要载体。为了配合我们的生活，智能手机的能力直接关系到其移动应用的丰富性和质量。大多iPhone的价值和成功归因于它的应用程序的广度。截至2010年10月，苹果的消费者有超过25万的应用程序可以从App Store中下载。根据AndroLib（）的统计报告，Android市场提供超过15万的应用程序，并在过去的五个月中一直稳步增长，增长速度超过每月15 000个。现在，用户已经可以从Android Market下载大约二十亿的应用程序，许多新的应用程序甚至可以同时应用于iPhone和Android手机。Android Market和App Store之间的主要区别是，Androi

8、d的市场是开放的，而App Store是封闭的。也就是说， Android开发商可以自行发布应用到Android Market，而苹果开发者必须提交申请，由App Store决定是否可以发表。谷歌遵循一个平等，开放的安卓市场。Android开发者认为这是一个显著的优势，可以让他们自己控制是否可以出版。因此，更多的Android应用程序能提供给消费者，因为它们发布更容易。缺点是Android市场很可能将高质量的应用淹没，因此使消费者在寻找高质量的应用程序的时候变得更加困难。 Android开发者和谷歌都知道这个缺点，并正在努力寻求机制，让高品质的应用程序上升到顶部。在这一点上，他们还没有找到一个

9、满意的解决方案。安全和隐私从架构的角度来看，Android应用程序比iPhone应用程序更安全。每一个Android应用程序在自己的空间中运行，不能访问其他应用程序数据，而无需限制用户权限。iPhone应用程序默认情况下可以访问很多系统资源，从而让未经用户许可的应用程序访问用户信息。由于用户控制哪些服务Android应用程序可以访问，所以他们控制着自己的安全和隐私。在另一方面，iPhone用户必须相信，苹果发布之前，已经彻底评估了每个应用程序是否安全。虽然Android的控制权在用户手中，但用户难免受恶意应用程序攻击。例如，如果用户下载发送短信，并从朋友接收基于广告的应用程序消息，他们必须选择

10、应用程序访问个人信息（读取联系人数据），所有消息（阅读收到的信息），网络通信（从互联网下载广告），花钱的服务（发送消息可以产生费用）。一个合法的应用程序将使用这些服务仅适用于预期的目的，但恶意软件可以利用它们获取的个人信息传达给网站。用户不可预测应用程序将执行什么服务。由于Android市场是开放的，人们可以轻松地创建并把包含特洛伊木马程序投向市场。谷歌可以删除被识别为恶意软件的Android Market中的应用程序，但用户必须确定某个应用程序是恶意软件，并在此应用程序有害前删除。迄今为止，还没有报道恶意软件造成严重危害，但分析师怀疑在未来的Android手机市场这将是一个严重的问题。And

11、roid应用开发者2010年7月，谷歌宣布Android应用开发者（AIA）的可视化编程环境的公开测试版。AIA的目的是使移动应用程序开发提供给任何人。领导AIA项目的麻省理工学院教授哈尔阿伯尔森，写道：十年前，人们使用计算机的主要目的是脱离现实生活。就像Android这样的移动平台能带来一些相同的变化，使更多的人与他人、与他们周围的世界互动的目的。这是一个愿景，年轻人以至于每个人，都可以成为移动服务和应用世界的创造者，而不仅仅是消费者。AIA强调应该加强计算机的学习。创建AIA申请涉及两个阶段：设计与组件设计的用户界面和创建与所述块编辑器应用程序的行为。该组件设计器是一个网页，实现拖放组件到

12、一个模拟的手机屏幕。该块编辑器实现附加行为的组成部分。 Android应用程序是事件驱动的，因此与之相关的行为组件，如按钮的点击，定时器事件，和项目选择，也是事件驱动的。尽管比喻很简单，开发人员可以使用AIA来创建复杂的应用程序。在2009年秋，几所大学使用AIA的alpha版本，教非计算机科学专业的学习相关课程。在米尔斯学院，艾伦斯珀特斯通过教授科技学的知识让世界变得更美好，世界各地的人们通过研究信息和通信技术提高了政治生活水平、改善了经济上的落后。学生学会了AIA方案，其最后的项目是建立一个对社会有益的应用程序。在旧金山大学，Dave Wolber教计算机，机器人和网络等方面的知识，其中移

13、动电话取代机械机器人作为让学生动手编程经验的平台。在项目的最后，这门课程达到了高潮，很多学生可以使用AIA创建一个新的应用程序。通过这些课程，那些不是计算机科学专业的大学生非常开心，因他们可以用技术做一些有趣的事。因此，这些课程在技术方面打开了一个全新的领域。AIA在公开测试版发布不到半年的时间，已经有超过7500人隶属于开发讨论组和超过250人隶属于教练讨论组。这个工具非常适合用来介绍编程概念。技术创新的挑战AIA是一个可以用在技术创新挑战，鼓励年轻女性成为高科技企业家的程序。 2010年春天，45个女高中生和20个职业女性开始了9周之旅，期间他们学到了创业技能，包括如何使用AIA创建手机应

14、用。在使用AIA的第一天，没有任何编程经验的学生们在45分钟里，就搭建了一个简单的应用程序，并能成功运行在自己的手机上。该项目还与另一队的项目进行了比赛，并在比赛中创造和推销新的移动应用程序。学生团队，与导师合作，创造，设计和原型创新应用。利用他们的新的创业技能，每队把他们的应用程序交给那些决出胜利者的裁判（风险投资家和企业家）。获奖的应用程序可以发布到Android Market上，而且冠军队的每个成员可以获得1,000美元的大学奖学金。在节目的最后，参与者感到十分开心，因为他们可以对自己的手机所很多有趣的事。一位家长说，“我女儿从来没有想过她可以做任何有技术的事情，现在她知道她能。”没有任

15、何技术培训即可使用AIA，将让更多的人创造移动服务创建应用程序。Gartner说，智能手机销量比功能手机销量增加的速度快（96对26）。虽然在2010年第三季度，智能手机销量占全球移动设备销售量的19.3，但拥有如此高的增长率，智能手机将最终超过功能手机。在智能手机中，基于Android操作系统的是市场增长最快的。 Android已经是北美地区的领头者，分析师预测，到2014年，Android将是世界的领导者。Android的发展潜力巨大，但还是有一些问题需要注意。谷歌必须解决有关Android Market的应用程序功能问题，并解决应用程序如何保障Android用户安全和隐私的问题。AIA将

16、构建Android应用程序变得更容易，这使得Android Market更丰富，却也使得鉴别应用质量的问题更加迫切。AIA是民主化的应用开发领域，越来越多开发者创造的应用将充斥移动市场。谷歌成功将Android定位为开放、开源系统多手机的选择，多电话服务选择，以及一个开放的开发市场。谷歌必须认真思考如何才能稳固尚未控制的用户体验的质量。如果谷歌解决这些问题，同时开发商为Android平台不断创造高质量的应用程序，毫无疑问，Android将顺利成为赢家。2.外文原文Chapter 2Android: Changing the Mobile Landscape Margaret ButlerThe

17、 mobile phone landscape changed last year with the introduction of smart phones running Android, a platform marketed by Google. Android phones are the first credible threat to the iPhone market. Not only did Google target the same consumers as iPhone, it also aimed to win the hearts and minds of mob

18、ile application developers. On the basis of market share and the number of available apps, Android is a success.ANDROID PHONE MARKET GROWTHGoogle partnered with multiple handset vendors and service providers, giving consumers choices the iPhone doesnt. HTC, Samsung, and LG each have at least one And

19、roid phone offering. Because Google offers Android as an open source solution, any handset manufacturer can use it as a software development platform. Sprint, Verizon, T-Mobile, and AT&T provide phone services for a variety of Android phones, unlike iPhone, which is limited to AT&T. Giving consumers

20、 choices has clearly paid off for Android: as of September 2010, Android-based smart phone sales numbered 200,000 per day, versus 80,000 per day for iPhone iOS 3 and 4.Figure 1 shows BlackBerry unit sales steadiness over seven quarters5 to 6 million per quarter. iPhones unit sales hovered around 3 m

21、illion per quarter for six quarters, but grew to nearly tie BlackBerry in Q3 2010. Only Androids sales show significant growth each quarter for the past seven quarters. Canalys senior analyst Pete Cunningham says,Android has been well received by the market. Vendors are now delivering Android device

22、s across a broad range of price points, from high-end products, such as the Samsung Galaxy S or HTC Desire, to aggressively priced devices, such as the LG GT540 Optimus or the Huaweibuilt Vodafone 845, ensuring that Android devices are available and affordable to consumers on almost any budget.As Fi

23、gure 1 shows, Android was the only phone with significant Q2 2010 growth, beating iPhone sales and tying BlackBerry. From Q2 to Q3 2010, both Android and iPhone grew by 61 percent. Figure 2 depicts the current market share for North America. In Q3 2010, Android became the market leader, surpassing b

24、oth iPhone and BlackBerry, and now leads with a 39 percent market share.THE ANDROID SOFTWARE PLATFORMThe Android operating system is built on a modified Linux kernel (see Figure 3). The software stack contains Java applications running on a virtual machine, and system components are written in Java,

25、 C, C+, and XML. Android phones ship with a rich array of built-in activities (the Android term for services), including email, a Web browser, and a map application. The platform embraces a replace-andreuse philosophy, which lets users customize the phone. For example, Android phones come with a bui

26、lt-in photo viewer, which all applications that view photos use. However, users can replace the photo viewer with a customized one, and all applications will automatically call the customized one. All applications use (or reuse) the same activity. This is an example of the systems open design.APPLIC

27、ATIONS AND DEVELOPERSMobile applications are changing how people experience computing and use mobile phones. A decade ago, people used cell phones only for making phone calls; PDAs stored important information such as contacts and calendars; and PCs performed tasks such as accessing the Internet, re

28、ading email, editing documents, and playing games. Owing to mobile applications power and richness, todays smart phones provide the same computing power and similar capabilities as the PCs of a decade ago. Smart phones are becoming central to our communication and information needs. A smart phones a

29、bility to complement our lives is directly related to the richness and quality of its mobile applications. Much of the iPhones value and success is attributed to the breadth of its applications. As of October 2010, according to Apple, consumers had more than 250,000 apps to choose from in the Apple

30、App Store. According to AndroLib (), the Android Market offers more than 150,000 applications and has been growing steadily by more than 15,000 per month for the past five months. Users have downloaded approximately 2 billion apps from the Android Market. Many new applications come out simultaneousl

31、y for iPhones and Android phones. A key difference between the Android Market and the Apple App Store is that the Android Market is open, whereas the Apple App Store is gated. That is, developers self-publish to the Android Market, whereas developers must submit applications for publication to Apple

32、, and Apple decides what gets published. Google follows an egalitarian, open model for the Android Market. Developers see this as a significant advantage that lets them control publication. So, more applications will be available to consumers because publishing them is easier. The disadvantage is th

33、at the Android Market, and therefore consumers, might be inundated with low-quality applications, making finding high-quality applications more difficult. Android developers and Google are aware of this disadvantage and are seeking mechanisms that enable high-quality apps to rise to the top. At this

34、 point, they havent found a satisfactory solution.SECURITY AND PRIVACYFrom an architectural viewpoint, Android applications are safer than iPhone applications. Each Android application runs in its own space and cant access data from other applications without explicit user permission. iPhone applica

35、tions can access many system resources by default, thereby letting the applications access user information without user permission. Because users control which services an Android application can access, they control their own security and privacy. On the other hand, iPhone users must trust that Ap

36、ple has thoroughly evaluated each application before publishing it. Although Android puts the control in the users hands, users arent necessarily protected from malicious applications. For example, if users download an ad-based application that sends text messages to and receives messages from frien

37、ds, they must give the application access to personal information (to read contact data), all messages (to read received messages), network communication (to download ads from the Internet), and services that cost money (sending messages can incur charges). A legitimate application will use these se

38、rvices only for the intended purposes, but malicious software could use them to communicate personal information to a website. Users dont control what the application does with the services. Because the Android Market is open, people can easily create and market Trojan horse applications. Google rem

39、oves apps from the Android Market that are identified as malware, but a user must determine that an application is malware, and the application could do harm before its removed. To date, no malware has been reported doing serious harm, but analysts suspect this will be an issue for Android phones in

40、 the future.APP INVENTOR FOR ANDROIDIn July 2010, Google announced the public beta release of the App Inventor for Android (AIA) visual programming environment. AIA aims to make mobile-application development accessible to anyone. Hal Abelson, an MIT professor who led the AIA project, writes, Ten ye

41、ars ago, peoples use of computing was largely dissociated from real life. A Google collaboration with several colleges and universities involving AIA is motivated by the vision that open mobile platforms like Android can bring some of that same change to make it more about people and their interacti

42、ons with others and with the world around them. Its a vision where young people and everyonecan engage the world of mobile services and applications as creators, not just consumers.AIA should enhance learning experiences in computing. Creating an AIA application involves two stages: designing the us

43、er interface with the component designer and creating the application behavior with the blocks editor. The component designer is a webpage that lets the implementer drag and drop components onto a mock phone screen. The blocks editor lets the implementer attach behaviors to the components. An Androi

44、d application is event driven, so the behaviors associated with componentssuch as button clicks, timer events, and item selectionare also event driven. Although the metaphor is simple, developers can use AIA to create complex applications. In fall 2009, several universities used an alpha version of

45、AIA to teach courses for noncomputer science majors. At Mills College, Ellen Spertus taught Technology for a Better World, which examined how information and communication technology have improved the lives of politically and economically disempowered people around the world. Students learned to pro

46、gram in AIA, and their final project was to create a socially beneficial application. At the University of San Francisco, Dave Wolber taught Computing, Robots, and the Web, in which mobile phones replaced mechanical robots as the platform of choice for giving students hands-on programming experience

47、. This course culminated in a final project wherein students created a new app using AIA. Through courses such as these, university students who arent computer science majors have become excited about what they can do with technology. Thus, these courses are engaging a whole new audience in technica

48、l discourse. AIA has been in public beta release for less than six months, yet more than 7,500 people belong to the developer discussion group and more than 250 people belong to the instructor discussion group. This tool is well suited to introduce programming concepts.THE TECHNOVATION CHALLENGEAIA

49、was used in the Technovation Challenge, a program encouraging young women to become high-tech entrepreneurs. In spring 2010, 45 female high school students and 20 professional women mentors began a nineweek journey wherein they learned entrepreneurial skills and how to create mobile phone applicatio

50、ns using AIA. On the first day of using AIA, the studentsmost with no programming experiencecreated a simple app and had it running on their phones in 45 minutes.The program culminated with a team challenge: create and pitch a new mobile application. Teams of students, working with mentors, created,

51、 designed, and prototyped innovative applications. Using their new entrepreneurial skills, each team pitched their app to a panel of judges (venture capitalists and entrepreneurs) who chose the winner. The winning app, MashUp, was developed for the Android Market, and each member of the winning team

52、 received a US$1,000 college scholarship. At the programs end, participants were excited about what they could do with their mobile phones. One parent said, “My daughter never thought she could do anything technical; now she knows she can.” The ease with which people with no technical training can c

53、reate applications using AIA will allow more people to create mobile services.According to Gartner, smart phone sales are increasing faster than feature-phone sales (96 percent versus 26 percent). Although in Q3 2010, smart phone sales accounted for only 19.3 percent of worldwide mobile device sales

54、, with such a high growth rate, smart phones will eventually overtake feature phones. Among smart phones, the market segment based on the Android operating system is growing the fastest. Android is already the leader in North America; analysts predict it will be the world leader by 2014.Androids fut

55、ure looks promising, but some issues need resolving. Google must address problems regarding the Android Market applications quality and strengthen how applications can guarantee Android users security and privacy. AIA makes building Android applications easier, which will make the Android Market richer but also make distinguishing quality applications m