本科-呼吸系统课件

1、 呼 吸 系 统概 述一、呼吸系统的组成Reference lines of thoraxAnterior median line Midclavicular lineParasternal lineAnterior axillary linePost axillary lineMidaxillary lineScapular linePosterior median line Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System Respiratory organsNose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinusesPhary

2、nx, larynx, and tracheaBronchi and smaller branchesLungs and alveoli Organs of the Respiratory SystemCompositionRespiratory tractNosePharynx upper respiratory tractLarynxTrachea lower respiratory tractBronchi Lungs -paired organs of respirationFunction: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of

3、excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.O2 (外界) CO2 肺呼吸：肺泡 毛细血管 血液循环 细胞呼吸：组织细胞 毛细血管 全身各细胞 二、呼吸系统的主要功能呼吸道运输气体肺气体交换The NoseProvides an airway for respirationMoistens and warms airFilters inhaled airResonating chamber for speechHouses olfactory receptorsThe NoseSize variation due to differ

4、ences in nasal cartilagesSkin is thin contains many sebaceous glands1、鼻前庭2、固有鼻腔 (1)内侧壁：即鼻中隔，以骨性鼻中隔和鼻中隔软骨为基础。(2) 外侧壁 上鼻甲 上鼻道 中鼻甲 中鼻道 下鼻甲 下鼻道 Mucous membrane of noseOlfactory region嗅区: located upper nasal cavity, above superior，nasal conchae，contains olfactory cells Respiratory region 呼吸区: its functio

5、n is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air嗅区上鼻甲及其相对应的鼻中隔表面。呼吸区嗅区以外的部分。鼻腔粘膜的分区：(三)鼻旁窦开口于上鼻甲上方的：蝶窦开口于上鼻道的：筛窦后组开口于中鼻道的：额窦、上颌窦、筛窦前组和中组The Paranasal SinusesFrontal sinusEthmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinusMaxillary sinusThe LarynxThree functionsVoice productionProvides an open airwayRoutes air and food

6、 into the proper channelsAnatomy of the LarynxFigure 21.5a, b（2）环状软骨：位于甲状软骨下方，呈环形； 环状软骨弓，环状软骨板。（3）会厌软骨（4）杓状软骨：成对，位于环状软骨板上方。 关节连结：环杓关节、环甲关节 韧带或膜连结： 甲状舌骨膜(甲舌膜) 弹性圆锥(环甲膜) 上缘声韧带 杓会厌膜(方形膜) 上缘杓会厌韧带 下缘前庭韧带(又称室韧带)2、喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结喉软骨的连结 3、喉肌(1)控制声门裂大小的肌； (2)调节声带紧张度的肌；(3)开大和关闭喉口的肌。 Structure feature

7、sTwo pairs of shelf like folds : Vestibular folds 前庭襞Vocal folds 声襞Two fissuresRima vestibulithe 前庭裂Fissure of glottis 声门裂Inter membranous part 膜间部 anterior 3/5, between vocal-foldsInter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages Three partsLaryngeal vestibule 喉前庭Extends fro

8、m the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuliTubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节Intermedial cavity of larynx 喉中间腔Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottisVentricle of larynx 喉室 a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each sideInfraglottic cavity 声门下腔ex

9、tends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilageMovements of the Vocal Folds喉腔1、两对粘膜皱襞：上方前庭襞(室襞)，呈浅红色下方声襞，呈白色 2、裂隙： 前庭裂 声门裂：两侧声襞及杓状软骨之间的裂隙。膜间部前35软骨间部后253、喉腔的分部： 喉前庭 喉中间腔 声门下腔The TracheaDescends into the mediastinumDivides into two main bronchiC-shaped cartilage ri

10、ngs keep airway openThe Trachea三、气管位置：颈前部正中及胸骨柄后方。形态结构：圆筒形，后壁略平，由1416个气管软骨连成，气管软骨成“C”形。四、主支气管：由气管杈到肺门。左主支气管：较长、细、水平；右主支气管：较短、粗、陡直。Bronchi in the Conducting ZoneThe Lungs Position: located in the thoracic cavity by both sides of mediastinum General featuresCone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and b

11、roader, the left one is longer and narrowerApex of lungrises 2 3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neckBaseconcave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surfaceCostal surfacelarge, convex, related to thoracic wallMedial surfaceconcave, related to mediastinum and vertebraeHilum of

12、 lung 肺门：area on medial surface where structures in root enter or leave lung Root of lung 肺根ContentsPrincipal bronchusPulmonary artery and veinNerves and lymphaticsSurrounded by connective tissue Order of structures in the root of lung From before backward: V. A. B.From above downward: R.B. A. V. L.

13、A. B. V.BordersPosteriorbluntInferior sharpAnteriorsharpcardiac notch 心切迹 lingual in left lung 左肺小舌Lobes and FissureRight lungTwo fissures : horizontal obliqueThree lobes : superior middle inferiorLeft lungOne fissure : obliqueTwo lobes : superior inferior第二节 肺一、肺的位置 胸腔内，纵隔的两侧二、肺的形态 近似圆锥形，有一尖、一底、两面、

14、三缘。肺尖：钝圆，可高出锁骨内侧端上方2-3cm。肺底(膈面)前缘：锐利 心切迹(左肺)后缘：钝圆下缘：锐利外侧面(肋面)内侧面(纵隔面)： 肺门 肺门肺内侧面中央凹陷处，有主支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、神经和淋巴管通过。 肺根出入肺门诸结构被结缔组织和胸膜包绕成束。肺的分叶： 右肺：3叶(上中下) 左肺：2叶(上下)水平裂斜裂斜裂水平裂The Pleura General featuresSerous membranes forming closed sacsTwo layersVisceral pleuraadheres to lung, continuous with parietal pl

15、eura at root of lungParietal pleuralines the thoracic cavity Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential spacepleural cavity 胸膜腔Contains a small amount pleural fluidSubatmospheric pressure in itNamed parts of parietal pleuraCupula of pleura 胸膜顶 extends up int

16、o the neck, over the apex of lung, 23cm above the medial third of clavicleCostal pleura 肋胸膜 lines the inner surface of the wall of the chestMediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带 redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming

17、root of lungDiaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜 Lines diaphragm Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝 potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respirationCostodiaphragmatic recesse肋膈隐窝 are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavityCostomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝 on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleuraThe surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae 第三节 胸膜和纵隔一、胸膜 基本概念 胸膜被覆于胸廓内面和肺表面的浆膜。 壁胸膜 脏(肺)胸膜 胸膜腔脏、壁胸膜在肺根周围处相互移行围成的密闭腔隙。Diagram