毕业设计外文资料翻译-在移动App下-一种技术基础

1、毕业设计外文资料翻译学 院： 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师： 外文出处：(外文) Android on x86 An Introduction to Optimizing for Intel Architecture （Authors: Iggy Krajci, Darren Cummings） 附 件：1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文 指导教师评语：原文所涉及内容与课题有较好的关联，翻译难度适中。该生所作的译文，术语的使用基本准确，译文内容与原文含义基本相符，但部分译文语句不是很通顺。译文格式符合规范，按时完成了下达的外文翻译任务。签名： 年 月 日1外文资料翻译译文在移动

2、App下一种技术基础在这项事业中，当你意识到自己有麻烦时，要拯救自己已经太晚了。等到你一直在害怕的时候，你将远去。 比尔盖茨在我们生活中移动设备与我们关联甚多，不仅仅是简单的通信。连接的设备都在我们身边：Wi-Fi的相框，蓝牙接收器在汽车，甚至是无线耳机。这些设备使我们能够保持与时俱进并且与周围环境联系紧密，这是一种从来没有见过的方式。移动电话让我们以全新的方式与世界互动。一、连接装置英特尔企业副总裁Kirk Skaugen预测，超过150亿的设备将在未来几年互联网连接。互联网目前支持40亿多个连接的设备，允许几乎不间断的通信。驱使这些连接的低价格的计算机芯片，推动了连接设备的发展。以前没有无

3、线功能的设备，这已经改变了我们如何与它们进行交互的方式。例如，现代电视包括无线芯片，允许他们直接在互联网上接收电视和电影。家庭计算也许这是个过时的信息，但是家庭计算仍然是一个非常合法和有利可图的业务。在美国能源信息管理局进行的一项研究中，只有不到3000万美国人有一台家用电脑。与那些拥有一台或多台个人电脑的8000万个美国人相比，这些人比以往任何时候都要联系的更加紧密。相比市场上的智能手机的建造和诱导，个人电脑上的应用已经有很长的一段时间。从你的智能手机使用和控制你的家庭电脑的能力已经形成。在走路时您可以查看您的桌面，同步文件和联系人从您的手机到您的笔记本电脑，使用您的手机作为远程控制，或从您

4、的手机视频直接到您的电视。汽车现代汽车都装上了大量的新技术。你可以坐在后面看电视、蓝牙听音乐、或者与在世界上的任何人通话。智能手机给我们每天依赖的车辆增加了更多的功能。蓝牙通话功能往往包含在现代智能手机中。这种能力可以让你在路上与他人沟通，这是合法的。全球定位系统是另一个在智能手机上使用的车载程序。您不再需要一个单独的全球定位系统设备来映射您的路线，这已经大大伤害了独立的全球定位系统设备市场。将所有这些设备的功能移植到智能手机上，方便使用和联系。此外，你可以将音乐在你的车辆扬声器上播放，在城市中找到你可以使用的最便宜的汽油，并为即将发生的事提前做好准备。与汽车直接互动的应用程序刚刚开始推广。随

5、着手机的功能越来越强大，车辆被释放更多的技术接口，新的智能手机应用程序将为这一目的而创建。数字娱乐数字娱乐的新时代在我们身上。现代世界的关联性为娱乐设备和服务创造了新的可能性和用途。只要你想要，现在有多种方式来将电视、电影和音乐放在互联网上。娱乐产业支持和鼓励这些服务，通常会为订阅者提供按需的内容。随着这些功能的增加，智能手机的应用程序开发人员为手机创造了新的用途。你可以用你的手机作为一个电视遥控器，从HDMI端口选择设备作为一个媒体中心播放电影，或作为一个便携式媒体播放器，流媒体音乐电台。二、特殊要求开放的市场并不是手机唯一使用的地方。现代通信设备有许多军事和私人用途。无论是专门建造的硬化设

6、备，超长距离的能力，或顶部的秘密级别的通信，对这些类型的设备来说，有许多特殊的要求。加固有时也被称为强化，强化涉及改变装置，使它可以应用在比普通用户可能会遇到的更激烈的条件下。经常应用在军事上，这些设备可能需要在水下，沙尘暴，或雨中，或需要从很远的地方落下后仍然存活。这些设备必须能够处理这些技术规范文件，以获得军事应用的许可证。入口防护等级入口防护等级（IP）的代码是一个对防止外部势力压迫的标准。知识产权规范标准规定了每一种分类中都含有2个代表其物理和液体保护程度的字符。如果没有保护，一个X被放置在那个位置。第一个数字是对固体粒子和物体的保护。你可以得到第一个字符的最高等级是6。得分6意味着该

7、装置具有完善的保护免受损害的接触，以及不会进入灰尘。二是描述了对液体的保护，特别是水。最高水评是8，说明设备可以完全淹没任何时间在长度一米内维持内部不被损坏。知识产权代码只是用于分类保护的各种标准之一。在美国也存在国家电气制造商协会（NEMA），超出防护等级。在美国以外，有扩展的知识产权规范，以及完全新的系统。例如，德国标准称为IP69K率耐高温高压。医学医疗世界有自己的一套需求。医疗数据的信息和使用必须保密。在美国，病人和医生的保密性是非常重要的，这些服务必须受到保护。在全国各地的医院，安卓平板电脑操作包含敏感信息。病人的电子医疗记录（EMR）包含病人的整个病史，这是敏感信息。为了保护这些设

8、备，信息被加密和锁定。使用该设备的密码验证，以及需要的二级身份验证，以确保身份。这些设备还具有功能屏幕和使医疗专业人员的生活更容易的设计。这通常意味着，又大又易于阅读的显示屏被应用专门迎合医疗情况。虚拟化硬件是昂贵的，在一个单一的硬件设备创建虚拟平台已成为一种常见的做法。这样可以节省金钱和资源，因为你可以在任何时间替换虚拟实例而不接触硬件。虚拟实例也让您接入系统接口，而不需要任何特定的硬件。例如，在安卓模拟器上运行的虚拟安卓设备允许用户与应用程序部署在实际设备上进行交互。安全通信保持军事通信安全一直是一个挑战。在该领域的安全通信的发送和接收是一个非常困难的问题。相比反对力量，安全谈论是一种强大

9、的优势。困难的安全通信是多个问题的中心。你必须建立一个加密解密的方法，以尽可能小的延迟发送您的通讯。此外，你必须提供一些方法来决定谁能信任谁不相信。由于所有这些并发症，在军队使用的硬件和软件往往是多年后的消费级产品。在安卓设备上，公司一直致力于开发将在战场上使用的安全通信，以及在政府大楼里的安全通信。三、1型为了信息的安全使用，国家安全局（国家安全局）已经认证了1型设备与系统。1型认证是一个严谨的过程，涉及广泛的测试和正式的分析。分析的一些领域包括加密的安全性，防篡改，制造和排放测试。（1）联邦信息处理标准联邦信息处理标准（FIPS）认证授权软件和计算机系统的访问使用高度敏感和机密信息。有不同

10、的标准FIPS处理不同分类。例如，46-3 FIPS是美国数据加密标准（DES）的代码，而FIPS 197是高级加密标准（AES）。四、连接世界的网络现代的世界已经变得非常依赖于固定的连接，很容易忘记有多少种连接存在。这些连接方式都有不同的好处和限制。重要的是要有一个扎实的技术了解如何操作这些方法，以为您的业务的需求找到正确的匹配。蜂窝网络蜂窝网络技术和复杂的系统是非常复杂的，即使是小型网络也需要专门的硬件和软件。蜂窝网络从点到点通过使用蜂窝塔传输数据。有移动通信蜂窝网络的全球系统中的两个主要通信协议（GSM）和码分多址（CDMA）。这些协议允许多个类型的数据流从一个设备到另一个。它们的数据包

11、括语音通话、短消息服务（短信）和多媒体信息服务（信息服务）。开放移动联盟（OMA）标准的技术细节和许多提供蜂窝网络的协议和服务规范。开放移动联盟开放移动联盟成立于2002年6月，作为一个标准的手机行业的机构。OMA与各种标准机构一起在移动空间负责维护和许多标准的创建。一些更值得注意的是第三代合作伙伴计划（3GPP），第三代合作伙伴项目2（3GPP2），因特网工程任务组（IETF），和万维网联盟（W3C）。五、无线通信没有物理连接的2个或多个端点之间的无线通信传输数据。这种连接的距离可以短到几英寸甚至几百英里。有许多形式的无线通信存在，其中最流行的是Wi-Fi，蓝牙和射频（射频）。每一种方法都有

12、不同的优点和问题。无线局域网如今Wi-Fi可以存在于几乎所有的电子通信设备；它允许从一个无线接入点（WAP）的数据连接。Wi-Fi网络有120英尺（36米）和300英尺（91米）之间的范围，这取决于环境。Wi-Fi普遍使用的两种主要类型是802.11b和802.11g。大多数Android设备支持Wi-Fi连接到互联网和本地网络。当使用Wi-Fi在安卓设备上时，任何移动数据连接将被暂停，直到连接丢失或Wi-Fi被禁用。在安卓设备上使用Wi-Fi通常意味着一个更快的连接速度和更少的延迟。蓝牙蓝牙和Wi-Fi类似，但是是由电信供应商爱立信在1994年创建的一个新的无线技术。这是很好的传输数据技术，

13、在短距离的安全性高。蓝牙设备主要通过配对操作，专注于一对一的通信。在配对过程中，需要物理干预，以确保用户已访问设备的双方，增加了安全性。蓝牙支持直接的数据传输，因为距离短和更高的数据传输速度，典型的蓝牙设备作为接口或控制器被应用于现有系统中。这些系统包括耳机，键盘，鼠标，和移动设备。大多数现代的安卓设备支持蓝牙，蓝牙2或更高的服务。这些安卓设备可以传音乐，面对面手机聊天，甚至用蓝牙打造互联网热点。当使用蓝牙时，安卓允许您的启用的设备作为一个服务器或客户端。六、移动接口随着新技术被集成到智能手机中，我们的移动设备的通信方式已经改变了。而一个简单的物理拨号盘不仅仅只是一个显示，还包含现代手机的多点

14、触控屏幕，振动电机，LED通知灯，复杂的噪声检测、扬声器、加速度计和物理按键。Android开发者使用Android SDK提供这些技术。触摸屏全彩色触摸屏是一种较新的，流行的技术，已接管了智能手机市场。是在移动设备中使用的最好的触摸屏，支持高分辨率，多点触摸，和无痕覆盖。在移动空间电容和电阻的触摸屏中，有2种主要类型的触摸屏。电容电容式触摸屏是由一个绝缘体组成，通常是被导电材料覆盖的玻璃。当一个手指接触表面时，电子的电场被扭曲，并且电容被测量来找到触摸的位置。这项技术的结果，触屏位置是非常准确的，只需要一点点触摸。对电容式屏幕的最显著的缺点是某种电子导电材料在屏幕上操作的要求。这意味着为了工

15、作必须能导电（你的手套必须如此）！电阻电阻式触摸屏，顾名思义，有2个柔性片覆盖在一个电阻材料。其中一个表有传感器水平运行，其他的表传感器垂直运行。当屏幕接触时，精确点位于该线交叉的基础上。任何对象都可以操作电阻式触摸屏，但是，所需的力道是更大的精度是不准确的电容触摸屏。苹果公司已经选择让所有产品，采用触摸屏电容触摸屏。在安卓设备的市场空间，在电容和电阻的选择上，设备制造商已经开始分离。振动马达触摸屏是与移动设备进行交互的一种方法。几乎所有现代智能手机都有某种振动马达。这个振动马达包括一个较小的电动马达，使其重量维持在一个不平衡的方式。当电机试图旋转，通过平衡的重量的特性，使设备摇晃和振动。在安

16、卓系统中，开发人员可以完全访问该电机，并随时可以打开它。照明灯现代智能手机包含一个或多个灯，可作为一种辅助手段的通知。以Droid 2为例，光照后绿色的未读短信的接收和蓝色的无线电状态的变化。任何安卓开发人员都可以修改该灯的颜色和状态。加速度计许多现代智能手机都包含车载嵌入式加速度计。加速度计是一种电子芯片，在一个或多个方向上测量加速度。安卓系统使用内置的加速度计作为检测屏幕方向的一种手段。第三方开发人员已经扩展了这一技术并发展到应用程序，作为输入形式使用测量功能。倾斜传感器与加速度计的许多方法类似，倾斜传感器是一些现代智能手机包含的一个嵌入式设备。倾斜传感器是用于在安卓系统作为一种替代的加速

17、度计，以确定该设备的当前方向。硬件按钮除了触摸屏，许多手机都有物理按钮，允许更快地访问任务，如调整音量，设备休眠，返回到主屏幕，以及使用相机。当一个Android应用作为设备的重点时，这些按钮可以被重新编程输入进指定的应用程序。例如，在许多媒体应用的内部，音量按钮的变化来调整媒体音量的大小，而不是手机的音量。七、概述安卓设备不仅仅是通讯和娱乐设备。它们被用于许多不同的方式，如与个人电脑的互动，我们的车辆控制、数字娱乐系统的交织，等等。潜在的扩展超出了一般的消费市场。为了适应这些设备可以使用的所有可能的情况，有您必须解决特殊的要求。设备可以在水下和极端的工作环境中进行加固处理，在敏感领域使用加密

18、保护，以测试和开发，甚至可以使用军事力量进行保护。这些都是有可能的，因为光纤网络，允许设备在任何时候保持连接。正是这极致的光纤网络，创造了现代丰富的和不断变化的数字世界。我们可以通过各种媒介与我们的设备进行交互。高分辨率触摸屏提供响应和精确的控制，振动马达可以告诉我们有关新的事件，以及内置的传感器可以检测实时变化的设备方向。所有这些接口，和其他更多的接口，都是可供安卓开发人员使用在任何可能的方式中。2.外文原文Beyond the Mobile AppA Technology FoundationIn this business, by the time you realize youre i

19、n trouble, its too late to save yourself. Unless youre running scared all the time, youre gone. Bill GatesMobile devices are connected and involved in so much more of our life than just simple communications. Connected devices are all around us: Wi-Fi photo frames, Bluetooth receivers in automobiles

20、, and even wireless headphones. These devices allow us to stay up-to-date and engaged with all of our surroundings in a way that has never been seen before. Mobile phones allow us to interact with the world in a whole new way.Connected DevicesAs predicted by Kirk Skaugen, Corporate Vice President of

21、 Intel, over 15 billion devices will be connected to the Internet in the coming years. The Internet currently supports more than 4 billion connected devices, allowing for practically nonstop communication. The low prices of computer chips that power these connections have enabled a wave of connected

22、 devices. Devices that previously did not have wireless functionality now do, and that has changed how we interact with them. For example, modern televisions include wireless chips that allow them to receive streamed television and movies directly over the Internet.Home ComputingIt may feel like old

23、 news, but home computing is still a very legitimate and lucrative business. In a study conducted by U.S. Energy Information Administration, just fewer than 30 million Americans do not have a home computer of some kind. Compared to the 80 million Americans who have one or more personal computers, th

24、e United States is more connected than ever before. Applications on personal computers have come a long way since the creation and induction of smartphones into the marketplace. The ability to use and control your home computer from your smartphone, and vice versa, has taken off. You can view your d

25、esktop on the go, sync files and contacts from your phone to your laptop, use your phone as a remote control, or stream videos from your phone directly to your television.AutomotiveModern cars are loaded with tons of new technologies. You can watch television in the back seats, stream music over Blu

26、etooth, or make a hands-free call to anyone in the world. Smartphones have added even more functionality to the vehicles that we rely on daily. The ability to make a hands-free call over Bluetooth is often included in modern smartphones. This capability allows you to communicate with others while yo

27、u are on the roadlegally. GPS is another application inside of vehicles that is being used on smartphones. You no longer need a separate GPS device to map your route, which has significantly hurt the standalone GPS device market. Porting all of the functionality of these devices directly onto a smar

28、tphone adds convenience and ease of use. In addition, you can stream music to your vehicles speaker over the auxiliary port, find the cheapest gas in the city that you are passing through, and find things to do that are happening right now. Applications that interact directly with automobiles are ju

29、st starting to take off. As mobile phones get more powerful and vehicles are released with more technological interfaces, new smartphone applications will be created for this purpose.Digital EntertainmentA new age of digital entertainment is upon us. The connected nature of the modern world has crea

30、ted new possibilities and uses for entertainment devices and services. There are now multiple ways to stream television, movies, and music over the Internet, whenever you want. The entertainment industry embraces and encourages these services, often offering on-demand content for a subscription fee.

31、 With the addition of these capabilities, smartphone application developers created new uses for mobile phones. You can use your mobile phone as a television remote, as a media center that plays movies from the HDMI port on select devices, or as a portable media player that streams music from the ra

32、dio.Special RequirementsThe public side of the market is not the only place that smartphones are used. There are many military and private-sector uses for modern communication devices. Whether they are specially built hardened devices, extra-long range capabilities, or top-secret level communication

33、s, there are many special requirements for these types of devices.RuggedizationSometimes also called hardening, ruggedization involves altering a device so that it can be used in more intense conditions than regular users might encounter. Used often in military applications, these devices might be n

34、eeded underwater, in sandstorms, or in rain, or might need to survive impact after falling from great distances. Technical specifications document exactly what these devices must be able to handle in order to be licensed for military applications.Ingress Protection RatingThe Ingress Protection (IP)

35、Rating Code is a standard that classifies the degree of protection against outside forces. The IP Code standard specifies that each classification contain two characters representing its degree of physical and liquid protection. If there is no protection, an X is placed in that spot. The first digit

36、 is its protection against solid particles and objects. The highest rating that you can get on the first character is a 6. Scoring a 6 means that the device has complete protection against damage from contact, as well as no ingress to dust. The second character describes the protection against liqui

37、ds, specifically water. The highest water rating is an 8, specifying that the device can be fully submersed beyond one meter for any length of time without sustaining internal damage. IP Codes are just one of the various standards for classifying protection. Inside of the United States there also ex

38、ists the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), which publishes protection ratings. Outside the United States, there are extensions of the IP Code specification, as well as entirely new systems. For example, the German standard called IP69K rates high-pressure and high-temperature sit

39、uations.MedicalThe medical world has its own list of requirements. The information and use of medical data must be confidential. In the United States, patient-doctor confidentiality is taken very seriously and these devices must be protected. At select hospitals across the country, Android tablets o

40、perate with and contain sensitive information. A patients electronic medical record (EMR) contains the patients entire medical history, which is sensitive information. To protect these devices, information is encrypted and locked. Password authentication is required to use the device, as well as pos

41、sible secondary forms of authentication to ensure identity. These devices also feature screens and designs to make the lives of medical professionals easier. This often means large, easy-to-read screens, with applications specifically catered to medical situations.VirtualizedHardware is expensive an

42、d creating virtual platforms on a single hardware device has become a common practice. This saves money and resources, because you can replace virtual instances at any time without touching the hardware. Virtual instances also let you interface with systems without needing any sort of specific hardw

43、are. For example, virtual Android devices that run on the Android Emulator allow users to interact with it as if the application were deployed on the actual device.Secure CommunicationsKeeping military communications secure has always been a challenge. Sending and receiving secure communications in

44、the field is a very difficult problem. The ability to talk securely is a powerful advantage over opposing forces. The difficulty of secure communication is a multipart problem with few answers. You must establish a method of encrypting, decrypting, and transmitting your communications with as little

45、 delay as possible. In addition, you must offer some means for determining who to trust and who not to trust. Because of all of these complications, the hardware and software used in the military is often years behind consumer-grade products. On Android devices, companies have been working to develo

46、p secure communications that will be used on the battlefield, as well as in government buildings.Type 1The National Security Agency (NSA) has certified a Type 1 device, or system, for use with secure information. Type 1 certification is a rigorous process that involves extensive testing and formal a

47、nalysis. Some of the areas of analysis include cryptographic security, tamper resistance, manufacturing, and emissions testing.Federal Information Processing StandardA Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) certification grants software and computer systems access to use sensitive and highly

48、 classified information. There are different classifications of FIPS that deal with different standards. For example, FIPS 46-3 is the code for the United States Data Encryption Standard (DES), whereas FIPS 197 deals with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).The Cyber Fiber of Our Connected WorldT

49、he modern world has become very dependent on constant connectivity, and its easy to forget just how many forms of connection exist. These methods of connection all have different benefits and restrictions. It is important to have a solid technical understanding of how these methods operate, in order

50、 to find the correct match for your businesss needs.Cellular NetworksCellular networks are incredibly technical and complicated systems; even small networks require specialized hardware and software. Cellular networks transfer data from point to point through the use of cellular towers. There are tw

51、o major communication protocols of cellular networksGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These protocols allow multiple types of data to be streamed from one device to another. Their data includes voice calls, Short Message Service (SMS), and Multim

52、edia Messaging Service (MMS). The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) standardized the technical details and specifications for many of the protocols and services provided on cellular networks.Open Mobile AllianceThe Open Mobile Alliance was formed in June of 2002 and acts as a standards body for the mobile

53、phone industry. The OMA is responsible for the maintenance and creation of many standards within the mobile space, and works with various standards bodies. Some of the more notable are the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), the Internet Engin

54、eering Task Force (IETF), and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).Wireless CommunicationsWireless communications transfer data between two or more endpoints that have no physical connection. The distance of this connection can be as short as a few inches or as far as hundreds of thousands of miles.

55、Many forms of wireless communication exist, the most popular of which are Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and radio frequency (RF). Each method has distinct benefits and issues.Wi-FiWi-Fi is available on almost every electronic communication device produced today; it allows for data connections from a Wireless Ac

56、cess Point (WAP). Wi-Fi networks have ranges of between 120 feet (36 meters) and 300 feet (91 meters), depending on the environment. The two major types of Wi-Fi in common use are 802.11b and 802.11g. Most Android devices support Wi-Fi that connects to the Internet and to local networks. When using

57、Wi-Fi on Android devices, any cellular data connection will be suspended until connectivity is lost or until Wi-Fi is disabled. Using Wi-Fi on an Android device generally means a much faster connection speed with less latency.BluetoothBluetooth is similar to Wi-Fi, but is a newer wireless technology

58、 created in 1994 by the telecommunications vendor Ericsson. Its good for transferring data over short distances with high levels of security. Bluetooth devices operate primarily by pairing, focusing on one-to-one communication. Security is increased by requiring physical intervention during the pair

59、ing process to ensure that the user has access to both sides of the device. Bluetooth supports direct data transfer, and because of the short range and the higher data speeds, typical Bluetooth devices act as interfaces or controllers to existing systems. These systems include headsets, keyboards, m

60、ice, and mobile devices. Most modern Android devices are Bluetooth-enabled, with Bluetooth 2.0 or greater support. These Android devices can stream music, chat from phone to phone, and even create Internet hotspots using Bluetooth. When using Bluetooth, Android allows your enabled device to act as e