电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译

1、Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things andcome in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an allpurpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input，processes

2、data， storesdataandproducesoutput， allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions。Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by theenvironmentorbyanothercomputer。 Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can acceptinclude the words and symbols in a

3、document, numbers for a calculation， pictures， temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone， and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse， gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronicsignalsforthecomputer。 represent facts,ob

4、jects， andideas.Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer programorsimplyaprogram。 These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do asp

5、ecifictask。 In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processingunit （CPU)， which is sometimes describedasthe”brainofthecomputer.AcomputerstoresdatasothatitwillbeavailableforprocessingMostcomputershavemorethanonelocationforstoringdatadependingonhowthedataisbeinguse

6、d。 Memory is an area of a computerthattemporarilyholdsdatathatiswaitingtobeprocessedstored， oroutput。 Storage is theareawheredatacanbeleftonapermanentbasiswhenitisnotimmediatelyneededforprocessing。OutputistheresultsproducedbyacomputerSomeexamplesofcomputeroutputincludereports,documentsmusicgraphsand

7、pictures。 An output device displays, prints, or transmits the resultsofprocessing。Computers are versatile machines， which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of ， ofcomputers。Computers can be categorized as personal computer， handheld computers, workstations， mainframes， supercomputers ，

8、andservers。,消灭这样的外形和大小不同，它好像难以提炼成一个全能的定义,它们的共同特点。在其核心，一台计算机是一种装置，它接受输入，处理数据， 存储数据，并产生输出，依据对全部存储一系列指示。什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可供应的一人，由环境，或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子，一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件,规定计算，图片,从恒温器的温度数字,音频信号从一个麦克风,从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备，如键盘或鼠标，集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。在计算中，数据是指以符号代表的事实，对象和想法.计算机操作在很多方面的数据，我们称之为操作处理.一系列的指令，告知计

9、算机如何进行处理任务，被称为一个计算机程序,或只是一个“程序”.这些方案形成了软件，建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中,大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中心处理单元(CPU），有时为“大脑的计算机来形容。数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域，数据是临时持有等待处理,存储或输出。在数据存储，是可以在一个地区长期离开时，没有马上处理所需。,文件，音乐，图形，图片。输出设备显示，打印，或传送的处理结果。计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑,掌上电脑，工作站，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。A personal computer is a type of microcomputer， des

10、igned to meet the computing needs of an individual。 It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processingphotoeditinge-mailandInternetaccess。 Personal computers are available as desktopcomputersornotebookcomputers。个人计算机是一种微型计算机，它能够满足个人的计算需要，它特殊供应了适应各种各样计算应

11、用的方法，比如说文字处理、相片编辑、电子邮件以及进入互联网,个人计算机可以被当作台式计算机以及笔记本电脑一样使用A handheld computer is designed to fit into a pocket， run on batteries, and be used while you areholdingit。 Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and a palmtop computer, a computer in this category is typically used as an electronic ap

12、pointment book， address book, calculator, and notepad. With its slow processing speed and small screen， a handheld compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers. A handheld computer is designed to bea computing accessory

13、, rather than your primary 掌上电脑被设计成能够放进口袋，能依靠电池工作，并且当你放在手上它时能够运行.它也被称PDA(个人数字助手）和手掌上的电脑，这种类型的计算机典型性地被作为电子图书、通讯录、计算器以及记事原来使用.由于其速度较慢且显示屏较小，所以掌上电脑功能不够强大无法执行台式计算机及个人电脑所能完成的很多任务.掌上电脑旨在成为计算助手而非成为你的主要计算机.Computers advertised as workstation are usually powerful desktop computers designed for specialized ta

14、sks. A workstation can tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed， such as medicalimagingandcomputeraideddesign。 Some workstations contain more than one microprocessor， and most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying three- dimensionalandanimatedgraphics 。Becauseofits

15、cost， a workstation is often dedicated to， photoediting,andaccessingtheWeb。被人们大力宣扬为工作站的计算机通常是指设计来完成特定任务的功能强大的台式计算机。工作站能够处理需要快速处理的任务，例如医学成像以及计算机帮助设计.某些工作站包含不止一个微处理器，并且大多数具有特殊为产生和显示三维和动画图像而设计的电路.由于其成本高，所以一个工作站通常用来设计任务，而不是用来作为典型的微型计算机来应用,例如文字处理、图像编辑以及网络访问Ordinary personal computers that are connected t

16、o a local area network can also be called as workstations. A computer network is two or more computers and other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs. A LAN (local area network) is simply a computer network thatislocatedwithin a limited geographical areasuchasascho

17、olcomputerlaborasmallbusiness与LAN（局域网)仅仅是一个限定地理区域内的计算机网络,例如一个学校计算机试验室或一个小商行。A mainframe computer （ or simply a mainframe” ) is a large and expensive computer that is capableofsimultaneouslyprocessingdataforhundredsorthousandsofusers。 Mainframes are ， and management for large amounts of data. Mainfra

18、mes remain the computer of choice in situations where reliabilitydatasecurity， andcentralizedcontrolarenecessary.主机（或简写为“mainframe”）是一种大型昂贵的能够同时为成百上千用户处理数据的计算机.主机通常由商行或政府使用用来供应对大量数据的计算机。A computer falls into the supercomputer category if it is， at the time of construction, one of the fastest compute

19、rs in the world. Because of their speed， supercomputers can tackle complex tasks thatjustwouldnotbepracticalforothercomputers。 Typical uses for supercomputers include breaking codes, modeling worldwide weather systems， and simulating nuclear explosions. One impressive simulation designed to run on a

20、 supercomputer tracked the movement of thousands of dust particles astheyweretossedaboutbyatornado假如某种计算机在其制造的时代是世界上最快的计算机之一，那么这种计算机就属于超级计算机类型。由于它们的速度,超级计算机能够处理其它计算机所不能处理的简单机上所完成的一个使人留下深刻印象的仿真是对数以千计的尘埃微粒的运动进行追踪,这些尘埃微粒就象被一场龙卷风所抛掷一样。In the computer industry， the term server has several meanings. It ca

21、n refer to computer hardware， toaspecifictypeofsoftware， ortoacombinationofhardwareandsoftware。 In any case, the purpose of a server is to serve the computers on a network （ such as the Internet or a LAN） bysupplyingthemwithdata。 A personal computer， workstation, or software that requests datafromas

22、erverisreferredtoasa client。 For example， on a network， a server might respond toaclientsrequestforaWebpage。 Another server might handle the. steady stream of email that travels among clients from all over the Internet。 A server might also allow clients within a LAN to sharefilesoraccessacentralized

23、printer.在计算机工业中，“服务器”这个术语有多种含义.它可以指计算机硬件、特定类型的软件或是指硬软件结合.在任何场合,一个服务器的目的是通过向计算机供应数据而为（例如互联网或局域网）计算机服务。一台个人计算机、服务站或者向服务器申请数据的软件被称为客户，例如在网络上,一个服务器可能会用一个网页来回应客户的要求.另外的服务器可能会处理来往件或可以使用同一台中心打印机。A computer system usually refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage devices that are connec

24、ted to it. At the core of a personal computer system is a desktop or notebook 。一个计算机系统通常是指一台计算机以及与它相连的输入、输出以及存储设备。就实质内容来说，一个个人计算机系统就是一台台式计算机或一台笔记本电脑。除个人计算机之间装饰部分不同以外，一个个人计算机系统通常包括以下几种设备：Despitecosmeticdifferencesamongpersonalcomputers,apersonalcomputersystemusuallyincludesthefollowingequipment：Compu

25、tersystemunit。 The system unit is the case that holds the main circuit boards， microprocessorpowersupplyandstoragedevices。 The system unit for most notebook computersholdsabuilt-inkeyboardandspeakerstoo。Displaydevice。 Most desktop computers use a separate monitor as a display device,whereas notebook

26、 computers use an flat panel LCD screen (liquid crystal display screen） that isattachedtothesystemunit。Keyboard。 Mostcomputersareequippedwithakeyboardastheprimaryinputdevice.1）计算机系统单元系统单元包括主电路板、微处理器、电源以及存储设备,对于大多数笔记本电脑系统单元还包括一个机内键盘和喇叭.显示设备 大多数台式计算机使用一个单独的监视器作为显示器，然而笔记本电脑使用一个与系统LCD屏（液晶显示屏）作为显示器.键盘 大多

27、数计算机配有一个键盘作为主要输入设备。（4)MouseAmouseisanalternativeinputdevicedesignedtomanipulateon-screengraphicalobjectsandcontrols.4)鼠标 鼠标是另外一个旨在显示屏上处理图像目标和把握的输入设备Floppy disk drive. A floppy disk drive is a storage device that reads data from and writes data to floppy disks. A floppy disk is a round piece of flexi

28、ble mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magneticoxideandsealedinsideaprotectivecasing . The floppies most commonly usedpersonalcomputersare31/2diskswithacapacityof1。44MB.Harddiskdrive。 A hard disk contains one or more metallic disks encased within a disk drive， which can store billions of cha

29、racters of data in the form of magnetized spots. The storage capacityofaharddiskunitismanytimesthatofafloppydiskandmuchfaster。 It is usually mountedinsidethecomputerssystemunit.5)软盘驱动器 软盘驱动器是从软盘上读取数据或向软盘写入数据的存储设备。一个软盘是一张松软的聚酯薄膜塑料圆盘，圆盘上掩盖着一层薄的磁性氧化物并被封装在一个爱护套里。大多数通常使用在目前41/31。44MB的盘子.6）硬盘驱动器 硬盘包含一个或多个

30、装入硬盘驱动器内的金属盘片，硬盘可以用磁道来储存数十亿的单元内部.CDROMorDVDdriveACD-ROM(compactdiscreadonlymemorydriveisor audio CDs. A DVD (digital video disc) drive can read data from computer CDs， audio CDs, computerDVDsorDVDmoviedisks。 CDROM and DVD drives typically cannot be used to write dataonto disks. The ”RO” in ROM stands for ”read-only and means that the drive can read data from ， newdataonthem。7）CD-ROMDVDCD盒装的磁盘只读存储器）CD中的数DVD（数字视频磁盘)CDCDDVDDVD电子DVD驱动器不能用来在磁盘上写数据，“ROM中的“RO”表示“只