对语义网文章的翻译

1、Today, for the most part, services on the Web are created for human consumption, with interfaces intended for humans, not for software agents. In contrast, a DAML-enabled Web, while still allowing for human consumption of services, will make software agents rst-class citizens of the Web, with full a

2、ccess to its services. This, in turn, will allow the number and variety of services offered on the Web, and the efficiency with which they are used, to continue to increase at a dramatic rate.今天，在大多数情况下，人类消费的创建Web上的服务，以供人类，而不是为软件代理的接口。相比之下，DAML的Web，同时还允许用于人类消费的服务，将会使软件代理科幻网络的第一个一流的公民，具有完全访问其服务。这，反过来

3、，将允许在数量和种类所提供的网络上的服务，并与它们所使用的，将继续增加，在一剧烈的速率的效率。Web services can be of many types, including but not limited to the types that are already familiar to human users: querying of databases, catalogs, digital libraries, and other types of information repositories, searches and classication services provi

4、ded by portals, business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions, business-to-business (B2B) transactions, etc. It is worth noting that Web services are not limited to the two-party, client/server approach most commonly used. Services can involve any number of parties, with complex patterns of interaction be

5、tween them. For example, a business-to-business transaction may well involve a buyer, a seller, a nancer, and a shipper.Web服务可以是许多类型，包括但不限于那些已经熟悉的人的用户类型：数据库，目录，数字图书馆查询，以及其他类型的信息库，搜索和通过门户提供分类音响阳离子服务，企业对-consumer（B2C）交易，企业对企业（B2B）交易等，这是值得注意的是，Web服务并不局限于最常用的两方，客户机/服务器的方法。服务可以涉及任何数目的机构，复杂的他们之间的互动模式。例如，一

6、个企业对企业的交易可能涉及买方，卖方，一个网络nancer和托运人。To make use of a Web service, a software agent needs a formal description of the service, and the means by which it is accessed. An important goal for DAML, then, is to establish a framework within which these descriptions are made and shared.要使用Web服务，软件代理需要该服务的正式描述

7、，并通过其访问的手段。对于DAML的一个重要目标，那么，是建立在这些描述是由和共享的框架。The author of a DAML-annotated web page will need to provide sufficient information to link the services provided by the web page with the concepts in an appropriate theory or ontology. Usually there will not be an exact match between the service and a sy

8、mbol in the theory; rather, the author will need to describe a logical relationship between each service and the concepts of the theory.一个DAML-注释网页的作者将需要提供足够的信息，以在适当的理论或本体连结的概念所提供的网页服务。通常将不会有该服务，并在理论上一个符号之间的精确匹配;相反，作者将需要描述每个服务和理论的概念之间的逻辑关系。For one thing, the web site functions are dened on concrete

9、data types, such as strings or real numbers; the functions and relations in the theory will be dened on abstract entities, such as cities and people, independently of how they are represented. A query will not necessarily be phrased in terms of the same representation selected by a web site. Most pe

10、ople will not even know the concrete functions and relations computed by particular web sites.一方面，网站功能去连接的定义在具体的数据类型，比如字符串或实数;功能和关系，在理论上会去连接独立的他们是如何定义代表抽象的实体，如城市和人民。查询不一定会措辞在由一个网站中选择的相同的代表性的方面。大多数人甚至不知道被特定网站计算的具体功能和关系。For example, the Travelocity site HYPERLINK computes many functions. One of them r

11、eturns the airports local to a city, with their respective distances from the city. We cannot assume that the user knows that Travelocity provides this service. There may, however, be an ontology that denes an relation city-airport, that holds between a city and its local airports, which are abstrac

12、t entities.例如，Travelocity的站点计算的许多功能。其中一人返回本地城市的机场，从城市各自的距离。我们不能想当然地认为用户知道Travelocity提供这项服务。有可能，但是，是一个本体论德网络网元的关系，城市的机场，一个城市，当地机场，这是抽象的实体之间保存。The service that Travelocity provides for nding local airports can then be advertised using the following logical axiom.这Travelocity为网络nding当地机场的服务，然后可以使用下面的逻辑

13、公理广告。While city-airport is the abstract relation between a city and its local airports, city-airport-tvl is the concrete relation computed by the Travelocity web site that nds airports local to a given city, and their distances in miles from the city. While city-airport applies to cities and airport

14、s, which are abstract entities, city-airport-tvl applies to concrete strings and real numbers, which are a particular representation of the abstract entities. The relationship between the concrete strings and numbers and the abstract entities is expressed by functions and relations from the ontology

15、 itself.虽然城市机场是一个城市，当地机场之间的抽象关系，城市机场TVL是具体关系由Travelocity的网站计算，发现在距离城市里当地机场给定的城市，它们的距离。而城市的机场适用于城市和机场，这是抽象的实体，城市机场TVL适用于具体的字符串和实数，这是抽象的实体的特定表示。具体的字符串和数字和抽象实体之间的关系是由功能和关系从本体本身表达。Travelocity choses to represent a city with three name-strings, for the city, the state (or region), and the country, respec

16、tively. For instance, the function city maps these name-strings into the appropriate city, an abstract entity. Thus，A is the abstract entity New York City. Similarly, the function airport maps a name-string or a code for an airport into the corresponding airport.Travelocity选择，状态（或区域），和国家，分别代表一个城市三个名

17、称字符串，为城市。例如，该功能的城市地图，这些名称字符串转换成相应的城市，一个抽象的实体。因此，A是抽象的实体纽约市。同样，函数映射机场的名称字符串或代码，进行机场到相应的机场。This service provided by Travelocity can be advertised in terms of other concepts from the same or other ontologies. For instance, the above assertion does not say anything about the distances that the web site

18、computes, between a city and its local airport. That information is provided by an additional assertion.由travelocity提供此服务才能被发布在来自相同或其他本体其他概念术语。例如，上述说法并没有说明该网站计算，一个城市，当地机场之间的距离任何东西。这些信息是通过一个额外的断言提供。Here,distance-between gives the abstract distance between two places, independent of unit of measuremen

19、t; miles maps a concrete real number into an abstract distance, the corresponding distance in miles. There are other functions, for kilometers, feet, etc. This representation does not identify numbers with distances; rather, it allows web sites that only deal with miles to communicate with web sites

20、 that only deal with kilometers.在这里，两者之间的距离使两地独立的计量单位的，之间的抽象距离;英里映射一个具体的实数到一个抽象的距离，英里相应的距离。还有其他功能，千米，脚等，这表示不能识别的数字与距离;相反，它允许Web站点，只有处理英里的网站，只有应对公里进行沟通。These examples show the importance of having some logical power to advertise the services of web sites. We can see the value of a sorted logic with e

21、quality. Although one could phrase the same assertions in unsorted logic without equality, they would be unwieldy to write and more inefcient to reason with. In particular, without sorts we would need to prex each assertions with conditions, such as这些事例例示出了具有以广告的网站的服务的一些逻辑力量的重要性。我们可以看到与平等的排序逻辑的意义。虽然

22、一个人能短语不公平排序的逻辑相同的断言，他们将是更加繁琐的编写和更多的低效网络。特别是，没有各种我们需要每个前缀与条件，如Without equality, it is peculiarly awkward to reason about functions, for example to express the uniqueness of their values. In addition to such linking assertions, we will need other assertions for background inference, to link queries wi

23、th web sites and to link different web sites together. For example, the following assertion tells us that the time required to travel from one place to another is limited by the distance between them and by the persons best speed.没有平等的，这是独有的尴尬推理功能，例如以表达他们的价值观的独特性。除了这些链接的断言，我们需要其他断言背景推断，链接查询与网站和链接不同的

24、网站一起。例如，下面的断言告诉我们，从一个地方到另一个地方旅行所需要的时间是由在它们之间，并通过该人的最佳速度的距离的限制。While this assertion does not directly refer to any particular web site, it is useful in handling queries that do invoke web sites. For instance, if we are using Travelocity to book a trip, the decision about which ight to book might be d

25、etermined by the time required to travel between the airport and the ultimate destination city.虽然这种主张不直接参考任何特定的网站，它是在处理的查询执行调用的网站是有用的。举例来说，如果我们使用Travelocity预订行程，决定哪些飞行到预定可能是由机场和最终目的地城市之间旅行所需的时间确定。It may not be necessary to express background assertions in the DAML language, but it will be necessary

26、to invoke such assertions in the course of handling queries. It will be important that people writing DAML-annotated web pages should nd it easy to write declarative statements that describe how the services offered by that web page are related to some theory. While they need not write them in logic

27、 directly, they will need to write them with some tool that translates them into logic. If the logical language is less expressive, that translation will be more difcult. It is not true that using a less expressive language will give us more efciency of inference. If we paraphrase the above assertio

28、ns without using equality and sorts, the result will be less efcient inference, not more.它可能不是必要的表达背景断言在DAML语言，但它有必要在处理查询的过程中调用这样的声明。这将是非常重要的人写DAML标注的网页会发现很容易地编写描述了该网页所提供的服务是如何相关的一些理论声明语句。虽然他们不必在逻辑上直接写他们，他们将需要一些工具，将其转换为逻辑写出来。如果逻辑语言表现力不足，那翻译会更加困难。这是不正确的使用更少的语言表达能力将会给我们的推论更有效率。如果我们套用在不使用的平等和排序上述说法，往往不

29、是想要得到的结果。MODELING SERVICE PROCESSES 建模服务流程Much of the Web-based ontological content (developed using DAML, OIL and other languages) is based on static attribute-value feature structures arranged in taxonomies. This representation is ideal for describing and representing complex objects (nouns) such

30、as documents, organizations, or bibliographies in a manner that supports structured queries such as the rst three of our example queries.许多基于Web的本体论的内容（使用DAML，OIL和其他语言开发）是基于安排在分类的静态属性值特征结构。这种表示是理想的描述和表示复杂的对象（名词）如文档，组织或参考书目在支持结构化查询的方式，例如在网络连接前三个我们的例子中的查询。A signicant missing piece in the currently ava

31、ilable ontological content is the representation of the dynamic content of services (procedures, protocols, behaviors and transactions). Much of the Web is about providing and using services such as reserving a ticket, interacting with a secure site, buying/selling/trading, and making an appointment

32、 with a doctor. Services are distinguished from objects in that they require representing changes in the state of the world and the dynamics of interaction. In this way, services are more like verbs and actions than like nouns. Thus representing services requires tapping into an ontology/theory of a

33、ctions, processes and events.一个显着的缺失一块，在现有的本体论内容的服务（程序，协议，行为和交易）的动态内容的表示。大部分网站的是关于提供和使用服务，如预留票，用一个安全的网站，购买/卖出/交易互动，并正与医生预约。服务是由对象区分的，因为它们需要代表世界的状态变化和相互作用的动力学。以这种方式，服务是更像像名词动词和行动。因此，代表服务，需要攻到行动，过程和事件的本体/理论。A Core Theory of Processes and Events 过程和项目的核心理论Consider the examples of Queries 4 and 5 (Secti

34、on 1). These queries are information requests that result in actions changing the state of the world in a specic way (one results in a buying action from , the other in placing a library hold on a book). In order for these queries to be processed, the Web agent needs to know at least the following:

35、a) input/output format/protocol(OAA, Jini), b) parameters of interaction (payment method, shipping method, etc., c) dynamics of interaction (steps involved and the internal temporal structure of a buying action), d) preconditions/effects of a specic action (selecting a book results in its being in t

36、he shopping cart), e) resources consumed (money), produced or locked (credit card number), f) ways of controlling the transaction, such as short cuts (using stored prole information), interrupting or canceling from various stages/states in the interaction (you can cancel an order before shipping).考虑

37、查询的例4和5（第一部分）。这些查询都是导致改变一个特定的方式行动的信息请求（一个导致从买入的动作，另外在放置库扶住一本书）。为了使这些查询处理，网络代理需要知道至少有以下：A）输入/输出格式/协议，B）interaction的参数（付款方式，送货方式等，C）interaction的动态（步骤参与和买入动作内部时间结构），D）特定动作的影响（选择一本书，导致其存在于购物车），E）资源消耗，生产或锁定（信用卡号），F）控制的事务，如捷径（使用存储文件信息），中断或取消不同阶段的互动方式（你可以取消发货前订单）。Continuing with the example, note that buyi

38、ng is not an isolated concept but is integrated with a cluster of concepts in what might be called the commercial transaction frame. The commercial transaction frame involves such concepts as possession, change of possession (giving, taking/receiving), exchange (the parties in the exchange accept an

39、d are expected by their community to accept the results of the exchange), and money. The basic parameters/roles of this frame, then, will include Money, the Goods (standing for goods or services), the Buyer (the person who surrenders money in exchange for the goods), and the Seller (the person who s

40、urrenders the goods in exchange for the money). Further elaborations, needed for describing some of the peripheral terms in this frame, involve certain details of the exchange: in some cases, for example, we need to identify the Price, a ratio between the quantity of money given and the quantity of

41、goods received (e.g. two dollars an ounce), temporal features of the exchange (perhaps the payment is spread over a period of time), the difference between the tender and the price (Change), and so on. Still further elaborations can separate the owner of the goods or the owner of the money from the

42、actual participants in the exchange arrangement.继续上面的例子，注意买的不是一个孤立的概念，而是被集成的概念，可称之为商业交易框架集群。在商业交易框架涉及这些概念的占有，变更持有，交流，和金钱。基本参数/该帧的角色，那么，包括金钱，货物，买方和卖方。进一步的解释，需要用于描述在该帧部分的周边上，涉及的交流的某些细节：在某些情况下，例如，我们需要确定价格，对给定的货币量和接收到的货物的数量之间的比率，交流的时空特征，招标和价格（变化）之间的差异，等等。更进一步的阐述可以分出货主或钱从交易所安排的实际参与者的所有者。We have been deve

43、loping just such a parameterized model of the structure of events and processes, and it can support tools for agents to enter, modify, advertise and communicate the capabilities, types and details of events they can observe, monitor, model and control. The abstract theory of event structure has thre

44、e major components.我们一直在开发项目和过程的结构就是这样一个参数化模型，它可以支持代理商进入，修改，宣传和沟通的能力，类型和事件，他们可以观察，监测，模型和控制的详细信息。事件结构的抽象理论有三个主要组成部分。Temporal structure and evolution trajectories: 时空结构和演变轨迹The ne structure of events comprises of a set of key states (such as enabled, ready, ongoing, done, suspended, canceled, stopped,

45、 aborted) and a partially ordered directed graph that represents possible evolution trajectories as transitions between key states (such as prepare, start, interrupt, nish, cancel, abort, iterate, resume, restart). Each of these transitions may be atomic, timed, stochastic or hierarchical (with a re

46、cursively embedded event-structure).事件的精细结构由一组关键词和部分有序向图表示可能的进化轨迹的关键词之间的转换。这些转变可能是原子，定时，随机或分层。Process primitives and event construals: 流程原语和事件构念Events may be punctual, durative, (a)telic, (a)periodic, (un)controllable, reversable, (ir)reversable, ballistic or continuous. Thay may describe their reso

47、urce interactions through relations such as locking, producing, creating, transforming, consuming or destroying.事件可能是精准的，持续性，有目标性的，周期性的，可控的，可逆的，不可逆的，连续行的。他们可能会通过诸如锁定，生产，创造，转化，消耗或破坏的关系形容他们的资源交互。3.Inter-event relations: 事件间的关系A rich theory of inter-event relations allows sequential and concurrent enab

48、ling, disabling, or modifying relations. Examples include interrupting, starting, resuming, canceling, aborting or terminating relations. In each of these cases, we have a precise semantics in terms of the overall structure of the interacting events.丰富的事件之间的关系的理论允许顺序和并发启用，禁用或修改的关系。例子包括中断，启动，恢复，取消，中止

49、或终止关系。在这些情况下，我们已经在交互事件的整体结构方面具有精确的语义A DAML Encoding of Processes 进程的DAML编码We have a preliminary DAML implementation of many aspects of our core theory of processes and events. Some aspects of this core ontology are described below.我们有一个初步的DAML实现我们的核心的流程和事件理论的许多方面。这个核心本体的一些方面描述如下。The basic class that

50、 implements process-specic information is appropriately termed the EVENT class. Event specic information includes parameters such as the name of the event, where it is to execute, documents updated, read or written as part of execution. These properties obviously refer to noun ontologies like name o

51、ntologies or document ontologies (developed by us or other ontology developers).实现过程中，特定网络信息的基本类是适当称为事件类。事件特定网络相关信息包括参数，例如事件，它是要执行的名称，更新文件，读出或写入的执行的一部分。这些特性显然是指名词本体，如姓名本体或文档本体（由美国或其他本体开发者开发）。Processes have a name, inputs, outputs, participants, parameters, preconditions, and effects. Each input, out

52、put, parameter, precondition or effect is a property of event left unrestricted at this level (it ranges over ”Thing”). Collections of input, output, etc, are unrestricted bags (items are anything). Shown below is an illustrative sample from our existing ontology.流程有一个名字，输入，输出，参与者，参数，先决条件和效果。每个输入，输出

53、，参数，前提条件或效果是事件的属性在这个级别不受限制。输入，输出等的集合，不受限制。下面显示的是从我们现有的本体论的例证样本。Parameters are further typed into input, output and participants.参数进一步输入到输入，输出和参与者。A theory of events has to link to a theory of time. We have been developing a fairly rich theory of time 1, 11 that includes a theory of time intervals an

54、d a theory of time points with varying densities (qualitative, integer, reals, etc.). Our DAML encoding of the start time of a process may thus use the point theory while the duration of a process may be specied using the interval theory.事件的理论有链接到时间的理论。我们一直在开发时间相当丰富的理论，它包括时间间隔一个理论和时间点的理论具有不同密度（定性，整数

55、，实数，等等）。因而我们DAML的处理的开始时间编码可以使用点理论而过程的持续时间可以是使用间隔理论特定网络连接编辑。Processes are complex events that have additional properties with respect to the ordering and conditional execution of individual events. The attempt here is to come up with a minimal set of process classes that can be specialized to specify

56、 a variety of web services.进程是具有附加属性就订购和个别事件的条件执行复杂的事件。这里的企图是要拿出一套可以专门指定一个不同的网络服务过程中最低的类。There are two fundamental relations between events and processes. One pertains to expanding an event to its underlying process (zoom-in) and the other corresponds to collapsing a process into an atomic event (zo

57、om-out).事件和过程之间有两个基本关系。一是涉及扩大一个事件来其基本处理（放大中），另一个对应于塌陷的处理进入原子事件（缩小）。Often we want to dene operations on multisets of processes (buying involves simultaneous transfers of money (from credit card bank to seller) and goods (from seller to buyer). To do this we dene a PROCESS BAG class that is a subclass

58、 of the RDF通常我们要对流程多集定义操作（买入涉及金钱同步传输（从信用卡银行卖方）和货物（由卖方买方）。要做到这一点，我们定义一个过程BAG类是RDF的子类Now we are able to dene more complicated assemblages of processes. For instance, SEQUENCE is a process that is comprised of a list of sub processes, while CONCURRENT is a process which comprises a multiset of sub proc

59、esses.现在我们能够确定的处理更复杂组合。例如，序列是由子进程的列表的处理，而并发是一个过程，它包括子过程的多集。We have also implemented an algorithm that can recursively construct executable process models of the type described in given DAML descriptions of the dynamic content of services. Such models can be constructed automatically by agents that e

60、ncounter specic services. Agents can then use these models to track execution of service requests and responses, monitor requests and task performance and to plan and schedule specic service related tasks.我们还实施了一种算法，可以递归地构建的服务的动态内容进行说明DAML描述所述类型的可执行过程的模型。这种模式可以自动由特定遇到特定业务代理商来构建。那么代理可以使用这些模型来跟踪执行服务请求