华中农业大学微生物英文版1课件

1、Biology of microorganisms Zhao Bin and He shaojiangThe college of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural University IntroductionHow to use your textbook?Whats the arrangement for the teaching?Why should we study microbiologyLecture (70 hours)Laboratory practice (50 hours)Mini-test (10 time

2、s)Open-laboratory practiceClub activityArrangementWhy should we study microbiology? Two major reasonsmicrobiology deals with many important practical problems in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Biochemical and genetic study As a basic biological science As an applied biological science Provides

3、 research toolsHow to use your textbook ?The CHAPTER OUTLINE provides an overview of the chapters main concepts.SECTION NUMBERS keyde to page numbers provide easy reference points.The WORKING GLOSSARY provides definitions of important terms within each chapter.(Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Ninth

4、 Edition)CONCEPT CHECKS summarize each section and provide quiz questions, so students can evaluate their understanding as they progress through the chapter.CONCEPT LINKS alert students to material that builds on previous concepts and provides a useful cross-referencing system for the entire book.Ou

5、tstanding MICROGRAPHS are included throughout. TABLES have been redesigned to make key information even more accessible to students.REVIEW QUESTIONS challenge the students mastery of chapter concepts.APPLICATION QUESTIONS allow students to test their analytical and problem-solving skills.APPENDICES

6、provide useful tutorial and reference information.BackBackBackBackBackBackA very effective study technique to you SurveyQuestion ReadReviseRecord ReviewSQ4R TechniqueTo continue Survey Briefly scan the chapter to become familiar with its general content. Quickly read the title, introduction, summary

7、, and main headings. Record the major ideas and points that you think the chapter will make. If there are a list of chapter concepts and a chapter outline, pay close attention to these. This survey should give you a feel for the topic and how the chapter is approaching it. Question As you reach each

8、 main heading or subheading, try to compose an important question or two that you believe the section will answer. This preview question will help focus your reading of the section. It is also a good idea to keep asking yourself questions as you read. This habit facilitates active reading and learni

9、ng. Read Carefully read the section. Read to understand concepts and major points, and try to find the answer to your preview question(s). You may want to highlight very important terms or explanations of concepts, but do not indiscriminantly highlight everything. Record Underline the information in

10、 the text that answers your questions, if you have not already done so. You may wish to write down the answers in note form as well. This process will give you good material to use in preparing for exams. Review Review the information by trying to answer your questions without looking at the text. I

11、f the text has a list of key words and a set of study questions, be sure to use these in your review. You will retain much more if you review the material several times. The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the us

12、e of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.1.1 What is a microbe? Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. These life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying thei

13、r image with a microscope. Microbial worldOrganisms (living)Infectious agents (non-living)Prokaryotes (unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae (unicellular or multicellularFungi (unicellular or multicellularProtozoa (unicellular)Other multicellular organismsMost of the bacte

14、ria, proto- zoa, and fungi are single-celled microo rganisms, and even the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.The size and cell type of microbes microbeApp

15、roximate range of sizesCell typeViruses0.01-0.25mAcellularBacteria0.1-10mProkaryoteFungi2m-1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000mEukaryoteAlgae1m-several metersEukaryoteMicrobes impinge on all aspects of life, just a few of these are listed below:The environmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2 The importanc

16、e of microbiologyThe environmentMedicineFood BiotechnologyResearchPress here to continue Microbes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphors (geochemical cycles), all essential components of living organisms (Topic FI). They are found in association with plants in symbiotic re

17、lationships, maintain soil fertilitv and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds (bio-remediation; Topics H6 and 14). Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens (Topic H7), which destroy important food crops, but others may act as biological control agents against these di

18、seases.The disease-causing ability of some microbes such as smallpox. (Variola virus; Topic KS), cholera (Vibrio cholera bacteria; Section F3) and malaria (Plasmodium protozoa, Topic J7) is well known. However, micro-organisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of anti

19、biotics (Topic F7) and other medically important drugs.Microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many processes, to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce (Topic F2). At the other end of the scale, microbes are

20、 responsible for food spoilage, and disease-causing microbes are frequently carried on food (Topic F5).Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize many important chemicals such as acetone and acetic acid (Topic F2). More recently he advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the clo

21、ning of pharmaceutically important polypeptides into microbes, which may hen be produced on a large scale.Microbes have been used extensively as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes as they are much easier to work with than more complex animals and plants. Mil

22、lions of copies of the same single cell can be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. An additional advantage is that most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.MicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozool

23、ogyParasitologyMicrobial MorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycology or AlgologyMicrobial physiologyMicrobial taxonomyMicrobial geneticsMolecular biologyMicrobial ecologyThe discovery of microorganismsThe spontaneous generation conflictThe recognition of microbial role in diseaseThe discovery of microbial e

24、ffects on organic and inorganic matterThe development of microbiology in this century1.4 The history of microbiologyThe discovery of microorganisms The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganismsAntony van Leeuwenhock (1632-1723)The first person to observe and describe microorgani

25、sms was the amateur microscopist Antony van leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.Leeuwenkoek made his simple, single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 300 times. Between 1673 1723, he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed f

26、rom the samples of rainwater, and humam mouth.Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.lensObject being viewedadjustingscrewsFinal refutation of spontaneous generation birth of microbiol

27、ogy as a scienceDiscovery of the existence of anaerobic life fermentationVaccinesPasteurizationPasteurs contributions:Louis Pasteur working in his laboratoryLouis Pasteur (1822 1895)Pasteur (1857) demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation is due to the activity of microorganisms.2. Pasteur (1861) c

28、onflict over spontaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science3. Pasteur (1881) developed anthrax vaccine4. PasteurizationThe spontaneous generation conflict Spontaneous generation that living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter.Pasteurs swan neck flasks used in his

29、experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganismsConclusion: Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but are produced by other microorganismsRobert Kock in his laboratoryThe recognition of microbial role in diseaseRobert Kock (1843 1910)The microorganisms must

30、 be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.The disease must result when the isolated microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host.The same microorganisms must be isolated again from the dise

31、ased host Kocks postulatesThe Golden age of microbiology Koch and pure cultures Fermentation and Pasteurization Germ theory of desease VaccinationBeijerinck made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology. He isolated Azotobacter and Rhizobium.The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matterThe Russian microbiologist Winograsky discovered