海上货物绑扎及系固

1、海上货物的绑扎及系固Cargoslashing&securing1词语解释1.1B.S.BreakingStrength破断强度=45SWL(orWLL)inCSS,meanthepointatwhichthecomponent,materialorelementcannolongersupportorsustaintheload.1.2NBLnominalbreaking-load破断负荷二BS1.3SWLsafeworkingload安全工作负荷(用于liftinggear)1.4WLLworkingloadlimit工作负荷二SWL(用于liftinggear)1.5PLproofloa

2、d试验负荷二2xSWL(orWLL)1.6MSLmaximumSecuringLoad最大系固负荷=PL=2xSWL(orWLL)isatermusedtodefinetheallowableloadcapacityforadeviceusedtosecurecargotoaship.1.7CSCalculatestrength计算强度=MSL/1.51.8MSL&BSMaterialsMSLShackles,rings,deckeyes,turnbucklesofmildsteel低碳钢的卸扣、环、甲板眼及扣紧螺丝50%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Fibrerope纤

3、维绳33%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Wirerope（singleuse）钢丝绳（一次性）80%ofbreakingstrength80%的破断强度Weblashing（纤维网状绑扎件）70%ofbreakingstrength70%的破断强度Wireropere-useable钢丝绳（重复使用）30%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Steelband(singleuse)钢带(一次性)70%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Chains链50%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Fibrestrapswithte

4、nsioners带有张力器的纤维带Apermissibleworkingload允许的工作载荷Specialequipmentforsecuringcontainers系固集装箱的特殊设备Apermissibleworkingload允许的工作载荷起重设备liftingfacilities起重设备的最小安全负荷（SWL）1.05Mg；联合的起重设备的安全负荷之和应大于货重的1.5倍：（SWL1+SWL2）1.5Mg吊索之间的夹角应不大于45度，超过45度应采用横挡（spreader），但不得直接触碰所吊装的货物（加橡胶碰垫）所有起重设备的证书应齐全并在有效期内，现实状况良好上述的最小安全负荷，

5、是指起货机、吊索、卸扣、横挡等中的最小安全负荷值计算。局部强度localintension通常，因海水因数的影响，货物的重量取其重量的1.05倍，即增加5。P=1.05xMxg/A（A=A1+A2+A3+）若没有相关的资料：对于主甲板的强度约2.5吨/平方米；舱盖板的强度约1.3吨/平方米（长度大于100米）、0.75吨/平方米（长度小于100米）；舱底板的强度约1.75吨/平方米。或使用下列中国船级社规范设计的船舶，其中d为夏季载重线吃水（米），H为甲板间高度位置最大许用堆装负荷，吨/平方米内底D货舱内货物甲板H/1.39货舱内舱口盖H/1.39露天甲板0.865露天舱口盖甲板0.865垫木

6、的厚度通常25毫米以上（长度150 x25毫米），但是重货的垫木厚度要求50毫米以上（长度150 x50毫米），对于厚度超过75毫米的垫木更欢迎，可是要注意木纹的方向。两块垫木用铁钉连接起来，可以接受，只是要注意木纹的方向。RuleofthumbmethodRuleofthumbmethodforcargostowedunderweatherdeck,Totalbreakingstrengthoflashing2xmxgforrollperiodsmorethan13seconds,totalbreakingstrengthoflashing3xmxglocationAccelerationA

7、nglesLashingusedtosecurecargoorvechiclesshouldhaveaAthwartships0.7g55breakingloadofatleast3timesthedesignload,thedesignLongitudinally0.3g73loadbeingthetotalweightofthecargoorcargoplusvehicleVertically1.0gsubjecttoaccelerationofCSS&CSMThetotalMSLvalueofthesecuringdevicesoneachsideofaunitofcargo(porta

8、swellasstarboard)shouldbeequaltheweightoftheunit.Namely,fortransverse,MSLmg.一宗货物每一侧(左舷或右舷)的绑扎装置MSL值的总和应等于该宗货物的重量。Thismethod,whichimpliesatransverseaccelerationof1g(9.81m/sec2),appliestonearlyanysizeofshipregardlessofthelocationofstowage,stabilityandloadingcondition,seasonandareaofoperation.Themethod

9、however,neithertakesintoaccounttheadverseeffectsoflashinganglesandnon-homogeneousdistributionofforceamongthesecuringdevicesnorfavorableoffriction.这种方法等于假定横向加速度1g(9.81m/s2),并适用于任何季节和海域，任何稳性情况和载况及任何积载位置的任意大小的船舶。然而本方法既没有考虑绑扎角和绑扎设备之间的不均匀的不利作用，也没有考虑摩擦力的有效作用；Transverselashinganglestothedeckshouldnotbegrea

10、terthan60anditisimportantthatadequatefrictionisprovidedbytheuseofsuitablematerials.Additionallashingsatanglesofgreaterthan60maybedesirabletopreventtippingbutarenottobecountedinthenumberoflashingundertherule-ofthumb.相对甲板的绑扎角不得大于60，同时用适当的材料保证有适当的摩擦力是很重要的。凭经验为防止货物倾斜可要求设置大于60角的附加绑扎，但不得计入绑扎数。Advancedcalc

11、ulatemethod(CSMchapter1994/1995and1997amendment)MSLManufacturersofsecuringequipmentshouldatleastsupplyinformationonthenominalbreakingstrengthoftheequipmentinkilonewtons(kN);系固设备的生产厂家应至少提供该设备的名义破断强度值，以kN为单位；“maximumsecuringload(MSL)isatermusedtodefinetheloadcapacityforadeviceusedtosecurecargotoaship;

12、“最大系固载荷”(MSL)是用于定义船上系固货物的设备承载能力的术语；Maximumsecuringloadistosecuringdevicesassafeworkingloadistoliftingtackle,theMSLfordifferentsecuringdevicesaregivenbelow(table1)ifnotgivenunder3.theMSLoftimbershouldbetakenas0.3kNpercm2normaltothegrain.系固设备的最大系固载荷就象起吊索具的安全工作载荷一样。各种系固设备的MSL给出如下，如果没有在下表给出。顺纹理木材的MSL取0.

13、3Kn/cm2。5.1.4（table1）由破断强度确定MSLMaterialsMSLShackles,rings,deckeyes,turnbucklesofmildsteel低碳钢的卸扣、环、甲板眼及扣紧螺丝50%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Fibrerope纤维绳33%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Wirerope（singleuse）钢丝绳（一次性）80%ofbreakingstrength80%的破断强度Weblashing（纤维网状绑扎件）70%ofbreakingstrength70%的破断强度Wireropere-useable钢丝

14、绳（重复使用）30%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Steelband(singleuse)钢带(一次性)70%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Chains链50%ofbreakingstrength50%的破断强度Fibrestrapswithtensioners带有张力器的纤维带Apermissibleworkingload允许的工作载荷Specialequipmentforsecuringcontainers系固集装箱的特殊设备Apermissibleworkingload允许的工作载荷5.1.5Forparticularsecuringdevic

15、es(e.g.fibrestrapswithtensionersorspecialsequipmentforsecuringcontainers)apermissibleworkingloadmaybeprescribedandmarkedbyauthority.ThisshouldbetakenastheMSL.MSL=SWL对特定的系固设备(如带有张力器的纤维带或系固集装箱的特殊设备)其允许工作载荷由主管机关给出和标记。该值可作为MSL。Whenthecomponentsofalashingdeviceareconnectedinseries,forexample,awiretoashac

16、kletoadeckeyes,theminimumMSLintheseriesshallapplytothatdevice.当系固装置的部件以串联形式连接时，例如，由钢丝绳到卸扣和到甲板眼，则该系固装置的MSL为串联中的最小的MSL值。AssumptionexternalforcesF(x,y,z)=ma(x.y.z)+Fw(x.y)+Fs(x.y)F(x,y,z)longitudinal,transverseandverticalforces;纵向、横向和垂向力；Mmassoftheunit货物件质量a(x.y.z)longitudinal,transverseandverticalacce

17、leration(seetable2)纵向、横向和垂向加速度;ay=aoyxK1xK2;ax=aoxxK1;az=aozxK1K1船长及航速修正系数；K2船宽与初稳性高度比修正系数Fw(x.y)longitudinalandtransverseforcebywindpressure,forcebywindpressure=1kNperm2纵向、横向风压力（每平方米1千牛）Fw（x.y）=PwxAw=AwFs(x.y)longitudinalandtransverseforcebyseasloshing,forcebyseasloshing=1kNperm2,Fs(x.y)=PsxAs=As;h

18、oweverseasloshingforcesneedonlybeappliedtoaheightofdeckcargoupto2metersabovetheweatherdeckorhatchtop.Forvoyageinrestrictedareaseasloshingforcesmaybeneglected.由海浪晃动引起的纵、横向力；（每平方米1千牛顿）海浪的晃动引起的力可能比上述给出的力大的多。该数值应视作为在采取了防止恶劣海况的适当措施之后剩余不可避免的力。海浪的晃动力仅适用于舱口盖或风雨甲板上堆高2米的甲板货。对于限制航区的情况，海浪晃动力可不计。Basicacceleratio

19、ndata(table2)基本加速度参数TransverseaccelerationaOyinm/sec2横向加速度Longitudinalaccelerationaoxinm/sec2纵向加速度Ondeckhigh3.8Ondecklow2.9Tweendeck2.0Lowerhold5.05.05.91.5Verticalaccelerationaozinm/sec2垂向加速,度Distance

20、frsternLAsabove,onweatherdeckaox0.gm/sec2,a0y0.6gm/sec2,aoz0.4gm/sec2underdeckaox0.20gm/sec2,a0y0.64gm/sec2,aoz0.4gm/sec2Correctionfactorforlengthandspeed(table3)用于船长和船速的修正系数Length/speed50607080901001201401601802009kn1.201.091.000.920.850.790.700

21、.630.570.530.4912kn1.330.960.900.790.720.650.600.5615kn1.491.371.000.890.800.730.680.6318kn1.641.491.371.280.890.820.760.7121kn1.781.621.491.381.291.211.080.980.900.830.7824kn1.931.761.621.501.401.311.171.070.980.910.85CorrectionfactorforB/GM13(Table4)用于船宽/初稳性高度小于

22、13时的修正系数B/GM78910111213oraboveOndeckhigh1.561.401.251.00Ondecklow1.421.3091.041.00Tweendeck1.291.061.031.00Lowerhold91.061.041.021.00Thefollowingcautionsshouldbeobserved:应遵守如下注意事项Inthecaseofmarkedrollresonancewithamplitudesabove+/-30,thegivenfiguresoftra

23、nsverseaccelerationmayexceeded.Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoavoidthiscondition.如果明显的横摇谐振的幅度超过+/-30，则上面给出的横向加速度值可能超过。应采取有效措施避免这种情况。Inthecaseofheadingtheseasathighspeedwithmarkedslammingshocks,thegivenfiguresoflongitudinalandverticalaccelerationmaybeexceeded.Anappropriatereductionofspeedshouldbecon

24、sidered.当迎浪高速航行砰击严重时，则可能超过上面给出的纵向和垂向加速度。应考虑适当降低航速。Inthecaseofrunningbeforelargesteeroraftquarteringseawithastability,whichdoesnotamplyexceedtheacceptedminimumrequirements,largerollamplitudesmustbeexpectedwithtransverseaccelerationsgreaterthanthefiguresgiven.Anappropriatechangeofheadingshouldbeconsid

25、ered.当航行于大的尾浪或尾横浪而稳性没有充分满足已接受的最小要求时，则一定会有大的横摇幅度，同时横向加速度会超出给出的值。应考虑适当的改变航向。Balanceofforcesandmoments平衡计算应满足如下状态(见图1)Transverseforce载荷假定的横向力FyNmg+CS1f1+CS2f2+CSnfnLongitudinalforce载荷假定的纵向力FxN(mg-FzffJCS2f2+CSnfnTransversetipping横向翻到Fyabmg+CS1C1+CS2C2+CSnCnNisthenumberoflashingbeingcalculated;计算的绑扎数量Fy

26、isthetransverseforcefromloadassumption(kN);载荷假定的横向力Fxislongitudinalforcefromloadingassumption(kN)=maz载荷假定的纵向力Fzisverticalforcefromloadassumption(kN)载荷假定的垂向力Nisfrictioncoefficient摩擦系数N=0.3forsteeltimberorsteelrubber对钢木材或钢橡胶N=0.1forsteelsteeldry对干燥状态下的钢钢N=0.0forsteelsteelwet对浸水状态下的钢钢。mismassofcargouni

27、t(t);货物件质量gisgravityaccelerationofearth=9.81(m/s2);地球的重力加速度=9。81米/秒2CSiscalculatedstrengthoftransversesecuringdevice(kN);绑扎装置的计算强度aislever-armoftipping(m)翻到力臂(米)bislever-armofstableness(m)稳定力臂(米)cislever-armofsecuringforce(m)绑扎力臂(米)fisfunctionorNandverticalsecuringanglea(Seetable5)fvaluesasfunctiono

28、faandn/remark:f=nsina+cosa摩擦系数和垂向绑扎角的函数A/n-30-20-1001020304050607080900.30.720.840.931.001.041.041.020.960.870.760.620.470.300.10.820.910.971.001.000.970.920.830.720.590.440.270.100.00.870.940.981.000.980.940.870.770.640.500.340.170.005.4Remarks:Averticalsecuringangleagreatthan60willreducetheeffecti

29、venessofthisparticularsecuringdeviceinrespecttoslidingoftheunit.Dischargingorsuchdevicesfromthebalanceofforcesshouldbeconsideredunlessthenecessaryloadisgainedbytheimminenttendencytotippingorbyareliablepretensioningofthesecuringdevicewhichincludesmaintainingthepretensionthroughoutthevoyage.超过60度的垂向绑扎

30、角会降低该绑扎装置防止货件滑动的有效性。除非由急迫的翻到倾向或对绑扎装置进行可靠的预张力，并在航行中保持该预张力而获得必要的负荷，否则这样的绑扎装置不应包括在力平衡之内。Anyhorizontalsecuringangle,i.e.deviationfromthetransversedirection,shouldnotexceed30otherwiseanexclusionofthissecuringdevicefromthetransverseslidingbalanceshouldbeconsidered.任何水平的系固角，即与横向的偏差，不应小于30度，否则应考虑将该绑扎装置从横向滑动

31、平衡中除去。Longitudinalcomponentsoftransversesecuringdevicesshouldnotbeassumedgreaterthan0.5CS.横向绑扎装置的纵向分力不应大于0.5计算强度。设备检验及绑扎要求常规的目视检查和保养应由船长负责组织船上人员进行。应对每一种设备进行检查，以发现有损于精确、安全发挥其设计效用的损坏和磨损以及其它可能导致人身伤害的缺陷。如需用于特殊目的，使用前应对其进行检查以确定其强度和功效是否适用。当发现有永久性变形和破损，原则上该设备应报废。如果这种变形和破损是可以修复的，则应对其尽早修理。船上应始终备有适当数量的系固设备备件。便

32、携式系固设备在存放前必须由“值班人员”进行损坏检查。绑扎索具越短越好。绑扎设备的角度应3060度之间，应使各道系索受力均匀。每个生根地令上不能超过三根系索，且方向不能相同。甲板货物用链条绑扎，车厢也建议用链条。Allsecuringofcargounitsshallbecompletedbeforetheshipleavestheberthandunlashedaftertheshipsafelyberthedandpriortounloadingoperation,所有绑扎设备需在船舶离泊前绑妥，并在开始卸货时解绑。绑扎眼板与绑扎令环应检查其与船体结构的焊接部位，如有缺陷和裂纹则应开槽后复焊

33、；如本体有裂纹出现，则应立即更换，而不能采用补焊的修理方法；如甲板、舱底、舱盖、舱壁板、强肋骨、支柱及舷墙等支承结构严重变形使堆放面不平整，则应采取最合适的修理方法；应检查其磨损、变形和其它缺陷的情况，磨损应不超过10。如有较严重的缺陷，则用同等强度的设备进行更换。该设备的焊接应有经认可的电焊工进行，并严格按照焊接工艺操作；有锈蚀处，除绣并油漆。如有轻微腐蚀，但并不影响其功能，则无须进行修理。眼板强度估计，旧眼板usedeyeplate,MSL=0.12hxt（KN）；新眼板neweyeplate,MSL=0.18hxt（KN）t:眼板的厚度mm（毫米）h:眼板的眼圈到外缘的最小距离mm（毫米

34、）眼板根部焊接的焊缝厚度NMSL（KN）/0.12（L+t）L:焊缝的长度mm（毫米）；t:眼板的厚度mm（毫米）地令强度估计，旧地令usedeyeplate,MSL=0.094D2（KN）；新眼板neweyeplate,MSL=0.141D2（KN）D:地令的直径mm（毫米）MSL:最大系固负荷（干牛顿）（KN）=100千克地令根部焊接的焊缝厚度NMSL/0.12LL:焊缝的长度mm（毫米）；MSL:最大系固负荷（千牛顿）（KN）=100千克卸扣shackles应检查其外观状况，PIN不可以用螺丝替代，磨损应不超过10%。Forshackle,gradescale1:2:5,ifminimu

35、mbreakload=100%,proofload=40%,SWL=20%,MSL=50%8.3ForDshackle,referenceasbelow,d=diameterofshacklepin,w=insidewidthacrossjawSizeBreakloadProofload(40%)SWL(T)MSL(T)inchmmkNTonnefkNTonnefWLL50%dwdw3/4119.125.4878.8917.453.561.784.457/81.2522.331.812512.7050.005.082.546.359911.37525.435.017517.8070.007.1

36、23.568.901.1251.528.638.022422.8589.639.144.5711.431.251.7531.844.528829.40115.3311.765.8814.701.3751.87535.047.634935.55139.4514.227.1117.771.52.12538.054.036940.65159.4616.268.1320.3240.07.017.542.08.020.046.09.022.548.010.025.05111.027.55412.030.05613.032.55814.035.06015.037.56518.040.07022.055.0

37、7726.065.08330.075.0Forbowshackle,referenceasbelow,d=diameterofshacklepin,w=insidewidthacrossjawSizeBreakloadProofload(40%)SWLMSLinchmmkNTonnefkNTonnefWLL50%dwdw5/87/815.941.022.553/411/803.041.523.807/813/822.335.011.604.642.325.80111/225.438.015.256.103.057.6311/813/428.644.5

38、20.308.124.0610.1511/4231.850.825.4010.165.0812.7013/821/435.057.031.7512.706.3515.8811/221/238.063.536.8514.747.3718.434074284694810511154125613581460156518702277268330应检查其是否有永久性拧节、压扁、腐蚀、纤维芯干枯和外露，纽结变形、显著损伤、严重生锈。一经发现，应视情况进行更换；若发现钢丝绳在等于其直径10倍的任何长度内超过5的钢丝断裂、磨损或腐蚀，或三对直径的平均值与原来标准的直径之差，超过原来直径10，则应予换新；钢丝绳

39、必须无涂层或橡胶套；钢丝绳在切断时，端面处需用胶布包妥以防断丝，也可以在端面的两端用胶布包妥；装卸作业时，钢丝绳的紧索夹，数量最少为6只；绑扎时，钢丝绳的紧索夹，数量最少为3只；钢丝绳越粗个数越多，每只夹之间的间隔为钢丝绳直径的6倍。DiameterofwireropemmWireropegripsUptoandincluding193Over19,uptoandincluding324Over32,uptoandincluding385绑扎货物时，钢丝绳的夹头要求每只软眼环3只。Diar(mm)ConstructionstrandxwiresWireropetonnef(metricton)Softeye3bulldoggripstonnef(MT)Half-doublegrommets6bulldoggripeyetonnef(MT)Singleloop6bulldoggripeyetonnef(MT)NBLofwireMSL80%Slipload(NBL)MSL