快热式电热水器的翻译

1、单片机广泛应用于商业：诸如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统， 汽车发动机和其他一些领域。这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使 得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合。然而，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机 高度可靠。健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片 机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险kntel平台工程部门开发了一种 面向对象的用于验证它白AT89C51汽车单片机多线性测试环境这种环境的目标不 仅是为AT89C51汽车单片机提供一种健壮测试环境而且开发一种能够容易扩展并 重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机。开发的这种环境连接AT89C51。本文讨

2、论 了这种测试环境的设计和原理，它的和各种硬件、软件环境部件的交互性，以及如 何使用AT89C51Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such asmodems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine andamong others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of thesemicrocontroller

3、s make them suitable for suchhigh-speedevent-based applications.However,these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers arehighly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robusttesting process and a proper tools environment for the validatio

4、n of thesemicrocontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel PlaformEngineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment forthe validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of thisenvironment was not only to provide a robust testi

5、ng environment for theAT89C51automotivemicrocontrollers,but to develop an environment which can be easilyextended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers.Theenvironment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes(AT89C51). The paper describes the des

6、ign and mechanism of this test environmentjfsinteractionswith varioushardware/software environmental components, and how to useAT89C51.8位AT89C51 CHMOS工艺单片机被设计用于处理高速计算和快速输入/输 出。MCS51单片机典型的应用是高速事件控制系统商业应用包括调制解调器，电 动机控制系统，打印机，影印机，空调控制系统，磁盘驱动器和医疗设备。汽车工 业把MCS51单片机用于发动机控制系统，悬挂系统和反锁制动系IAT89C51尤其 很好适用于得益于它的

7、处理速度和增强型片上外围功能集，诸如：汽车动力控制， 车辆动态悬挂，反锁制动和稳定性控制应用。由于这些决定性应用，市场需要一种 可靠的具有低干扰潜伏响应的费用效能控制器，服务大量时间和事件驱动的在实时 应用需要的集成外围的能力，具有在单一程序包中高出平均处理功率的中央处理器。 拥有操作不可预测的设备的经济和法律风险是很高的。一旦进入市场，尤其任务决 定性应用诸如自动驾驶仪或反锁制动系统，错误将是财力上所禁止的。重新设计的 费用可以高达500K美元，如果产品族享有同样内核或外围设计缺陷的话费用会更 高。另外，部件的替代品领域是极其昂贵的，因为设备要用来把模块典型地焊接成 一个总体的价值比各个部件

8、高几倍。为了缓和这些问题，在最坏的环境和电压条件 下对这些单片机进行无论在部件级别还是系统级别上的综合测试是必需的。IntelChandler平台工程组提供了各种单片机和处理器的系统验证。这种系统的验证 处理可以被分解为三个主要部分系统的类型和应用需求决定了能够在设备上执行的 测试类型。The 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speedcalculationsand fast input/output operations.MCS 51 microcontrollers aretypically

9、usedfor high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems,motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives,and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollersinengine-controlsystems, airbags, suspension system

10、s, and antilock braking systems(ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from itsprocessing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotivepower-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability controlapplications. Bec

11、ause of these criticalapplications,the market requires a reliable cost-effectivecontrollerwith a lowinterrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event drivenintegrated peripheralneeded in real time applications, andCU with above averageprocessing power in a single packa

12、ge. The financial and legal risk of having devices thatoperate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission criticalapplications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financiallyprohibitive.Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if th

13、e fixmeansback annotatingt across a producfamily that share the same core and/or peripheraldesign flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extremely expensive, as thedevices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of thecomponent. To mitigate these problem

14、s, it is essential that comprehensive testing of thecontrollers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst caseenvironmentaland voltage conditions.This complete and thorough validation necessitatesnot only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to

15、 facilitate andexecute the mission successfully.IntelChandler Platform Engineering group provides postsilicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. Thesystem validation process can be broken into three major parts.The type of the device andits application requirements d

16、etermine which types of testing are performed on thedevice微机接口实现两种信息形式的交换。在计算机之外，由电子系统所处理的信息 以一种物理信号形式存在，但在程序中，它是用数字表示的。任一接口的功能都可 分为以某种形式进行数据库变换的一些操作，所以外部和内部形式的转换是由许多 步骤完成的。模拟数字转换器(ADC)用来将连续变化信号变成相应的数字量，这 数字量可是可能性的二进制数值中的一固定值。如果传感器输出不是连续变化的， 就不需模拟-数字转换。这种情况下，信号调理单元必须将输入信号变换成为另一信 号，也可直接与接口的下一部分，即微计算机

17、本身的输入输出单元相连接。输出接 口采用相似的形式，明显的差别在于信息流的方向相反；是从程序到外部世界。这 种情况下，程序可称为输出程序，它监督接口的操作并完成数字模拟转换器(DAC) 所需数字的标定。该子程序依次送出信息给输出器件产生相应的电信号，由DAC转 换成模拟形式。最后，信号经调理(通常是放大)以形成适应于执行器操作的形式。 在微机电路中使用的信号几乎总是太小而不能被直接地连到“外部世界”，因而必 须用某种形式将其转换成更适宜的形式。接口电路部分的设计是使用微机的工程师 所面临最重要的任务之一。我们已经了解到微机中，信号以离散的位形式表示。当 微机要与只有打开或关闭操作的设备相连时，

18、这种数字形式是最有用的，这里每一 位都可表示一开关或执行器的状态为了解决实际问题，一个单片机不仅包插PU， 程序和数据存储器，另外，它必须含有通过3PU访问外部信息的硬件o一BCPU收 集到数据信息和流程，它必须能够改变外部领域的一部分，这些硬件设备称作外围 设备，它们是CPU通往外部的窗口。单片机可利用外围设备中最基本的用于一般用 途的I/O接口，每个/O接口既可作为输入端又可作为输出端，每个O接口的功能 取决与程序初始化阶段对数据方位寄存器相应位进行置一和清零操御过CPU指 令对数据寄存器相应位进行置一和清零来置一和清零输出端口，同样输入端口逻辑 位也可以通过CPU指令访问。一些类型的串行

19、口单元允许PU与外部设备进行串 口通信，用串口位代替平行位进行通信需要少许的O 口，这样使通信费用降低但速 度也相对慢些。串口传送可以同步也可以异步。A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside themicrocomputerthe information handled by an electronic system exists as a physicalsignal, but within thprogram,itis represented numericallyThe functi

20、on of anyinterface can be broken down into a number of operationswhich modify the data in someway, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal formsis carriedodti anumberof steps.An analog-to-digital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variablesignal to a corresp

21、onding digitalform which can take any one of a fixed number ofpossible binary values. If the output of the transducerdoes not vary continuously, noADC isnecessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incomingsignal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part

22、of the interface, theinput/output section of the microcomputer itself.Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flowof information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outsideworld. In this case the program may call an output subr

23、outine which supervises theoperation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for adigital-to-analog converter(DAC). This subroutine passes information in turn to an outputdevice which produces a corresponding electrical signal, which could be converted intoanalog form u

24、sing a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned(usuallyamplified) to a formsuitable for operating an actuator.The signals used within microcomputer circuits arealmost always too small to beconnected directly to the “outside world” and some kind of interface must be used totranslate them to a more appr

25、opriate form. The design of section of interface circuits isone of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to applymicrocomputers.We have seen than microcomputersinformation is represented as discrete patterns ofbits; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be conn

26、ected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit mightrepresent the stateof a switch or actuator.To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller musthave more than just a CPU, aprogram, and a data memory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU toaccess informat

27、ion from the outside world. Once the CPU gathers information andprocesses the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outsideworld. Thesehardware devices, called peripherals,are the CPUs window to the outside.The most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers

28、is the generalpurpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or anoutput. Thefunctionof each pin is determined by setting or clearing correspondingbits in acorrespondingdata direction register during the initialization stage of a program. Eachoutput pin may be driven to either

29、 a logic one or a logic zero by usingCPU instructions to pinmay beviewed (or read.) by theCPU using program instructions.Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead ofbit-parallel forma

30、t requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, whichmakes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed eithersynchronously or asynchronously.电热水器的安全问题是首要的，但消费者对电热水器的使用要求也不能忽视。 一项用户调研的结果显示，消费者对于储水式电热水器的最大抱怨主要有三方面： 一是外观笨重，占用空间大；二是加热速度慢，加热耗时长，后续热水提供较慢； 三是操作复杂，有很多定

31、时、调温等功能在实际操作时非常麻烦。造成许多用户十 脆不用。备厂家对此进行了不同的技术应对。其中，海尔最近上市的畅享系列电热 水器。在应对消费者的使用需求方面进行了进一步的创新，从外观上能给人以最直 接的感受，追求其艺术效果，获得了电热水器行业首个德BF设计大奖。针对于加 热速度，可以说是电热水器行业又一次技术革新的比拼。由中科院和海尔联合研发 的3D动态加热技术。它从根本上对加热原理进行了改进，将加热管的布局和结构进 行了改进，利用冷热水循环原理，提高了热能的利用率，提升加热速度的同时。也 提升了热水产出量，夏天可以实现开机即洗。冬天的加热时间也大大缩短。至于操 作简便问题，从家电卖场里.消

32、费者可以很容易的看出，功能越多的型号，价格越 贵。但是面对着那一排密密麻麻的按钮操作起来是否方便呢这可以说是一个误区， 很多厂家包括消费者的误区，那就是功能越多，产品时技术含量也就越高。其实并 不一定这样，很多高科技产品，往往按键很少，却凝聚了很多尖端技术。作为电热 水器行业的龙头企业，海尔今年最新推出的畅享系列电热水器中，使用了一个前所 未有的OK键.将所有复杂的操作、计算凝聚于一身.用户只需要将自己的需求通过 这一个键选定.一人洗、二人洗还是多人洗，剩下的工作就全由器具自行“搞定”。 省却了用户自己计算加热时间、加热温度、且计算不准确所带来的麻烦，非常简单方便。因此，无论怎么变，认真研究消

33、费者的需求是不变的。只要看到了消费者的 抱怨，就有不断提升的空间。electric water heater is the most important issue of the safety of consumers, however, the use of electric water heater requirements cannot be ignored. - The user research results show that consumer for storage-type water heater one of the largest complained mainly i

34、n three areas: One is clumsy, and appearance; 2 is the space heating is slower, the heating time-consuming, and follow-up with hot water is slower; 3 operating complex, there are many regular, temperature,and other functions in the actual operationis very cumbersome. Many users simply do not have to

35、. Alternative manufacturersfor the different technicalresponse. Of these, Haier has recently listed a series of smooth electric water heaters. In response to consumer demand for its use in conducting further In response, it can be said that the heating speed electric wateieateris also a technologica

36、nnovationin industry. The CAS and Haier for joint R&D 3 D dynamic heating technology. It has fundamentally improvements were made to the heating principles will be heating pipe layout and structure of the improvements were made using hot and cold, and the heat cycle theory, and improve the utilizati

37、on rate of heat, while upgrading. It has also helped improve the hot water output of the machine can be achieved, in the summer, namely money. The winter heating time is significantly shortened. As for easy operation, from home appliances, consumer can easily see that the more function, the model, t

38、he more expensive prices. However, in the face of the mine packed with whether or not convenient button .? This can be regarded as a dangerous zone, many manufacturers including consumer areas of misunderstanding,that is, the more function when products technical content is higher. In facttisnot nec

39、essarily somany high-techproducts, areoften thebutton very little, but we rallied many cutting-edge technology. As an electric water heater of the industryleading enterprises this year, thetestrelease of Haile enjoymoothseries electric water heaters, use a unprecedented OKwill all complex operation

40、type . Save the users own calculations, the heating temperature, heating time is calculated as the troubles inaccurate,it is verysimple and convenientTherefore,it is necessary to seriously study, no matter how it is changing consumer demand is unchanged.As long as they can see that the numbof consum

41、er complaints, there will be continuous enhancement of space.快热式家用电热水器控制系统硬件电路和软件的设计。快热式家用电热水器控 制系统涉及电、热、单片机控制等多方面内容。通过分析电加热技术、加热功率控 制，结合水温与流量、加热功率三者之间的关系，采用取消贮水罐、可控硅控制功 率、软件智能开关加热技术和温度实时检测技术来实现热水随开随用，节约电能。 快热式电磁热水器系统硬件电路的设计包括电源电路、按键输入电路、LED数码管 及指示灯电路、报警电路、加热控制电路和温度检测电路。同时，编写了系统控制 程序，包括主程序、显示扫描子程序、按

42、键扫描处理子程序、加热控制程序、温度 检测程序。依据快热式家用电热水器的运行状况，设计了系统保护、蜂鸣报警、防 高温防干烧等措施。The design of quick hot type home electric boiler control system hardware circuit and software. Quick hot type home electric boiler control system involves the electricity, heat, thenonolithicintegrated circuit control and so on variou

43、s contents. Through the analysis electric heating technology and thermal rating control, the union water temperature and current capacity and relations between the thermalrating three, use to cancel the water storage pot and silicon-controlledrectifier control power and software intelligence switch

44、heating technique and temperature real-time examinationtechnology realize the hot water along with opening along with using, saves the electrical energy. The design of quick hot type electromagnetism waterheater system hardware electric circuit, including power circuit and key input circuit, LED nix

45、ietube and indicating lamp electric circuit, alarm circuit and heating control electric circuit and temperature examination electric circuit. At the same time, has compiled systems control procedure, including master routine and reading scan subroutine and key scanning processing subroutine and heat

46、ing control procedure and temperature examination procedure. Based on the quick hot type home electric boilers movement condition, has designed the system protection, the buzzing warning and against high temperature against parched and other measures.让定时器T1定时中断，配合软件计数器每隔秒测量一次温度的当前值，将测得 的脉宽转化为温度值，其实现过程为：先让脉冲腆TO进入单片机，To在INTO为 高电平时开始定时，变为低电平时停止，于是在LO中得到脉宽对应的定时计数值， 查找与“温度表”中与计数值一一对应关系的温度。将温度的测量值及前次测得的 值分别存于一个存储单元，通过模糊控制程序以决定两电热丝的断通情况。首先由 温度传感器实时采集电热水器中水温数据，然后经过7 D转换为数字信号，送入单 片机中的特定单元，求出输入的当前温度值，然后一部分送去显示，另一部分与设 定温度值进行比较，求出二者的偏差，并根据该偏差进行自适应的模糊。运算， 最后根据PID运算的结果，通过控制执行模块改变给定周期内加热丝的通电时:实 质是利用PWM