综合教程2何兆熊张春柏unit1-4笔记

1、综合英语Unit 1lash vt. hit violently or suddenlye.g. The farmer lashed the mules with a stick.The waves lashed the shore.Collocation: lash out (at / against sb. / sth.) make a sudden violent attack with blows or wordsSynonym: whip, beatscoff vi. laugh (at)e.g. All the students scoffed at the poor boys c

2、lothes.The disabled people are often scoffed.Derivation: scoffer n.Synonym: jeer, mocksway vi. move or swing from side to sidee.g. He swayed slightly, as if about to fall. 他身子一歪，像要倒下。Synonym: swing, waveTranslation:1. 那棵苹果树在风中摇曳。The apple tree sways in the wind.2.她演讲时优雅地摆动着手。She swayed her hands gra

3、cefully as she gave lectures.illusion n. sth. that deceives a person by seeming to be reale.g. The mirrors all round the walls give an illusion of greater space.I have no illusions about my ability.我对自己的能力如何颇有自知之明。Derivation: illusive a. illusively ad.Collocation: be under the illusion that believe

4、wronglye.g. I was under the illusion that he was honest until he was caught stealing some money.他偷钱当场被人抓住，在此之前我一直误以为他是个老实人。devastating a. completely destructivee.g. It is the most devastating flood in 100 years.Derivation: devastate vt. devastation n. Synonym: disastrous, destructiveglance at look a

5、t sb. or sth. quickly, esp. by raising your eyes and then lowering them againe.g. The president glanced at the clock and announced that the meeting started.Comparison: gaze at, stare at, glare at, gape atgaze at :look at sth. or sb. for a long time, for example, because they are beautiful or interes

6、ting, esp. without realizing that you are doing ite.g. The poet lay down and gazed at the bright moon, missing his hometown.stare at :deliberately look at sb. or sth. for a long time without moving your eyes, for example, because you are angry, shocked, or very interestede.g. Dont stare at people; i

7、ts very rude.glare at :look angrily at sb. for a long time without moving your eyese.g. The heroine stepped forward bravely and glared at the enemy.女英雄挺身而出，以仇恨的目光瞪着敌人。gape at :look at sb. or sth. for a long time, esp. with your mouth open, because you are very surprised or shockede.g. His father sto

8、od there gaping at him, too astonished to say anything. purgatory n. a place or condition of great sufferinge.g. The devastating earthquake changed peoples home into a purgatory.Synonym: torture, plagueDerivation: purgatorial a. dilemma n.a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to d

9、o, because all of the possible courses of action seem equally good or equally bade.g. The only way out of this dilemma is to cooperate within the group. 面对这样的两难境地，唯一的出路就是在团队内合作。Collocation: in a dilemmae.g. Mary was in a dilemma whether to marry or continue her study.Synonym: quandary, predicamentco

10、nfusion n. a very disorganized situation usually with lots of noise, in which a lot of things are happening at the same time, so that it is difficult to understand or controle.g. The enemys unexpected attack threw them into total confusion.敌人的突然进攻使他们完全不知所措。Comparison: disorder, chaosdisorder n.:a si

11、tuation in which things or people are not in the correct position, place, or order, so that they are unable to control or organizee.g. The Civil War came at the end of a long period of social disorder.chaos n.: a situation that is full of disorder and is completely out of controle.g. The thieves lef

12、t the house in chaos.小偷走后房屋中一片凌乱Derivation: confused a.confuse vt.Transfer n. a change from one place to anothere.g. The headmaster arranged for his transfer to another school.校长安排他转到另一个学校。vt. move sth. / sb. from one place to anothere.g. The head office has been transferred from London to New York.

13、 总部已由伦敦迁至纽约。Synonym: remove, hand overDerivation: transferable a.reassuring a. making sb. feel less worried or frightenede.g. Before commencing the performance, she gave me a reassuring smile.The President gave a reassuring speech about the future of the country.Derivation: reassurance n.reassure vt

14、.reassuringly ad. Antonym: threatening, discouragingpanic vt. be suddenly frightened by sth.e.g. The firecrackers panicked the chicks. The shot panicked all the customers in the restaurant. n. a sudden strong feeling of fear or nervousnessCollocation: panic sb. into doing sth. make sb. do sth. unwis

15、e or hasty because of panice.g. The banks were panicked into selling sterling.银行因恐慌而抛售英国货币Synonym: dread, terror, feardescent n. the act or process of going downe.g. The wild goose began its descent into the West Synonym: decline, subsidenceAntonym: ascentstoop vi. bend downe.g. The policeman stoope

16、d to pick up a lost gun in the room.Collocation: stoop (down) to pick sth. upstoop so low (as to do sth.): lower ones moral standards so far (as to do sth.)e.g. He tried to make me accept a bribe I hope I would never stoop so low.他想让我接受贿赂希望我决不至于做出这种低级的事。Antonym: straighten (up)collapse vi. (break in

17、to pieces and) fall down suddenly because of a weakness in the structure, or because of a sudden violent forcee.g. The heavy storm caused the hovel to collapse.Synonym: break down, crumbleTranslation:1.地震之后许多房屋都倒塌了。Many buildings collapsed in the earthquake.2.大雨把禾苗都压塌了。Grain seedlings collapsed unde

18、r the weight of the big rain. sap vt. weaken slowlye.g. They were traveling very slowly, and the heavy load they were carrying sapped their strength.The constant tension was sapping my energy.Synonym: weaken, exhaust, drainCollocation: sap up on sb. beat up sb. persuade vt. convince sb.e.g. King Lea

19、r was completely persuaded by his elder daughters honeyed words. She persuaded her father to change his mind.Derivation: persuasion n.persuasive a.Collocation: persuade sb. of sth. convince sb.e.g. We are persuaded of the justice of her case.我们确信对她案件的审理是公正的。meet up withcome acrosse.g. Mary met up wi

20、th her student on the street of a foreign country. Notes: meet the case 适当，令人满意meet sb. half-way 与某人妥协meet ones Waterloo （在比赛中）惨败Translation:1. 在一次会议上，那位教授偶遇了十年前帮助过她的恩人。In a conference, the professor met up with her benefactor who helped her 10 years ago. 2. 在与民主党的辩论中，共和党遭到了惨败。During discussion with

21、 the Democratic Party, the Republican Party met its Waterloo. in flames: burning 着火，失火e.g. That factory was in flames. 那家工厂失火了。The opera house was soon enveloped in flames. 歌剧院很快就被一片火海所包围。a matter of sth.: a situation or circumstance relating to sth. 事关的问题e.g. For me, it was just a matter of money.

22、对我来说那只是一个钱的问题。off and on: in an intermittent manner 不时地，断断续续地e.g. It has rained off and on for two months. 雨断断续续地下了两个月。He just received junior education off and on when he was a child. 他只是小时候断断续续地读过小学。give sb. a hand: help sb. 帮助 e.g I would be glad to give you a hand with this box if you like. 如果你愿

23、意，我很高兴为你拿这个箱子。Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. Others faced the ultimate moral dilemma: Save yourself, or save anotherAntonym: amoral, nonmoral2. But as hard as she tried, as many questions as she asked, the picture began to fade on the

24、36th floor.Synonym: disappear3. The drawstrings on his window shades would appear to sway slightly, but it was an illusion.Antonym: wildly4. He ripped his T-shirt into pieces, soaked the pieces in water and gave them to colleagues to cover their faces.Antonym: uncover, disclose, reveal5. Hong and Ra

25、mos tried to persuade him to continue.Antonym: dissuade6. “I left,” Hong says.Antonym: happily, joyfully, joyously7. Mayblum would be one of thousands cast into extraordinary purgatory that morning.Antonym: ordinary, common8. On the 53rd floor, he came across a heavyset man whose legs just wouldnt m

26、ove any more.Antonym: small, thin, slenderPractice： 母亲得癌早逝，艾米受到了严重打击。Her mothers early death from cancer devastated Amy.石油泄漏破坏自然环境，危害公众健康，污染饮用水且扰乱经济。Oil spills devastate the natural environment, endanger public health, imperil drinking water and disrupt the economy.那场大地震中，我们听到太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，

27、献出了自己的生命。(leave behind)In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 另外，我不仅仅留下了装修一新的办公室，还留下了一支受过良好训练、努力工作、勤恳工作的强大团队。Moreover, I leave behind not only a well-furnished office, but also a strong team of well-trained, har

28、d-working and fully devoted people.我们在身后留下什么并不重要，重要的是，我们是怎么活过来的。What we leave behind is not as important as how we have lived.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。(meet up with)In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a masters degree.我与另一位作家会合，两人慢悠悠地穿过市中心。I meet up with another wri

29、ter and we wend our way through downtown.“哈，”爸爸对我们说，“既然上帝领她来见我，我期望与她相会。”“Well,” Dad told us, “since the Lord showed her to me, I expected Id meet up with her.”那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。 (illusion)Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of be

30、ing on the battlefield themselves. 如果有人认为，领导人经验越多，就会变得越成熟，那只是幻想。It is an illusion to believe that leaders gain profundity while they gain experience.他仍抱着幻觉：农村生活就是优越于城市生活。He still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.Unit 2aging n.the process of becoming olde.g.

31、 People want to figure out whether doing sports can influence aging in the body.Comparison:elderly a. :a polite word meaning olde.g. The building has now been converted into a retirement home for the elderly.senior citizen :a polite expression meaning old peopledread vt. feel great fear or anxiety a

32、boute.g. The little girl dreads sleeping alone.The staff in this company dread to think what will happen if the financial crisis comes.Derivation: dreadful a. Synonym: fear, frightendistinct a. noticeable, unmistakablee.g. The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.Collocation: distinct f

33、rom sth. different in kind; separatee.g. Mozarts style is quite distinct from Haydns. Astronomy, as distinct from astrology, is an exact science. 天文学是一门严谨的科学，与占星术完全不同。Derivation: distinction n.distinctly ad. be obsessed with have an unreasonably strong and continuous interest in particular things or

34、 personse.g. The new president was obsessed with the thought of being watched. 新主席总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。Derivation: obsession n. obsessive a. Synonym: preoccupy, hauntTranslation:她童年时一直害怕父母离异。The fear of her parents divorce obsessed her throughout her childhood. perfect vt. make sth. perfecte.g. Nowadays, mo

35、re and more foreigners come to China to perfect their Chinese. Derivation: perfection n. perfectible a.Comparison:improve vt. cause sth. to become betterrefine vt. improve sth. by removing defects and attending to detailsturn into change completely and become sth. elsee.g. After years development, S

36、henzhen, which used to be a small village, has turned into an international metropolis. Synonym: change into, becomeComparison: turn against sb. 与某人反目成仇turn sth. inside out 把里面翻作外面turn (sb. / sth.) over （使某人/某物）翻身或翻转diet vi.eat less in order to lose weighte.g. The doctor told the patient to diet and

37、 take some exercise.n. the type of food that a person regularly eatse.g. Exercise and a well-balanced diet keeps you fit and healthy.Collocation: a diet of sth. so much of sth. that you feel boring or unpleasante.g. a constant diet of soap operas on TV 多得令人腻烦的电视连续剧be satisfied with feel pleased beca

38、use you have what you want or because things have happened in the way that you hopede.g. The CEO of this company is not satisfied with the volume of business. Comparison: satisfactory a. a word for describing a result, situation, etc., that makes one feel satisfied because it is what one was hoping

39、fore.g. The score of her TOEFL was satisfactory.satisfying a. a word for describing a job, activity, or experience that makes one satisfied because one enjoys doing it and results are often very goode.g. Theres something very satisfying about making explorations.Synonym: gratified, contentplead vi.

40、make an urgent, emotional statement or request for sth. e.g. The little girl pleaded with her parents not to leave her in her uncles home.The criminal pleaded to see his wife once more. Comparison:beg vi. ask sb. very strongly in a way that makes one feel ashamed or makes other people lose respect f

41、or hime.g. The unfilial son begged mercy of his mother.Collocation: plead with sb. for sth. make repeated urgent requests to sb. for sth.tolerate vt. be willing to accept sth. unpleasant or difficult, even though one does not like it or approve ite.g. As newcomers, they had to tolerate the awful wea

42、ther and the tough living conditions.Comparison:stand vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situationendure vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situation for a long timebear vt. :accept or be forced to accept an unpleasant situation that makes one angry, sad, or upset put up

43、with: accept or be forced to accept an annoying situation or unpleasant behavior as part of ones daily lifebeyond prep.outside the range or limit ofe.g. Dealing with such a troublesome problem is beyond my capability.The radio is beyond repair. 这台收音机已经不能修理了。Collocation: be beyond sb. be impossible f

44、or sb. to imagine, understand or calculatee.g. Its beyond me why she wants to marry Burton.我不明白她为什么想嫁给伯顿。Antonym: withinagony n.extreme mental or physical pain or sufferinge.g. The mother was in an agony of losing five sons in the war. He suffered agonies of remorse.他饱受悔恨的煎熬。Derivation: agonize v.ag

45、onizing a.agonizingly ad. Synonym: distress, anguishdeny oneself not do sth. that one enjoys doing or have sth. one desires to have, because he thinks that will be good for hime.g. He denied himself all small pleasures and luxuries in his effort to live a holy life.Comparison:do without :be able to

46、manage without sth. one really wants to havee.g. No one can do without drinking water for a long time.Translation:为了省钱给女儿治病，他戒烟了。In order to save money for his daughters medical treatment, he denied himself smoking.preferable a. more desirable or suitablee.g. For me, teamwork is preferable to single

47、 action.Synonym: better, superiorAntonym: inferiorDerivation: preferably ad.preference n. critical a. extremely important, cruciale.g. Facing the enemys invasion, the nation is at a critical time in history. This document is critical for all the citizens living in this area. Antonym: insignificant,

48、uncriticalDerivation: critically ad.criticize v.criticism n.confront vt. deal with sth. in a brave and determined way; bring face to facee.g. The problems confronting us are knotty. Confronted by a black bear, the hunter retreated. Synonym: oppose, encounterDerivation: confrontation n.await vt. wait

49、 fore.g. A large party awaited him on his birthday.A big decision awaits him to make. Synonym: be ready for, wait forTranslation:对于这个罪犯而言，等待他的将是法律的严惩。For this criminal, severe punishment of the law awaits him. carefree a. cheerful and without worriese.g. Our childhood, those carefree days have gone

50、for ever. Synonym: lighthearted, untroubledCollocation: keep a peaceful and carefree mind 悠闲自在unknown n. an unknown person or thinge.g. I wish to have a journey into the unknown so that I can be oblivious of myself. Recently I always see an unknown appearing in my neighbors garden.Antonym: celebrity

51、Collocation: content unknownidentity unknownbenefit n. anything that brings help, advantage, profite.g. All the 11 countries get benefit from China-ASEAN Free Trade Area.Derivation: beneficial a. benefit vt.Synonym: profit, advantageworth a. deserving ofe.g. The football game between England and Ger

52、many is worth watching. The scheme is well worth a try. 这个计划倒值得一试。Collocation:not worth a straw :worthlessworth its weight in gold :extremely helpful, useful, etc.; invaluableTranslation:他觉得他的生命已经没有继续下去的意义了。He felt that his life was not worth a straw to continue.sanity n. the state of being mentally

53、 healthy; the ability to think and behave normally and reasonablye.g. His story was so extraordinary that we began to doubt his sanity.The presidents sanity in investing huge amounts of money in gold mines was questioned.Synonym: reasonableness, rationalityAntonym: insanityDerivation: sane a.sanely

54、ad. make a speech speak formally to a group of listenerse.g. Jacks friend pleaded with him for making a speech at a wedding reception. Synonym: give a lecture, lectureComparison: make a face 做鬼脸make a fortune 发大财make a fool of oneself / sb. 使自己/某人出丑quirk n. a strange or unusual habit or part of sb.s

55、 charactere.g. One of her quirks is that she is always doubtful about being watched by somebody. Many scientists have quirks in their life or work.Synonym: oddity, eccentricityTranslation:他很怪，把自己的妻子称作史密斯夫人。He had a strange quirk of addressing his wife Mrs. Smith. contradict vt. be opposite in nature

56、 toe.g. The document contradicts what we heard in the conference last week. Synonym: oppose, disagreeDerivation: contradictory a.contradiction n. phase n. stage of developmente.g. Usually, spring is a significant phase of a lot of illness.Childhood is an enlightening phase for a child.Synonym: stage

57、, periodCollocation:in phase :being in the same state at the same timeout of phase :not being in the same state at the same timee.g. The two subsidiary corporations operations were out of phase so that the headquarters could not handle the problems timely. 这两个子公司的业务活动不同步，总部因而没能及时地解决一些问题。be apt to: b

58、e likely to 易于，有的倾向e.g. Infants are apt to put their hands into their mouths. 婴儿爱把手往嘴里塞。in general: as a whole 通常，大体上；总的来说，从总体上看e.g. In general, this companys products are very reliable. 这家公司的产品通常是很可靠的。 In general, this paper is a bit difficult for these students to finish in an hour. 总的来说，让学生在一个小时内

59、完成这份试卷有些困难。at the mercy of: powerless against; completely controlled by 对无能为力；任处置，任由摆布e.g. Some people are born with the belief that they are masters of their own lives. Others feel they are at the mercy of fate. 有些人天生相信自己是生命的主宰，另一些人则觉得他们受到命运的支配。I dont want to put myself at the mercy of others. 我不希望

60、任由他人摆布。no wonder: not surprising / only too natural 不足为奇，并不奇怪e.g. It is no wonder that it is so wet in the south. 南方这么潮湿，并不奇怪。No wonder youre so tired, youve worked three hours without a break. 难怪你这么累，你已经连续工作了三个小时。It is no wonder that he failed his final exam. 他没能通过期末考试，这是不足为怪的。Give a synonym or an