高考必备高中化学方程式大全(分类)

1、高中化学方程式大全一、非金属单质F2 , CI2,O2,S,N2,RC,Si , H 1、氧化性：F2 + H2二二二2HF 阴暗处爆炸F2+Xe过量二二XeF22F2过量+Xe=二XeF4 XeF4是强氧化剂，能将MX+氧化为MnOrnF2+2M二二二2MFnM表示大部分金属2F2+2H2。二二二4HF+O2水是还原剂2F2+2NaOH = = =2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCI = = =2NaF+CI2F2+2NaBr= = =2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI= = =2NaF+I27F2过量 + 12 二二二2IF7F2+Ck等体积 = = =2CIF CIF 属于类卤素:CIF

2、+H2O=二HF+HCIO word完美格式.专业.专注.3F2过量+。2二二二2CIF3CIF 3 + 3H2O =3HF+HCIO3Ck+H霆暨2HCI 将叱在6点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸占燃35+2P 竺冬 2PCI3Cl2+PCl3=PCI5CI2+2Na=2NaCI占燃占燃3CI2+2Fe2FeCI3CI2+CuCuCI2CI2+2FeCI2= = =2FeCI3 在水溶液中:CI2+2Fe2+ = = =2Fe3+ + 3CI CI2+2NaBr= =2NaCI + Br2CI2+2Br =2CI +Br2Cl2+2KI= =2KCI+l2Ch+21 =2CI +I235过

3、量+2KI+3H2O = =6HCI + KIO33Cl2+r+3H2O=6H+6CI+IO3-5CI2+l2+6H2O = = =2HIO3+10HCI5CI2+l2+6H2O=10CI+IO3+12H+CI2+Na2S= =2NaCI + S!Cl2+S2-=2CI+S |CI2+H2S = =2HCI + S!水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H+2CI +S|CI2+SO2+2H2O = = = H2SO4+2HCICl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2C|-CI2+H2O2= = =2HCI+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H+a+O2占燃2O2+3FeFe3O4Ch+K 二二二 KO2S

4、+ H H2S2S+CMCS2S+ZnZnSS + Fe也FeS 既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取S+2CuCu2S 只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取.专业.专注.N2+O2 坐=2NO占燃4P+5O2当冬P4O10常写成 P2O52P+3XL 2PX3 X 表示 F2 , CI2 , Br2PX3+X2 =PXsN2+3MgMgN2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+6Na 2Na3NS+H2SOM浓也3SO21 +2H2O3S+2AIA|2S3只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取催化剂、N2 + 3H2F高育 2NH3高温高压N2+3Ba/Ba3N2N2+2AI 旦昼 2A1NH2+2Li

5、4 2LiH2、还原性S+O2 些 SO2S + 6HNO3浓H2SO4+6NO2 t +2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2 tP4+20HNO3浓4H3PO4+20NO21 +4H2OC+2F2CF4C+2C= CCI4占燃占燃C+O2足量当MCO22C+O2少量当生2COC+CO 2COC+H2O也CO+H2生成水煤气2C+SiO2#=Si+2CO制得粗硅Si粗+2CkSiCl4 SiCl4+2H2= =Si 纯+4HClSi粉+O甥炎SiO2 Si+C耍星SiC金刚砂Si+2NaOH + H2O = = Na2SiO3 + 2H21Si+2OH 一 +H?O= SiO ； +2H2t+2H2

6、O+ sot3S+4HNO3稀=3SO2+4NO t +2H2O3S+4H+4NO；3SO2+4NO t3、歧化反应+2H2OCl2+H2O = = HCl + HClO 加碱或光照促进歧化：Cl2+H2O= H+2H2Oword完美格式+HC10)占燃2Na+O Na2O22Na + S=二Na2S (爆炸)Cl2+2NaOH二二NaCl + NaClO + H2O(Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2。)2Na+2H2O = =2NaOH + H212Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH-+H21Cl2+2Ca(OH)2二二CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(浓)4 5

7、KCI + KCIO3 + 3H2O3S + 6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3 + 3H2。+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓) + 3H2O= = PH31 +3KH2PO2+3H2PO2-)(Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2。)(3C12+6OH5CI-+CIO3-+3H2O)(3S+6OH2s2 - +SO32 -(4P+3OH - +3H2O= = PH3 t2Na+2NH3 = =2NaNH2+H212Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H214Na+TiCl 4NaCl+Ti Mg+ClMgCl2 Mg + BrMgBr22Mg+O2 笠暨 2MgOMg + 弟 MgS2Cu

8、 + CU2S CU2S只能由单质制备Mg+2H2O4Mg(OH)2+H212Mg+TiCl Ti+2MgCl2占明2Mg+CO= 2MgO+CMg+2RbCI 医暨 MgCl2+2Rb2Mg + SiO2 2MgO + Si(Mg+2H(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2t)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O = = 5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但浓，热的HClO4氧化性很强)4HNO3稀足+Fe二二二FeNO33 + NO t +2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO t2H2H2SOM浓+ S3SO21 +2H2O+2H2O2H2SOM

9、浓+CCO21 +2SO21 +2H+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe= = =8FeNO33 + 3N2O t +I5H2O 30 H+6NO3HH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SOM浓+2Fe4Fe2SO43+3SO21 +6H2O+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2Ot +15H2O2H2SOM浓+CuCuSO4+SO21 +2H2O36HNO3 + 10Fe= = = 10FeNO33 + 3N2t+I8H2O36H+6NO3word完美格式不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸不挥发性酸制取挥发性不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸强酸制弱酸酸工业制磷肥+10Fe=8Fe3+3N21 +I8H2O

10、30HNO3+8Fe= = =8FeNO33 + 3NH4NO3+9H2O30H+3NO3 -+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn + 10HNO3稀 = =4ZnNO32+N2。f +5H2O 4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2Ot +5H2O4Zn + 10HNO3 稀 = =4ZnNO32+NH4NO3+3H2。4Zn+10H+NO3 -=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、还原性：H2SO3+X2+H2O= = = H2SO4+2HXX 表 示Cl2,Br2,l2H2SO3+X2 + H2O=4H + + SO42-+X-2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H

11、+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2= = = H2SO4+H2O&$03 + &02 = 2 + + $042一+&05H2SO3+2KMnO4= = =2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4 -=2Mn2+4H+3SO42-+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O = = = H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+SO42-3、酸性：H2SO4浓+CaF2 = CaSO4+2HFtH2SOM浓+ NaCINaHSO4+HCl tH2SOM浓+2NaC|4Na2SO4+2HCl t酸H2SO4浓+ NaNO34NaH

12、SO4+HNO313H2SO4浓+Ca3PO42 3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SOM 浓+Ca3PO42 2CaSO4+CaH2PO422HNO3+CaCO3二二CaNO32+H2O+CO212H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO21用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S , HI , HBr , SO2等还原性气体4H3PO4+Ca3PO42 43CaH2PO42重钙word完美格式H3PO4H3PO4浓+ NaBr = NaH2PO4+HBrt 不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸H3PO4 浓+NaNaH2PO4+HIf4、不稳定性：光照2HClO=2HCl + O21 保存在棕

13、色瓶中4HNO3类堂4NO21 +O21 +2H2O 保存在棕色瓶中H2SOAH2O+SO2 7 在加热或酸性条件下分解H2CO3&H2O+CO2 7 在加热或酸性条件下分解H4SiOH2SQ3+H2OH2SQ3 = SiO21 +H2OH2S2O34H2O+S 1 +SO21 在加热或酸性条件下分解七.碱1、低价态的还原性：4FeOH2+O2+2H2O= = =4FeOH32、与酸性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+2NH4CI2CaCl2+2NH31 +2H2O (实验室制 NH3)Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl = = MgCl2+2NH3H2。(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解)2H+2OH

14、 - +Ba2+SO42 - =BaSO4 12NaOH + SO2(少量) = = Na2SO3 + H2。NaOH + SO2(足) = = NaHSO32NaOH + SiO2二二Na2SiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2= = KCl + KClO+H2ONaOH + HCl=二NaCl + H2ONaOH + H2S(足)二二NaHS + H2O2NaOH + H2S(少量) = = Na2S+2H2。3NaOH+AlCl3二二Al(OH)31 +3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3二二NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH + NHKNaCl + N

15、Hs t +H2OBa(OH)2+H2SO4二二BaSO4 I +2H2OOH-+SO2=SO32-+H2OOH+SOzC足)=HSO3-OH-+SiO2=SiO32-+H2O2OH-+AI2O3=2AlO2-+H2OCI2+2OHF-+CIO-+H2OH+OH 一 =H2OOH-+H2S=HS-+H2O2OH-+H2S=S2-+2H2O3OH-+A13+=A1(OH)3 1OH-+A1(OH)3=A1O2-+2H2。word完美格式2H2O3、不稳定性：Mg(OH)2=MgO + H2O2AI(OH)3=AI2O3 + 3H2O2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3 + 3H2OCu(OH)2=CuO

16、 + H2O2AgOH = =Ag2O+H2O八.盐1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCI3+Fe=3FeCI22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCI3+Cu = =2FeCI2+CuCI2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2F/+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCI3+Zn(少量)= =2FeCI2+ZnCI22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCh+Ag=二二FeCk+AgCI I2Fe3+CI +2Ag=2Fe2+2AgCI IFe2(SO4)3+2Ag = = = FeSO4+Ag2SO4 !(较难反应)Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反应word完美格式Ik.专注.2FeCI3+H2S= =2FeCI2+2

17、HCI + S I2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S 12FeCI3+2KI= =2FeCI2+2KCI+I22Fe3+2I=2Fe2+I2FeCk+Mg =二二Fe+MgChFe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4CI = = NaCI + N21 +2H2O 实验室制氮气NH4+NO2 =N2 t+2H2O2、还原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2二二二2FeCh在水溶液中不需加热2Fe2+3CI2=2Fe3+6CI3Na2S+8HNO3稀二二二6NaNC3+2NO f +3S+4H2O 3S2 +8H+2NO3 =2N0 t+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3 稀 = =3Na2S

18、O4+2NO t +H203SO32 +2H+2NO3 =3SO42 +2N0 f +H202Na2SO3+O2= = =2Na2SO4Na 2SO3在空气中易变质NazSOa+S Na2&C3Na2S+CI2=2NaCI + S I 在水溶液中 S2 +CI2=2CI +S13、与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4二二Cu(OH)2 ! +CaSO4 !(波尔多液)MgCl2+2NH3 - H2O = = = Mg(OH)2 ! +2NH4CI Mg2+2NHs H2O=Mg(OH)2 1+2NH4+AlCl3 + 3NH3H2O = = =Al(OH)3 ! +3NH4Cl Al3

19、+3NH3H2O=Al(OH)2 1 +3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3H2O = = = Fe(OH)3 J +3NH4CI Fe3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3 1 +3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3-H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2 ! +(NH4)2SO4 Cu2+2NH3-H2G=Cu(OH)2 4+2NH4+AgNO3+2NH3H2O = =Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O总方程式ZnSO4+2NH3H2O(不足) = =Zn(OH)2 ! +(NH4)2SO4 Zn2+2NH3H2O=Zn(OH)2 1+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH

20、3H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2。ZnSO4+4NH3H2 O(足) = =Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2。Zn2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O总方程式4、与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸PO4PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-HPO42-+H+=H2PO4-H2PO4- + H + = H3PO4CO32-+H+=HCO3-HCO3-+H+=CO2t+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3 + 3H2O = =2Al(OH)3 J +3CO2f +6NaCl (物质之间的双水解反应)Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2。

21、Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O 铜氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3H2O(足)二二Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O总方程式Cu2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O铜氨溶液AgNO3 + NH3H2O = =AgOH ! +NH4NO32AgOH=Ag20(灰黑色)+H2。Ag2O+4NH3H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O 银氨溶液Na3PO4+2HCl二二二Na2HPO4+2NaClNa2HPO4+HCl二二二NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl = = = H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl二二二NaHCO3 + N

22、aClNaHCO3+HCl二二二NaCl + H2O+CO21word完美格式3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)31 +3CO213AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)31 +Fe(OH)31物质之间的双水解反应物质之间的双水解反应物质之间的双水解反应物质之间的双水解反应物质之间的双水3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O= = =2Fe(OH)3 ! +3CO2+6NaCl (物质之间的双水解反应)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)31 +3CO213NaHCO3+AlCl3= = =Al(OH)3! +3CO213HCO3-+A13+=2A1(OH)31

23、 +3CO213NaHCO3+FeCl3= = = Fe(OH)3 ! +3CO213HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)31 +3CO213Na2S+Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = = =2Al(OH)3 ! +3H2S t3S2-+2A13+3H2O=2A1(OH)31 +3H2S t3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O = =4Al(OH)3! +3NaCl解反应)3A1O2-+A13+6H2O=4A1(OH)3 13NaAlO2+FeCl3 + 6H2O=3Al(OH)3 ! +Fe(OH)3 ! +3NaClNaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O = =Al(OH)3! +NH3-

24、H2O + NaClA1O2-+NH4+2H2O=A1(OH)3 4 +NH3H2。Na2CO3+H2O+CO2= = =2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO21 (1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO2t2Na2CO3(足)+ H2O + SO2二二Na2SO3+2NaHCO3 (CO2 中的 SO2 不能用 Na2COs 洗气)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SOs2-+2HCO3- (2:1)Na2CO3+SO2二二Na2SO3+CO2(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO

25、2= = = NaHSO3+CO2 (CO2 中的 SO2 可能用 NaHCOs 洗气)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2二二Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2Oword完美格式Na2SiO3+2HCl = = = H2SiO3 I +NaCl 或 Na2SiO3+2HCl + H2O = = = H4SiO4 I+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO31或 SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO41Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O = = = H2SiO3 I +Na2CO3SiOs2+CO2+2H2O=H4Si

26、O4 1+CO32-5、盐与盐复分解反应Na2SO4+BaCl2= = BaSO4l +2NaCl沉淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO41AgNO3 + KI=二AgCl I +KNO3Ag+I=AgI|3AgNO3 + Na3PO4二二AgaPON +3NaNO3 3Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO41CuSO4+Na2S二二CuS I +Na2SO4Cu2+S2-=CuS 1FeCl3+3KSCN二二FeSCN3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=FeSCN3 血红色，用于Fe3+的特性检验6、不稳定性：Na2S2O3+H2SO4= = = Na2SO4+S I +SO2 t +H2O

27、S2O32+2H+=S J +SO2 tNa2SO3+BaCl2= = BaSO31 +2NaCl 沉淀溶于盐酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不+H2O消失SO3消失SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3 1Na2CO3+BaCl2= = BaCO3 1 +2NaCl沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消NH4NH31 +HIt失CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3 1Na2CO3+CaCl2二二CaCO31 +2NaClAgNO3 + NaCl=二AgCl I +NaNO3AgNO3 + NaBr=二AgBrI +NaNO3NaHCO3 不反应CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO31Ag+Cl-=AgCl|Ag+Br=AgBr

28、|NH4I鸟NH3 t +H2t +I2tNH4HCO34NH3 t +H2O + CO2 t2KNO2KNO2+O212CuNOs2CuO+4NO21 +O21word完美格式C-光照一C-2AgNO3=2Ag+2NO21 +O21 (保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO4N21 +2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO8N21 +4NO21 +O21 +20H2O t (硝酸铵爆炸反应)2KMnOK2MnO4+MnO2+O212氐1。3鸟2KC1+3O212NaHCONa2CO3+H2O+CO21Ca(HCO3)CaCO3 + H2O+CO21CaCO3蔓CaO+CO21MgCOlMgO+CO21九、

29、电离方程式1、酸的电离(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4=2H + + SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+ + SO42-HNO3= = H + + NO3- 或:HNO3+H2O = = H3O+ + NO3-(以下雷同)HCl = = H+Cl_HBr= = H + + Br 一HI= = H +H3PO4H + + H2POH2POH + + HPO4一 HPO ；一H + + PO了HFH + + F一H2SO3H + + HSO；HSO；H +

30、 + SO；CECOOHH + + CH3COO 一 顷。3H + + HCO；HCO；H + + CO；H + + HS -HS-H + + S2-HNO2H + + NO C6H5OH=H +C6H5O-(苯酚不是酸,显酸性)HCN=H +CN -HClO H +ClO侦 H +OH2H2。 H3O0OH2、碱的电离(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、11田出20)NaOH=二Na+OH 一KOH = = K+OH 一Ba(OH)2二二Ba2+2OH 一Mg(OH)2 Mg2+2OH 一Al(OH)3=Al3+ + 3OH- 酸式电离：Al(OH)3=H +

31、 + AlO +H2O11田出2。= NH: +2OH 一Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH -(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH -(石灰悬浊液)3、盐的电离(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4. Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4. CaSO4.word完美格式A12SO43、CuSO4、A1C13、AgNO3、CHsCOONa、NH4NO3、FeCh、Na2CO3、Na3PO4=3Na+ + PO了 KI= = K+I NaBr=二Na+ + Br NaClO = = Na+ClONaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4. Na2HPO4. Na3PO4、KI、NaB

32、r、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3NaCl=二Na+Cl 一Na2SO4=2Na+ SO ；NaHSO4= = H + + Na+ + SO；Na2SO3=2Na+ SO；NaHSO3二二Na+ + HSO3-错误书写：NaHSO3二二Na+ + H + + SO42-MgSO4= = Mg2+ SO ； A12SO43 = =2A13+ + 3SO； CuSO4=Cu2+ SO；AICI3二二Al3+ + 3Cl 一 AgNO3二二Ag+ + NO3CECOONa二二CH3COO 一 +Na+NH4NO3 = = NH4+ + NO3- FeCl3二二Fe3+ + 3C Na2CO3 =

33、=2Na+ CO ；NaHCO3二二Na+ HCO；错误书写：NaHCO3二二Na+ + H + + CO；Na2S=2Na+ + S 2一NaHS=二Na+ + HS一错 误 书 写 ：NaHS=二Na+ + H + S 2NaH2PO4= = Na+ + H2PO ；Na2HPO4=2Na+ + HPO错误书写：Na2HPO4=2Na+ + H + + PO了AgCI一Ag+ Cl-难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离CaCO3Ca2+ + CO；错误书写：CaCO3=Ca2+CO；CaSO4Ca2+ + SO 4一 错误书写：CaSO4=Ca2+ + SO 4一3、熔融电离NaC Na+ C

34、l -MgCl Mg2+ + 2 Cl -Na2 2Na+O2-Al2O 2Al3+ + 3O2-十、水解反应1、单水解-可逆水解NH4Cl + H2O= NH3-H2O + HC1 NH4+H2O= H+NH3H2OFeCl3+3H2。 FeOH3 + 3HClFe3+3H2。 FeOH3+3H+A1C13+3H2OA1OH3+3HC1 Al3+3H2OAlOH3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O=CuOH2+H2SO4 金属活动顺序表中Mg2+以后的阳离子均水解word完美格式NaHCO3+H2O= H2CO3 + NaOH NaHSO4 不水解，NaHSOs 电离大于水解C6H5ONa + H

35、2。 CeHsOH + NaOHNa2CO3+H2。NaHCO3 + NaOH COa+H?。HCOs+OH-2、双水解NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3 + NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加CH3COONH4+H2O= CH3COOH + NH3-H2ONa2SO3+H2。 NaHSO3 + NaOH SO32-+H2O HSO3-+OH-NH4F + H2O= HF + NH3-H2ONaHSO3 + H2O= H2SO3 + NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加Al2S3+6H2O=AlOH31 +H2S t 隔绝空气,密封保存HSO3-+H2O= H2SO3+OH-Na2S

36、+H2。 NaHS + NaOHS2-+H2。 HS-+OH-NaHS + H20L= H2S+NaOH第一步远远大于第二步,二步不能叠加Mg3N2+6H2O = = MgOH21 +NH31 隔绝空气,密封保存Na3P+3H2O = =3NaOH + PH3f 隔绝空气,密封保存ZmP2+6H2O = =ZnOH21 +PH3 f Zg 一种老鼠药,PH 剧毒神经毒剂HPO42HPO42-+&0 H2PO4-+OH-NaH2PO4+H2O= H3PO4+NaOHH2PO4-+H2O= H3PO4+OH-Na3PO4+H2。 Na2HPO4+NaOHPO+H?。 HPO+OH-Na2HPO4+

37、H2。 NaH2PO4+NaOHCaC2+2H2O = =CaOH31 +C2H21 隔绝空气,密封保存C2H5ONa + H2O=C2H5OH + NaOH十一、电解及电极方程式1、电解质溶液在惰性电极条件下，或阴极是较活泼金属电极，阳极是惰性电极CHsCHsCOOH + NaOH条件下的电解CH3COONa + H2OCH3COO-+H2。 CH3COOH+OH-_ 一 _ 电解 _一2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH + H21 +CI21word完美格式(-)2H2O+2e- = = H21 +20H或 2H +2e-= = H21(+)2C|-2e- = =CI21电解2Cr+2H2O2

38、OH-+H21 +CI21, 电解 ,CuCb Cu+Cbt(-)Cu2+2e- = =Cu I(+)2C-2e-二二Cl 2 T电解Cu2+ + 2C|-Cu ! +CI21电解2C11SO4+2H2O 2Cu I +O21 +2H2SO4(-)2Cu2+ + 4e=2Cu I(+)2H2O=4e- = =O2 T_:TOT?-4e- = =O2 T4H2O4H + +4OH-电解2Cu2+2H2O 2Cu I +021 +4H +电解2H2O2H21 +021(-)4H + +4e- = =2H21word完美格式.专业.专注.(+)4OH-4e- = =O 21 +2H2O中性电解 4H

39、2(J=4H十+4OH-2H2O2H2O电解H21 +021酸性水解:(-)4H +4e-=2H21(+)2H2O-4e-=O21 +4H+ 4OH-4e-=O 21 +2H2O2H2O2H2O电解H21 +021碱性水解:(-)4H2O+4e- =2H21 +40H或:4H +4e-=2H21+2H2+2H2U(+J4UH -4e-=U2 T +2H2U电解2 H2O H21 +O212、2、镀铜：CuSO4电镀液镀件(-)Cu2+2e-=Cu!纯铜(+) Cu-2e_=Cu2+镀锌：ZnSO4电镀液镀件(-)Zn2+2e-=Zn!纯锌(+) Zn-2e_=Zn2+镀银：AgNO3电镀液镀件

40、(-)Ag+ + $ 二二Ag J纯银(+) Ag-e-二二Ag+镀镣:NiSO4电镀液镀件(-)Ni2+2e-= = Ni!纯镣(+) Ni-2e_= = Ni2+3、熔融状态下的电解：电解2NaCI(熔融)=2Na+CI21(-)2Na+2e-=2Na(+)2C|-2e-=CI2tword完美格式.专业.专注.电解2Na+2C|-(熔融)=2Na+CI21电解2AI2O3(熔融)4Al+2O21(-)4A|3+ + 12e-=4AI(+)6O2-12e-=3O2t胳融电解4AI3+ +6O2 NaAIFu 4AI + 3O2 t电解NaHF2(熔融H2f +F2f(-)2H +2e-二二S

41、(+)2F-2e- = = F2t电解2HFH21 +F2t十二、原电池反应XY(电解质溶液)或X/电解质溶液Y(1)不可逆电池苏打电池：ZnCu(H2SC)4)Zn 极(-)Zn-2e_=Zn2+ (氧化反应)Cu 极(+) 2H +2e_= = H21 (还原反应)离子方程式Zn+2H + = = H21 +Zn2+化学方程式Zn + H2SO4=ZnSO4+H21铁碳电池：FeC(H2COs)Fe 极(-)Fe-2e-= = Fe2+ (氧化反应)C 极(+) 2H +2$二二H21 (还原反应)离子方程式Fe+2H +=二H21 +Fe2+(析氢腐蚀)铁碳电池：FeC(H2。、O2)F

42、e 极(-)2Fe-4e-=2Fe2+ (氧化反应)C 极(+) O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH(还原反应)化学方程式2Fe+O2+2H2O = =2Fe(OH)2(吸氧腐蚀)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O = =4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3 = = Fe2O3-nH2O + (3-n)H2O (铁锈的生成过程)铝镣电池：AlNi(NaCI溶液、0力AI 极(-)4AI-12b二二4AI3+(氧化反应).word完美格式.专业.专注.Ni 极+3O2+6H2O + I2e-= = 12OH还原反应化学方程式4AI + 3O2+6H2O=4AIOH3 海洋灯标电池干电池:ZnMnO2NH4

43、CI 糊状物NH4CI + H2O = = NH3-H2O + HCIZn 极-Zn-2e=Zn2+氧化反应Cu 极+ 2MnO2+2H +2e-= = Mn2O3 + H2O 还原反应化学方程式 Zn+2NH4CI+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH312可逆电池铅蓄电池：PbPbC2浓硫酸放电Pb 极-Pb+H2SO4-2e-= = PbSO4+2H+氧化反应PbCh极+PbC2+H2SO4+2H +2e-二二PbSO4+2H2。还原反应化学方程式Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2OPbPbO2浓硫酸充电Pb 极 -PbSO4+2H+-2e-= Pb+H2SO4还原

44、反应PbCh极+PbSO4+2H2O+2e-= = PbO2+H2SO4+2H+ 氧化反应化学方程式2PbSO4+2H2O = = Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4放电PWbO2+2HO4 2PbSO4+2HO充电锂电池：Li一LiMnO2(固体介质)(-)Li-e二二Li+(氧化反应)(+) MnO2+Li+e-= = LiMnO2+H2O (还原反应)化学方程式 Li + MnCh=二LiMnCh放电Li+ IiiInU 2 Li ulnUo充电银锌电池：ZnAg2O(NaOH)Zn 极(-)Zn+2OH-2e-=ZnO + H2O(氧化反应)Cu 极(+) Ag2O + H2O+2e_=2A

45、g+2OH (还原反应)化学方程式Zn+Ag2O =二ZnO+2Ag(3)高能燃料电池：H2O2(NaOH)word完美格式.专业.专注.Pt 极(-)2H2+4OH e=4H2O氧化反应Pt 极(+)。2+2叱0+4。-二二40H(还原反应)化学方程式2H2 + O2=2H2。CH4O2(NaOH)Pt 极(-)CH4+10OH -8e-= = C0| +7H2O (氧化反应)Pt 极(+) 2O2+4H2O+8e=8OH(还原反应)化学方程式CH4+2O2+2NaOH = = Na2CO3 + 3H2O十三、热化学方程式C + l/2O2(g) = =CO(g) ; AH= - 393.5

46、kJ/mol0s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) ;AH= - 110.5kJ/molCO(g)+l/2O2(g)=CO2(g) ; AH= - 283.0kJ/molH2(g) + l/2O2(g) = = H2O(g) ; AH= - 241.8kJ/molH2(g) + l/2O2(g) = = H2O(l) ; AH= - 285.8kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g) = =2H2O(g) ; AH= - 483.6kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g) = =2H2O(l) ; AH= - 571.6kJ/molCH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l) ; AH= - 8

47、90.3kJ/molC8Hi8(l) + 12.5O2(g) = =8CO2(g)+9H2O(l) ; AH= - 5518kJ/molC6Hi2O6+6O2(g)二二6CO2(g)+6H2O(l) ; AH= - 2800kJ/molN2H4(g)+O2(g) = = N2(g)+2H2O(g) ; AH= - 534kJ/molS(s)+O2(g)=SO2(g) ; AH= - 297kJ/molFeS2(s)+1 l/4O2(g) = = 1/2Fe2O3(s)+2SO2(g) ； AH = -853kJ/molSO2+l/2O2(g)=SO3(g) ; AH= - 98.3kJ/mol

48、SO3(g) + H2O(l) = = H2SO4(l) ； AH= - 130.8kJ/molH2(g)+Cl2(g)二二2HCI(g) ; AH= - 184.6kJ/molC(s)+H2O(g)= = H2(g)+CO2(g) ; AH = + 131.5kJ/mol3H2(g)+N2(g)=2NH3(g) ; AH= - 92.2kJ/mol2O2(g)+N2(g)=2NO2(g) ; AH =+68kJ/molO2(g)+N2(g)二二2N0(g) ; AH= - kJ/mol.word完美格式.专业.专注.O2(g)+2NO(g)=2NO2(g) ； AH= - kJ/mol2NO

49、2(g)= = N2O4(g) ; AH= - kJ/molCu(s) + l/2O2(g) = =CuO(s) ; AH= - 157kJ/molCaCO3+ 二二Ca0+CO2(g) ； AH = + 1777kJ/molC(石墨)+ 02(g)二二二 CO2(g) ; AH = - 393.51kJ -moP1C(金刚石)+ 02(g)二二二 CO2(g) ; AH = - 395.41kJ -moP1C(石墨)二二二C(金刚石);AH = +1.9kJ -moP1NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) = NaCI(aq)+H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/molKOH(aq)

50、+HNO3(aq) = NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/molNaOH(aq) + l/2H2SO4(aq) = l/2Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/mol有机方程式甲烷CH3COONa + NaQH CaQ Na2CQ3 +CH4 TACH 4 + 20 2点燃CO2 +2H2OCH4 + Cl2 -CH3C1 + HQCH 3 Cl + Cl 2CH 2 Cl 2 + HdCH2C12 +Cl2CHa3 +HQcua 3 + ci2 -cci4 + hqCH4 高温 C + 2H2乙烯CH3 -CH2 OH 浓硫酸

51、 如2 =ch2 T+h2o170 CCH2 =CH2 +Br2 CH2Br -CH2BrCH2 =CH2 +H2 催化剂 CH3 -ch3ACH 2 = CH 2 + HQ CH 3 CH 2C1CH2 CH2+3Q22CQ2+2H2QCH. CH.+H.Q CH3-CHq - OHnCH2=CH2 *牛 CHCH2n -烯炷3word完美格式.专业.专注.nCH2 = CH2定条件 CH-CH2n -CH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br-BrCH2=CH-CH-CH2匕匕匕|k BrCH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br-BrCH2-：CH=CH-CH2 ,BrBrnCH? =CH_CH =如2定条

52、件CH-CH =CH -CH2n 一nCH2CH 7-CH =C-CInCH2CH 7-CH =C-CI|I2nCH3乙焕CaC2+2H2OCa (0H)2 +HC =CH T2CH 三 CH +5Q24CQ2+2H2QCH =CH +Br2 CH =pi Br BrBrCH =CH+Br2 CH-piBr BrCH 三 CH + H2 催化剂 CH2 =CH2ACH2 =CH2 +H2 催:剂 CH3 -ch3CH = CH + HC1 催化剂 CH2 = CHC1苯芳香炷Oj+Br2|OpBr+HBro+H0-N02ofN02+H20+ H0 -SQ3H + H0 -SQ3H 70C80C

53、 SO3H+H2。,J+3H2word完美格式.专业.专注.MH2SO4 Q2N-0TNQ2 + 3HqQY no2o +3H0SO3HTho3soYso3hso3h八3 +3H2O石油和石油产品概述C16H34 C8H18 + C8H16CgH18 C4H10 + C4H8C4H10ch4+cC4H10ch4+c3h6C4H10 C2H4 + C2H6炷的衍生物卤代炷CH3CH2Br + H2Q NaQH CH3CH2OH + HBrACH3CH2Br + NaOH H2 CH3CH2OH + NaBrCH3CH2Br + NaOHCH2 =CH2 T+NaBr+H20ACH2 =CHQ +H2定条件 如3如2。nCH2 = CHQ 一定条件 Of-TCHa -乙醇2Na + 2C2H5OH 2C2H5ONa +H2 fMg + 2C2H5OH (C2H5O)2Mg + H2 T2A1 + 6CqH5OH t 2(CqH5O)3A1 + 3Hq T2Cu +O22CuOCuO + C2H5OH