语言学名词解释

1、一、TermDefinition:Language:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.Semantics:thestudyofmeaningPragmatics:thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Syntax:inlingu

2、istics,whatalanguageexpressesabouttheworldweliveinoranypossibleorimaginaryworld.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudySynonym:wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Reference:whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworl

3、d;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Sense:concernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Dialect:avariety

4、ofalanguage,spokeninonepartofacountry(regionaldialect),orbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass(socialdialectorsociolect),whichisdifferentinsomewords,grammar,and/orpronunciationfromotherformsofthesamelanguage.Accent:aparticularwayofspeakingwhichtellsthelistenersomethingaboutthespeakersbackground.

5、Conversationalmaxim:anunwrittenruleaboutconversationwhichpeopleknowandwhichinfluencestheformofconversationalexchanges.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Competence:theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance:theactualrealizationofth

6、isknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Locutionaryact:theactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaning.Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Hyponymy:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,morein

7、clusivewordandamorespecificword.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Speechcommunity:thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.Transcription:theuseofsymbolstoshowsoundsorsoundsequencesinwrittenform.Bound

8、morpheme:amorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneiscalledboundmorpheme.MinimalPair:whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Stress:thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthes

9、urroundingwordsorsyllables.Compounding:awordformationprocessinwhichwordsareformedbyputtingtwoormorewordstogether.Affixation:istheprocessofformingwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.ComplementaryDistribution:Twoa

10、llophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Conversion:referstothederivationalprocesswherebyanitemcomestobelongtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofsuffix.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:correspondingtothefinalsynta

11、cticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.Saussure:thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureinthe20century.Vowel:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalle

12、dvowels.Consonant:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage.GeneralLinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole.InflectionalAffix:Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinfl

13、ectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.DerivationalAffix:Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.OpenClass:inEnglish,nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbswhicharethecontentwordsofalanguage,whicharesometimescalledopenclasswords.ClosedClass:conjunct

14、ions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,whichareinsmallnumberandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded,thereforesuchwordshavebeenreferredtoasclosedclasswords.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofallthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.SpeechVariety:referstoanydistinguishableformofsp

15、eechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Pidgin:aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Creole:whenapidginbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquittedbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelangu

16、age,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.二、单项选择题：1、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特色和分类。元音分类:vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.辅音分类:Byplaceofarticulationandbymannerofarticulation2、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对峙、互补分布和最小对峙体、音位规则、超音段特色：Phone:isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:aphonolog

17、icalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Phonemiccontrast:itcanbeeasilyobservedthatphonetical

18、lysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Complementarydistribution:Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamep

19、laceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.音位规则:(1)sequentialrules(2)assimilationrule(3)deletionruleSuprasegmentalfeature:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.3、语言的特色、乔姆斯基的变换生成语法、深层结构和表层结构、能力和行为的看法等：语言特色:(1)arbitrariness(2)productivity(3)dua

20、lity(4)displacement(5)culturaltransmissionChomskytransformation:aspecialstepofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropria

21、tetransformations.4、形态学中的构词法及派生词素等、如词根、词干和基词等。构词法:Derivation:aprocessofwordformationinwhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddedaffixestoroot.Root:thebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Stem:theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,o

22、raderivedformitself.基词:四、简短回答以下问题1、Phoneticsandphonology:Phonetics:descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonology:descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.2、Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription:Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspee

23、chsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.3、Deepstructureandsurfacestructure:D-structure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.S-structure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationo

24、fnecessarysyntacticmovement.4、Competenceandperformance:Chomskydefinedcompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.5、Speechandwriting:Speechand

25、writingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarrie

26、salargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.6、Descriptiveandtheprescriptiveapproachesinlinguisticstudies:Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.7、Lang

27、ueandparole:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.8、Semanticsandpragmatics:Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.9、Senseandreference:Sense:Itsconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itthescollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,itabstractandde-contextualized.Reference:Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,