北京版高考英语高中总复习专题五《推理判断（试题练）》教与学

1、高考英语总复习PAGE PAGE 41学好一门外语很重要。专题五推理判断探考情 悟真题【考情探究】考点内容五年考频统计2015北京卷2016北京卷2017北京卷2018北京卷2019北京卷推理判断推理判断题要求考生根据文章所提供的事实进行合理的分析和推断,判断作者的意图、人物的动机、情绪和性格以及事件发生的前因后果等。34435分析解读推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面信息推测文章隐含意思、对作者的态度和情感以及文中细节的发展做出正确推理判断的能力。有些考生认为推理判断题的答案就是在文章中没有出现的信息,这种理解比较狭隘;无论是何种考题,设问的依据都是在文本之中,所以答题时不能凭空想象或主观臆断。

2、推理判断题与细节理解题有很多重合之处,考生在做题时应紧扣文本,以文章所提供的细节为主要依据,而相较于细节理解题,推理判断题在获得相关细节后需经过深层次分析形成合乎逻辑的推断。【五年高考】A组自主命题北京卷题组Passage 1(2019北京,B) 词数:381Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the in

3、vention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids teeth, instead of destroying them.It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth. But Moore was sick of missing out on candies

4、. So she desired to get round the warning, “Why cant I make a healthy candy thats good for my teeth so that my parents cant say no to it?”With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to dentists about what a health

5、ier candy would contain.With her dads permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and tooth-friendly. She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only

6、using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moores productCanCandy.As CanCandys success grows, so does

7、 Moores credibility as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and shes also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.Meanwhile, with her parents help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teena

8、ge life. Although she founded her company early on in life, she wasnt driven primarily by profit. Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandys profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit

9、 for Alice Moore.1.How did Moore react to her dads warning?A.She argued with him.B.She tried to find a way out.C.She paid no attention.D.She chose to consult dentists.2.What is special about CanCandy?A.It is beneficial to dental health.B.It is free of sweeteners.C.It is sweeter than other candies.D.

10、It is produced to a dentists recipe.3.What does Moore expect from her business?A.To earn more money.B.To help others find smiles.C.To make herself stand out.D.To beat other candy companies.4.What can we learn from Alice Moores story?A.Fame is a great thirst of the young.B.A youth is to be regarded w

11、ith respect.C.Positive thinking and action result in success.D.Success means getting personal desires satisfied.答案1.B2.A3.B4.CPassage 2(2018北京,C) 词数:345Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12

12、million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 4

13、0% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some wor

14、ms into paste(糊状物)and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their massapparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break do

15、wn their everyday foodbeeswaxalso allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well,”she explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the Universit

16、y of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it

17、an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial processnot simply“millions of worms thrown on to

18、p of the plastic.”1.What can we learn about the worms in the study?A.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.2.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A.identify other means of the br

19、eakdownB.find out the source of the enzymeC.confirm the research findingsD.increase the breakdown speed3.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A.help to raise wormsB.help make plastic bagsC.be used to clean the oceansD.be produced in factories in future4.What is the main

20、 purpose of the passage?A.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present a way to break down plastics.D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.答案1.C2.B3.D4.CPassage 3(2017北京,A) 词数:344It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the

21、Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didnt know each other wellTaylor had just moved to town a month or so bef

22、ore.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground. “Pariss eyes rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the so

23、ftball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR?”CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick persons chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before.

24、Still, she hesitated. She didnt think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,”says Taylor.Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two mor

25、e ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Pariss heartbeat returned.“I know I was really lucky,” Paris says now. “Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is righ

26、t: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act unde

27、r pressure in a scary situation.”1.What happened to Paris on a March day?A.She caught a bad cold.B.She had a sudden heart problem.C.She was knocked down by a ball.D.She shivered terribly during practice.2.Why does Paris say she was lucky?A.She made a worthy friend.B.She recovered from shock.C.She re

28、ceived immediate CPR.D.She came back on the softball team.3.Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?A.Enthusiastic and kind.B.Courageous and calm.C.Cooperative and generous.D.Ambitious and professional.答案1.B2.C3.BPassage 4(2017北京,D) 词数:455Hollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)m

29、inds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(

30、控制论), put it this way:“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one

31、 that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send

32、out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super

33、intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them

34、to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI s

35、eems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet th

36、at is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherfor

37、d stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may.A

38、.run out of human controlB.satisfy humans real desiresC.command armies of killer robotsD.work faster than a mathematician2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to.A.prevent themselves from being destroyedB.achieve their original goals in

39、dependentlyC.do anything successfully with given ordersD.beat humans in international chess matches3.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to.A.help super intelligent machines work betterB.be secure against evil human beingsC.keep machines from being harmedD.avoid robots affecting the

40、world4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A.It will disappear with the development of AI.B.It will get worse with human interference.C.It will be solved but with difficulty.D.It will stay for a decade.答案1.A2.A3.D4.CPassage 5(2016北京,C) 词数:359California Cond

41、ors Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North Americas largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 19

42、80s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest f

43、or the night, they just dont see the power lines,”says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the b

44、irds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced,66% of set-free birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animal

45、s containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that remov

46、es lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideouts team thinks that the California condors average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.“Although these measures a

47、re not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”1.California condors attract researchers interest because they.A.are active at nightB.had to be bred in the wildC.are found only in CaliforniaD.almost died

48、out in the 1980s2.Researchers have found electrical lines are.A.blocking condors journey homeB.big killers of California condorsC.rest places for condors at nightD.used to keep condors away3.According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning.A.makes condors too nervous to flyB.has little effect on condors kid

49、neysC.can hardly be gotten rid of from condors bloodD.makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds4.This passage shows that.A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryB.Rideouts research interest lies in electric engineeringC.the efforts to protect condors have brought good result

50、sD.researchers have found the final answers to the problem答案1.D2.B3.D4.CPassage 6(2015北京,B)词数:312Revolutionary TV EarsTV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing loss hear the television clearly without turning up the volume(音量) and now its better and more affordable than

51、ever! With TV Ears wireless technology,you set your own headset volume,while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level thats comfortable for them.You can even listen through the headset only and put the TV on mute(静音) if the situation calls for a quiet environmentmaybe the baby is sle

52、eping.Or perhaps you are the only one who is interested in listening to the ballgame.TV Ears patented technology includes a revolutionary noise reduction ear tip,not used in any other commercially available headset.This tip reduces outside noise so that television dialogue is clear and understandabl

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54、em a great help in our enjoyment of television.As a retired ear doctor,I heartily recommend TV Ears to people with normal hearing as well as those with hearing loss.”Robert Forbes,M.D.,CACustomer Recommended TV Ears!“Now my husband can have the volume as loud as he needs and I can have the TV at my

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56、-78321.TV Ears helps you.A.improve your sleeping qualityB.listen to TV without disturbing othersC.change TV channels without difficultyD.become interested in ballgame programs2.What makes TV Ears different from other headsets?A.It can easily set TV on mute.B.Its headset volume is adjustable.C.It has

57、 a new noise reduction ear tip.D.It applies special wireless technology.3.This advertisement is made more believable by.A.using recommendationsB.offering reasons for this inventionC.providing statisticsD.showing the results of experiments答案1.B2.C3.AB组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组Passage 1(2019课标全国,C) 词数:313Before

58、the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trad

59、es. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”a term referring to papers made widely available

60、to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant