车门玻璃升降器的设计及运动仿真开题报告

1、开题报告题目：车门玻璃升降器的设计及运动仿真课题来源江苏省苏州奥杰汽车技术科学依据(包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和开展趋势；应 用前景等)(1)课题科学意义正在开发中的某车型的滑门需要一款玻璃升降器作为车门附件，用来控制滑门车 窗的开启和关闭。本课题主要着重负责玻璃升降器的逆向设计，运用UG软件建立玻璃 升降器的三维数模，通过运动仿真模块校核玻璃升降器在滑门上的布置和干涉情况， 从而优化结构，方便汽车配件厂尽快实现数控加工，加快汽车新产品上市。我国电动 玻璃升降器的开展很快，它不但在轿车中大量配套，而且开始在轻型客车中大量配套。 目前国内外很多主机厂和汽车配件厂实现了基于原有设计平

2、台的逆向设计，加快了产 品开发的过程，将来将会实现产品系列参数化设计，只需对三维数模某些结构尺寸修 改参数，就能实现产品的快速开发。随着汽车工业的开展，电动玻璃升降器将呈现智 能化、模块化的开展趋势。体。通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。第一个称为车床的床面上最大加工直径。这是在车床上 能够旋转的工件的最大直径。它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。第二个 规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大 工件直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离那么表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产

3、中最经常使用的车床种类。它们是具有前面所叙的所有那些部件的重 载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。它们的规格通常是：车床床 面上最大加工直径为305610mm （1224英寸）；但是，床面上最大加工直径到达1270mm （50英寸）和两顶尖之间距离到达36581nm的车床也并不少见。这些车床大局部都有切屑盘 和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。小型的普通车床一车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过 330mm （13英寸）一被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费 很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用

4、。通常，它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时 间的30%。此外，需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床，这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。 然而，操作工人的大局部时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑过程上。因此，为了减少 或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已 经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。.数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。在数控技术出现之前，所有的 机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大 概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制是，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表 了从人工控制

5、机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。一个 数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机 床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。开展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控 制的机器比人工操纵的机器精度更高、生产出零件的一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期 的工艺装备本钱更低。数控技术的开展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新创造的产生：电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很

6、多类的零件，每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工 过程。数控可以使生产厂家承当那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划 算的产品生产任务。同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生丁麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是50年代 初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。在其最初的价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切 割。然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的 台阶来生成曲线。构成台阶的每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每一个线段都必须 经过计算。在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。这是一个专门适用 于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语

7、句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和 规定必要的运动。APT语言的研究和开展是在数控技术进一步开展过程中的一大进步。最初 的数控系统下今天应用的数控系统是有很大差异的。在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。 指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被塑料带所取代），采用带阅读机将写在纸带或磁带上的 指令给机器翻译出来。所有这些共同构成了机床数字控制方面的巨大进步。然而，在数控发 展的这个阶段中还存在着许多问题。一个主要问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息的纸带 断裂和被撕坏是常见的事情。在机床上每加工一个零件，都需要将载有编程指令的纸带放入 阅读机中重新运行一次。因此，这个问

8、题变得很严重。如果需要制造100个某种零件，那么应 该将纸带分别通过阅读机100次。易损坏的纸带显然不能承受严配的车间环境和这种重复使 用。这就导致了一种专门的塑料磁带的研制。在纸带上通过采用一系列的小孔来载有编程 指令，而在塑料带上通过采用一系列的磁点眯载有编程指令。塑料带的强度比纸带的强度要 高很多，这就可以解决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。其中最重要的一个问题是，对输入到带中指令进行修改是非常困难的，或者是根本不 可能的。即使对指令程序进行最微小的调整，也必须中断加工，制作一条新带。而且带通过 阅读机的次数还必须与需要加工的零件的个数相同。幸运的是，计算机技术的实际应

9、用很快 解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带有关的问题。在形成了直接数字控制（DNC）这个概念之后，可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程 指令的载体，这样就解决了与之有关的问题。在直接数字控制中，几台机床通过数据传输线 路联接到一台主计算机上。操纵这些机床所需要的程序都存储在这台主计算机中。当需要时, 通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进 步。然而，它敢有着同其他信赖于主计算机技术一样的局限性。当主计算机出现故障时，由 其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。微处理器的开展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机的开展做好了准备。这两种技

10、术为 计算机数控（CNC）的发打下了基础。采用CNC技术后，每台机床上都有一个可编程逻辑 控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台机床内部。它还可 以在机床以外编制程序，并将其下载到每台机床中。计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所 带来的问题，但是它产生了另一个被称为数据管理的问题。同一个程序可能要分别装入十个 相互之间没有通讯联系的微机中。这个问题目前正在解决之中，它是通过采用局部区域网络 将各个微机联接起来，以得于更好地进行数据管理。.车削加工普通车床作为最早的金属切削机床的一种，目前仍然有许多有用的和为人要的特性和 为人们所需的特性。现在，这些机床主耍用在规模较小的

11、工厂中，进行小批量的生产，而不 是进行大批量的和产。在现代的生产车间中，普通车床已经被种类繁多的自动车床所取代，诸如自动仿形车 床，六角车床和自动螺丝车床。现在，设计人员已经熟知先利用单刃刀具去除大量的金属余 量，然后利用成型刀具获得外表光洁度和精度这种加工方法的优点。这种加工方法的生产速 度与现在工厂中使用的最快的加工设备的速度相等。研究内容.玻璃升降器设计局部：.适合该车型的玻璃升降器方案选择;.逆向设计玻璃升降器的机械结构。.玻璃升降器的运动仿真.玻璃升降器运动校核局部：.运动行程校核；.传动动力校核；.结构干涉校核。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析分析国内外电动玻璃升降

12、器市场各种电动玻璃升降器的特点以及适应性、电动玻 璃升降器开发中的问题、各种电机性能、各部件机构及工作原理、机械设计过程，通 过对升降器各部件的性能分析，最终开发出一款适合该车型的电动玻璃升降器。运用UG软件进行逆向设计，分析玻璃升降器总成及各部件的位置结构和功能，建 立三维数模，对总成进行运动仿真，分析运动数据，优化结构布置。江苏省苏州奥杰汽车技术在汽车设计领域，运用当今汽车工业最先进的 计算机辅助造型(CAS)、计算机辅助工程(CAE)、计算机辅助设计(CAD)和计算机辅助 制造(CAM)软件进行设计开发，至今已积累了数十个车型，整车平台及零部件开发经验。 在玻璃升降器方面具备很强的设计开

13、发能力，同时国内外市场对电动玻璃升降器的需 求不断扩大，对电动玻璃升降器的智能化、模块化越来越高，具备很大的市场可行性。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写 毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：CAD绘图。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25 0： UG设计。2013年4

14、月26日-2013年5月21日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：到达预期的实验结论：使用CAD设计绘制车门玻璃升降器装配图，并用UG绘制 三维图像，制作PPT文件，以及仿真。特色或创新之处玻璃升降器的整个机构、功能、性能都可通过UG逆向设计得以实现，实现了产品 的快速设计；通过运动仿真可以校核是否存在结构干涉情况，降低了样品试制的本钱 和风险。交叉臂式电动玻璃升降器适用负载较大车门玻璃，结构简单，制造本钱低，使用 寿命长，采用高防护电机驱动，实现车门玻璃的自动升降，乘员操作方便灵活，提高 了车型的整体舒适度和豪华感。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件：电脑；相关开发软件；局部技术资料。

15、尚需解决的问题：学习UG软件；确定产品的结构尺寸和技术要求；逆向设计 建立三维数模；总成运动仿真校核。指导教师意见指导教师签名:教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名:系意见主管领导签名:英文原文Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each

16、 domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or mach

17、ine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.

18、If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, sh

19、ould realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productLathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it

20、with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe ar

21、e the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel,

22、longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lath

23、es the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner

24、ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission-through which the spindle can be rotated at a num

25、ber of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because th

26、e accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock th

27、at can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casti

28、ng fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the u

29、pper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the near

30、est point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine

31、 lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 121

32、9 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) -also are available in bench

33、type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual ch

34、ip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operators time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made

35、. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area

36、of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With ma

37、nual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use o

38、f prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programm

39、ed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs a

40、re lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine too

41、l can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled mac

42、hine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cu

43、ts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps h

44、ad to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the n

45、ecessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reade

46、r was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched pap

47、er tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be

48、 rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the

49、 development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of

50、 frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining

51、operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a co

52、ncept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host c

53、omputer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as a

54、ll technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirab

55、le attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in todays production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an ex