话轮转换视角下《傲骨贤妻》中的人物关系和性格 影视编导专业

1、摘 要 HYPERLINK javascript:; 本文以话轮转换为理论基础，选用美剧傲骨贤妻为语料，将其中的人物对话作为研究对象，在会话分析的视角下对人物性格和关系进行分析。具体是从话题提出和控制情况，话轮长度，话轮类型，话语打断和独白现象，话轮控制策略等五个主要方面入手，以主要人物艾丽莎为中心选取了相关三组典型对话，通过采用定性、定量分析以及数据分析的方法对这些个案展开深层次研究。本文最终得出，话轮转换框架在分析傲骨贤妻中的人物对话时，能够通过人物根据语境使用的话轮转换策略，得出不同处境中的性格特征以及复杂的相互关系，增强人们对语言使用的敏感性。同时，此理论框架也为傲骨贤妻的评价和鉴赏提

2、供了一个新的、更为客观的角度。关键词：话轮转换；人物关系和性格；傲骨贤妻AbstractThis thesis chooses US TV series The Good Wife as the data to analyze the characters personalities and relations from perspective of turn-taking system.Specifically, from the following five aspects: the initiation and control of topics, turn length, turn t

3、ype, interruption and monologue as well as turn control strategies, this thesis selects three groups of typical dialogues centering the leading character-Alicia. Meanwhile, this thesis explores these cases in depth through applying the qualitative and quantitative method and data analysis.It is foun

4、d from my study that it can embody the characters personalities and complex interrelations in different situations by using turn-taking strategies according to the context when applying the framework of turn-taking, and makes people raise the awareness of using language. At the same time, it can als

5、o provide a new and objective perspective for the evaluation and appreciation of The Good Wife.Key words: Turn-taking; Characters personalities and relations; The Good Wife目录摘 要 3Abstract 4Chapter 1 Introduction 61.1 Research background 61.2 Objective of the study 61.3 Significance of the study 71.4

6、 The TV series of The Good Wife 71.5 The outline of the paper 8Chapter 2 Literature Review 92.1 Relevant studies of turn-taking Abroad 92.2Relevant studies of turn-taking in China 112.3 Previous studies on analyzing characters in light of turn-taking 132.4 The space of study 14Chapter 3 Theoretical

7、Framework 163.1 Introduction of turn-taking 163.2 A framework of turn-taking in drama 173.3 Research method 20Chapter 4 Analysis of the Conversations among Different Characters 214.1 Conversations between Alicia and Will 214.2 Conversations between Alicia and Zach 234.3 Conversations between Alicia

8、and Peter 25Chapter 5 Conclusion 275.1 Main findings 275.2 Limitations and suggestions 28References 29Chapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter is a general introduction of the paper, including the research background, th HYPERLINK javascript:; eobjectiveofthestudy,thesignificanceofthestudy,theintroduction

9、of The Good Wife and the outline of the study.1.1 Research backgroundTurn is the fundamental unit in the construction of conversation, which allows speakers and listeners to change their roles continually and start the conversation in turns. Although it seems that there are no specific rules governi

10、ng turn-taking, and all the participants in the conversation can take turns at any time, the truth is that turn-taking rules play an important role in ensuring a smooth conversation.It is really worth studying why the conversationalists can achieve transition from one speaker to another. Many lingui

11、sts want to know whether there is a mechanism which can explain the complicated conversational processes that can lead to barrier-free communication. Thus so many studies had been done. And there is no doubt that these studies have made a big progress.1.2 Objective of the studyThe turn-taking theory

12、 has usually been used to analyze daily conversations, literal works and so on. With the rapid development of turn-taking analysis, drama has always been the research object in this field. But few scholars apply turn-taking theory to analysis TV series. This thesis tries to study the US TV series Th

13、e Good Wife under the guidance of Sacks turn-taking theory. The specific research questions are as follows in steps:（1） Work out the cases: What particular dialogues reflect the turns of The Good Wife?（2） Through case study: What personalities and characters have been reflected in the conversations

14、of The Good Wife through the perspective of turn-taking?（3） Through case study: How does the relations have been revealed in the conversations of The Good Wife through the perspective of turn-taking?（4） After case study: What implications have we got by the appliance of turn-taking in The Good Wife?

15、1.3 Significance of the studyThe significance of the study lies in both its academic value and practical value. To analyze the turn-taking mechanism is of great academic value, because with which we can further study the law of language usage and analyze the characters personalities and relations in

16、 the TV series, movies and so on. This mechanism has been proved to be validated by many other researchers in their different discourses, but some parts of it still remain to be amended and improved. And about the practical value, the analysis of turn-taking enriches the study of turn-taking and mak

17、es contribution to the development of interactive sociolinguistics. In addition, the study on the turn-taking in The Good Wife is conducive to the understanding of the background information of legal drama and helps the US TV series lovers better understand the dramas of this kind and social values

18、behind them.At present, TV series is becoming more and more popular at home and abroad and attracts attention of lots of scholars from linguistic and other perspectives. The relevant researches offer some useful references to help readers learn language even better, and deepen their insight of langu

19、age appreciation, and thus promoting the readers understanding of the essence of the TV series.1.4 The TV series of The Good WifeThe Good Wife is an American legal and p HYPERLINK javascript:; oliticaldramatelevisionseriesthatairedonCBSfromSeptember22,2009,toMay8,2016.TheseriesfocusesonAliciaFlorric

20、k,thewifeoftheCookCountyStatesAttorney,whoreturnstohercareerinlawafterthe events of a public sex and political corruption scandal involving her husband. She joined as a junior partner in a Chicago law firm of her former classmate Will Gardner, and Will also wanted to see how she would go back to cou

21、rt after 13 years. Alicia thanked the firms lead lawyer, Diane Lockhart, for giving her the opportunity to understand that she had to work hard to succeed by her own. Alicias self-confidence is growing, from a failed politicians wife to a professional lawyer. And at last, she regained the control of

22、 her destiny in her own hands. The series, HYPERLINK javascript:; createdbyRobertandMichelleKing,starsJuliannaMargulies,JoshCharles,ChristineBaranski,MattCzuchry, Archie Panjabi, and Alan Cumming, and features Chris Noth in a recurring role. The executive producers are Ridley Scott,Charles McDougall

23、, and David W. Zucker.The Good Wife tells Alicia Florricks l HYPERLINK javascript:; ifefrombeingawifeofapoliticianinvolvingapublicsexandpoliticalcorruptionscandaltoanindependent female. And in this process, there are many turns around her work and life. The show focus on the wifes growth in work, wi

24、fes feelings change and the relation between the wife and husband, which can obviously push the story forward. And that can reflect the personalities and characters and relations in the TV series1.5 The outline of the paperThis paper has been divided into five chapters.Chapter One is the overall int

25、roduction, including research background, the objective and significance of the study, the introduction of The Good Wife and the outline of the study.Chapter Two is literature review abroad and home, listing some previous references and the space of the study.Chapter Three is the theoretical framewo

26、rk includes the application of turn-taking analysis and the framework of turn-taking in TV series.Chapter Four is the analysis and discussion of the conversations among different characters.Chapter Five draws the conclusion of the results found from the present study, and the limitation in the study

27、 and suggestions for the further study.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThe main purpose of the literature review is to introduce to readers the previous relevant researches both at home and abroad. And it focuses on three parts. The first part consists of the relevant studies of turn-taking abroad and in

28、 China. The second part consists of the relevant studies of analyzing personalities of characters from the perspective of turn-taking and abroad and in China. The third part consists of the summary and limitation of the previous researches.2.1 Relevant studies of turn-taking AbroadWith the developme

29、nt and widely application of linguistic, the study on turn-taking has become more and more popular among the scholars.Turn-taking was first explored as a core aspect of conversation analysis by Harvey Sacks with Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They put forward

30、 turn-taking mechanism from the point of sociolinguistics based on the ethno-methodology. Whats more, they noticed that there are certain procedures in the daily conversation, and illustrated the approach to study the principles and structures of naturally initiated conversations. They tried to desc

31、ribe and recognize the structure and order in language beyond the sentence level, and demonstrated clearly how everyday conversations are principle-governed and systematic. They exerted the technique of audio recording, which made the research more manipulative and persuasive.To study the turn-takin

32、g, it is worthwhile to pay attention to three articles: one article was Sequencing in Conversation Openings published in 1968 by Schegloff. It was the first delivered article related to the study of conversation analysis, which laid a certain foundation for the basic research direction and method of

33、 conversation analysis. The second article was published by Schegloff and Sacks in Semiotica named Opening up Closing, which echoed with the article mentioned above and researched on the closing question in ordinary conversation. It not only led to the subsequent turn-taking system, but also started

34、 focusing on the overall structure of the conversation. The last but the most importan HYPERLINK javascript:; tonewasfromSacks,SchegloffandJefferson,ASimplestSystematicsfortheOrganizationofTurn-takingforConversationpublishedin1974, in which they outlined a model for describing how speakers allocate

35、turn in mundane conversation and laid a solid foundation for the further study on turn-taking. In this article, Sacks and his collaborators proposed two units of turn-taking consisting of turn-construction unit and the turn-allocation component. According to Sacks, turn-taking can be showed as the p

36、rocess in which the roles of two speakers change constantly: one participant, A, talks, stops; another, B, talks, stops; and as a result, an A-B-A-B-A-B distribution structure of talk between two participants is maintained. At the same time, Atkinsin (1979), Drew (1992), McHoul (1978) and Greatbach

37、(1988) studied turn-taking in institutional discourses, such as meetings, classrooms, interviews, etc.After Sacks and Schegloff, many scholars made a further study on the conversation analysis. Edelsky (1981), Bennett (1981) and Murray (1985) put forward that some “rules” in the model are not necess

38、arily the way that a conversation “typically” works. They believed that there can be more than one speaker at a time.Bennett (1981) pointed out that “defining simultaneous talk by describing its form or structure can lead to the false conclusion because such talk can be understood in contradictory w

39、ays in different discourse.” Besides, he claimed that “overlap describes the actual occurrence of two people talking at a time and interruption is an interpretation that conversational agents use to make decisions or judgments about rights and obligations within a situation.”Tannen (1984) argued tha

40、t the overlapping speech is both popular and comfortable when applied by participants of similar conversational situations through an analysis of a Thanksgiving dinner among friends. The participants in the conversation regarded overlapping as a way of showing interest and involvement. Tannen also b

41、elieved that overlapping is not an interruption which is the result of different styles and the interaction of two different turn-taking systems rather than the intentsion of a speaker.Pridham (2001) pointed out that there is no more than one party attending the talk at a time in a conversation. “Yo

42、u need to know when to talk and how to gain a turn. Breaking into a conversation at any time you like is not considered a good conversational behavior.” He thought that silence or more than one participant in a turn does occur in real context. Silence has meaning as words do. “We should find out how

43、 and where we take turns and howthese turns are built on each other to structure the conversation as an entity.”At present, the research on turn-taking is paying attention to institutional talk, and the hottest research is doctor-patient communication. Some scholars made a large-scale research on do

44、ctor-patient interaction and published some essays which brought the doctor-patient interview into our view. In 2006, John Heritage and Douglas Maynard published the article Communication in Medical Care, which was the famous literature around the world. The other hottest topic was Telephone talk, w

45、ith its special organization structure, drawn more and more conversation analysts attention. The article Telephone Calls: Unity and Diversity in Conversation Structure across Languages and Cultures published by the professor Kang Kwong Luke and Therodossia Soula Pavlidou, totally showed the present

46、research occasion in this domain.In conclusion, the study has developed very fast at abroad, and has made some outstanding achievements, which lays a solid foundation for the further study and development of turn-taking.2.2Relevant studies of turn-taking in ChinaThe research on turn-taking in China

47、concentrates on the principles and appreciation of turn-taking. Liu Hong described turn-taking system in details in her book Analysis of Conversational Structure in 2004. Some scholars also made researches on it, particularly on the content and the corpus. Many scholars at home made active explorati

48、ons in this field. Theories about turns were translated and introduced into China around 1980s. These studies also had some impact on foreign language teaching.Miao Xingwei (1995) pointed out that the purpose of the research on turn-taking is to reveal the law of the conversational structure. The pa

49、rticipants can apply the verbal or nonverbal turn-taking mechanism in a conversation so as to make it go well. He also combined turn-taking theory with English teaching. He put forward the idiomatic expressions about turn-taking. Jia Yanping (1995) explored some common skills in the turn-taking proc

50、ess aiming at helping students overcome the difficulties in turn-taking.In addition, Zhou Xing and Zhou Yun (2002) made a more specific conclusion through classroom records and questionnaire. It indicated that the teachers utterance took up 5% to 35% all the time in student-centered teaching pattern

51、 through the research of college English teaching. Actually teacher shared less turn-taking for the most time of the class. Shu Jing (2005) took South-central University for Nationalities for example. She collected these classroom records and got preliminary data of students turn-taking in English c

52、lass. She also listed characteristics of turns distribution in college English class and the way students took turns. On the basis of the research about the amount and percentage of constitutional unit of turn-taking, she found non-English major students showed more enthusiasm in second-language cla

53、ss.Fu Libin (2006) put forward that the research on turn-taking is the core content of conversation analysis. Zhang Qian (2006) explored the principles of conversational communication from the perspective of concept of turn-taking, the formation of turn-taking, the form of turn-taking, turn-taking s

54、trategies and so on. Kuang Xiaorong (2006) divided the speech of the speakers into two kinds: self-selecting speech and other-selecting speech; and the author explored the functions and application of the two kinds of speech. The author believed that the oral communication is the process pushed forw

55、ard continuously through the change of self-selecting speech and other-selecting speech.Liu Hong (2004) made supplement to Sacks turn-taking theory after his analysis about daily life conversation records in China. He thought even though the next speaker had been chosen, he would not necessarily be

56、ready to speak because of some reasons. For example, the speaker had not got a clear idea about what to say next, so the last speaker continued his topic or someone else interrupts. So turn-taking did not necessarily occur after the next speaker has been chosen. Liu Senlin (2007) proposed how to use

57、 language to achieve turn-claiming, turn-control and turn-yielding, and also he gave some repair strategies for turn overlapping and pause.Zhu Yarong (2010) showed that teachers conversational repairs have five functions in classroom teaching context: explain, provide, stress, and provide authentic

58、target language input, and created chances for students target language output and test teaching effects. Liu Yuhui (2010) analyzed form and characteristic of English conversations from several aspects such as English class discourse, service industry discourse, telephone discourse, debate discourse

59、, English TV interview and doctor-patent discoursr. Li Chunfang (2013) made a contrastive study on “Who” and ”Shui” from the perspective of turn-taking. The analysis showed that in the discourse, when they express the function of personal pronouns and definitives, their question information is high,

60、 which highlights the function of enforcing turn-taking.Ma Chunyan (2014) made a deep discussion about the standards to identify turns. She thought the units of conversations were divided into turn-taking and non-turn taking after reexamining the standards for identifying “turn-taking”. Overlapping