高级英语课件InauguralAddress

1、Inaugural AddressJohn F. KennedyUnit 4 Teaching ObjectivesTo know the features of a political speechTo appreciate the language features of Kennedys addressTo acquaint the students with some famous English speechesTo take this speech as a good example to learn some techniques in writing a speechTeach

2、ing FocusThe difference between a speech and an argument Political backgroundBiblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsA round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly statedTeaching MethodsTeacher-oriented teaching methodStudent-oriented teaching methodTh

3、e elicited methodTeaching Procedure. Introductory Remarks. Background Information. Learning Focus. Key words and Expressions. Explanation of the Text. Division of the Text. The Writing Style. Rhetorical Devices. ExercisesIntroductory Remarks. Introductory RemarksJ. F. Kennedy addresses a worldwide a

4、udience in his inaugural speech.He makes a general statement of basic policy goals.The United States is prepared to pay any price, bear any burden, and meet any hardship to defend human rights, liberty and independence of free nations.He addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allie

5、s, as well as the United Nations.He turns to his enemy, warning that the U.S. is prepared to oppose any foe at all costs, so theyd better negotiate and cooperate with U.S.He appeals to his countrymen and citizens of the world for support and sacrifice in order to defend human rights and freedom.Pres

6、ident Kennedys finest masterpiece and one of the best speeches.It is a persuasive speech with the clear purpose: to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and what he is planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him.Detailed Study of the Text. Bac

7、kground Information 1. Brief Introduction to John Kennedy On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youngest man elected President; he was t

8、he youngest to die. 2Inaugurationthe peaceful transfer of power from one individual to another going back to President George Washington the induction of the new president was scheduled on March 4, every fourth year since 1793it has taken place on January 20 since 1937the inaugural ball in 1809four

9、or five ballrooms in Washington 3. Solemn Oath “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”. Learning FocusTo understand the political backgr

10、oundTo appreciate the biblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsTo understand a round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated. Key words and Expressions1. inaugural: a. of an inaugurationinauguration (n.), inaugurate (v.)the professors inaugural le

11、cture2. symbolize: v. to be a symbol of; stand forIn Europe, the color white symbolizes purity.3. signify: v. to be a sign or indication of; mean Recent changes in climate may signify that global warming is starting to have an effect.4. almighty: a. having unlimited power; all-powerful Almighty God

12、/ Father5. prescribe: v. to set down as a rule or direction; order what punishment does the law prescribe for corruption?6. abolish: v. to do away with completely; put an end to; The legislature passed a law to abolish the surtax.7. temper: v. to strengthen through experience or hardship; toughen Th

13、ose soldiers had been tempered by combat.8. discipline: v. to subject to discipline; train; control Students must learn to discipline themselves. 9. oppose: v. to resist; withstand; Many members of the council opposed the building of the luxury houses in the center of the city.10. assure:v. to make

14、(difficult thing) certain; guarantee I can assure you of the reliability of the news.11. venture: n. a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks a joint venture12. iron: a. cruel, merciless iron discipline13. renew: v. to go over again; say again; repeat I renewed my sp

15、irits in the country.14. forum: n. assembly for the discussion of public matters or current questions The letter page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.15. shield: n. any person or thing that guards, protect or defends16. unleash: v. to release or let go from or as from a leash leash:

16、 n. (lead esp. AmE) All dogs must be kept on a leash in public places. leash: v. to control an animal, esp. a dog, with lead or leash17. stay: v. restrain The government tries to stay the progress of the disease.18. invoke: v. to ask solemnly for; beg for; implore I invoked their forgiveness.19. era

17、dicate: v. to get rid of; wipe out; destroy Their goal was to eradicate the poverty in the countryside.20. testimony: n. form of evidence, indication; proof These results are a testimony to your hard work.21. shrink: v. to avoid or wish to avoid taking action; be reluctant; withdraw A shy man shrink

18、s from meeting strangers.22. at issue: in dispute; to be decided; in disagreement What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a students ability.23. at odds: in disagreement; quarrelling; antagonistic He was at odds with his colleagues.24. cast off: to discard; abandon The town is s

19、till trying to cast off its dull image. Explanation of the TextPara.1: Kennedy emphasizes the importance of his election as president. It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. It celebrates the freedom of people to elect freely their own head of the state. It sym

20、bolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of new one. The presidency is continued, but the president has changed. Para.2: Not only the administration has been changed, but the world has changed a lot.Para.3: Kennedy exhorts his countrymen and forcefully declares his determination to

21、 “pay any price” to defend human right and liberty at home and around the world.Para.4: Like the preceding one, Kennedy addresses to friend and foe at the same time. It promise to support any friend and oppose any foe.Para.5: transition from the general countries to specific ones.Para.6: It refers t

22、o those old allies with the same cultural and spiritual origins, esp. English speaking countries, such as Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand etc.Paras.7&8: Kennedy addresses the governments and people of newly independent countries, the third world developing countries. He promise to give them

23、economic aid but warn them not to go over the Communist.Para.9: Kennedy addresses all the countries lying to South of the U.S. in central and south America. The U.S has always tried to dominate these countries and has quite often interfered in their internal affair.Para.10: Kennedy pledges his suppo

24、rt to United Nations.Para.11-13: Kennedy addresses his enemy. He points out the destructive power of war and put forward proposal for arms control negotiation, cooperation in fields of science and space exploration.Para.14-20: Kennedy puts forward his different proposals by employing the parallel st

25、ructures throughout these paragraphs.Para.21-27: Kennedy appeals to his fellow Americans to support him and be ready to do everything they can, even to sacrifice their lives, if necessary, for their country.Main PointsThe Appropriate Use of Wordsa. “To our sister republics” (para.9)b. “ make themsel

26、ves adversary” (para. 11)1. Three ways to sway people 1) through evidence and reasoning; 2) through his own credibility; 3) through appeals to the peoples basic social, biological, and psychological needs, wants, and desires2. The deliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style and Biblical language a. “ and

27、 yet the same revolutionary from the hand of God.” (para.2) b. “Let the world go forth from this time and place (para.3) c. “to strengthen its shield of the new, which its writ may run.” (para.10) d. “And so, my fellow Americans your country.” (para.25). Division of the TextPart 1 Paras.1-5 : a gene

28、ral statement of basic policy goals.Part 2 Paras.6-9 : Kennedy addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies.Part 3Paras.11-19: Kennedy speaks to his enemy.Part 4Paras. 21-27: Kennedy appeals to his countrymen for support and sacrifice.Summary of the Text. The Writing StyleWell org

29、anized and highly rhetoricalVarious figures of speech The appropriate use of words, parallel and balanced structuresRepetition of important words and phrases, and antithesisDeliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style or Biblical language in some placesSummary of the Textone of the best inaugural addresse

30、sits object: to explain, convince and persuade people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him addressing a worldwide audience and appealing not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international co

31、mmunityconsisting of three parts: introduction, body and conclusionextremely well organized, highly rhetorical and full of logical reasoning and emotional appealvarious figures of speech the appropriate use of words, some structural rhetorical devices: parallel and balanced structures, repetition of

32、 important words and phrasesantithesis for the sake of force, vividness and emotional appealFeatures of the SpeechMostly persuasion with very little explanationTo rely chiefly on a successful appeal to emotionsNo time to cite facts and reasons which could convinceFirst to understand the psychology o

33、f the audience to whom he is directing his wordsTo employ suitable rhetorical devices and words to create the desired emotional impactSuccessful when the audience is excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is ready susceptible to the message of the speakerPolitical demagogy

34、 relies on emotional appeal for its success. Rhetorical Devicesalliteration:friend and foe (para.3)pay any price, bear any burdenmetaphor:torch-inspiration and idealsriding the back of tiger-seeking the aid of the socialist countriesthe master of its own house-Americathat fire can truly light the wo

35、rld-the energy, faith, devotion of American peopleparallel:verb phrase-pay any price, meet any hardship, support any friend, and oppose any foe. (para.4)Paras.6, 7, 8, 10, 11 begin with the same type of phrases: To those old alliesParas.15, 16,17, 18 begin with the same type of phrases: Let both sid

36、esrepetition:“all forces” and “belief” (para2)“committed” (para.3)“good” and “free” (para9)“beyond doubt” (para12)antithesis: A figure of speech which assumes a balanced structure and emphasizes a contrast in meaning by placing antonyms in parallel position, generally to produce a sound rhythm, and

37、expresses great wisdom through brevity. antithesis:“United, there is little, Divided, there is little.” (para.6)“If a free society cannotwho are rich” (para.8)“Let both sides exploredivide us.” (para.15)“ask not what your country can do for youfor your country” (para.25)“ not as a call to battle,.”

38、(para. 22)synecdoche: “that stay the hand of mankinds final war.” (para.13)rhetorical question: “Can we forge against for all mankind?” (para.23)Exercises. ExercisesOral PresentationMake a five-minute presentation in class based on your research.Suggested topics: 1. The position of John F. Kennedy i

39、n American history 2. The Cold WarDiscriminate between these synonyms.1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethalFatal if used to describe anything that is capable of causing or that actually has caused death; it carries a strong su

40、ggestion of the inevitability of fate An illness which might not be serious for a young person, but which will almost certainly prove fatal to an old person.Deadly is interchangeable with fatal in this sense. Leukemia is a deadly diseaseDeadly, however, in a way that fatal cannot, can refer to a per

41、son who desires or seeks to cause the death of another person. The murdered man had many deadly enemies.Mortal, like deadly, can be applied both to things or people that cause, are capable of causing, or seek to cause someones death. (Because of an ancient family feud, the two cousins had been morta

42、l enemies from birth). In its reference to things, mortal differs from fatal and deadly only in the fact that it is usually found in contexts which detail a death that has already occurred. He was struck down by a mortal blow upon the head.Lethal refers to something which, because of some intrinsic

43、quality in its make-up, is certain to cause death, and may indeed exist for the express purposes of causing death.Cyanide is a lethal poison. With the exception of lethal, all these words can be used to describe something that causes great fear or discomfort, or that brings about disaster or ruin, b

44、ut that dose not lead to physical death.a fatal mistake; a deadly insult; in mortal terror.2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resoluteFaithful implies continued, steadfast adherence to a person or thing to which one is bound by an oath, duty, obligation, etc. a faithful wife or husband loyal imp

45、lies undeviating allegiance to a person, cause, institution, etc. which one feels morally bound to support or defenda loyal friendconstant suggests freedom from fickleness in affections or loyalties a constant loverstaunch (or stanch) implies such strong allegiance to ones principles or purpose as not to turned asi