英国文学史常耀信重点知识

1、 英国文学史常燿信重点知识英国文学史及选读第一册复习要点Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration,metaphors and un derstateme nts（此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）Roma nee（名词解释）“ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” ： a famous roman about King Arthur sstoryBallad （名词解释）Character of Rob in HoodGeoffrey Chaucer: foun d

2、er of En glish poetry; The Can terbury Tales （mai neon ten ts; 124 stories pla nn ed, on ly 24 fini shed; writte n in Middle En glish;significanee; form: heroic couplet）Heroic couplet （ 名词解释）8. Re naissa nee（名词解释）9.ThomasMoreUtopiaSonnet （名词解释）11. Blank verse （名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Que

3、ene ”Francis Bacon“essays ” esp.“Of Studied推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面 很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有 名的十四行诗可能会出选读）Joh n Milt on三大史诗非常重要，特别是 Paradise Lost 和Sams onAg

4、onistes。对于Paradise Lost 需要知道它是blank verse 写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。John BunyanThe Pilgrim s ProgressFoun der of the Metaphysical school Joh n Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and stra nge images.Enl ighte nment(名词解释)Neoclassicism(名词解释)Richard S

5、teele“ The Tatler ”Joseph Addis on“ The Spectator这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上 刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。Steel s and Addis on s styles and their con tributi onsAlexander Pope:“ Essay on Criticism ” ,“ Essay on Man ” ,“ The Rape ofLock ” ,“ The Dunciad ” ; his)rkmanship (features) and li

6、mitationsJonathan Swift:“ Gulliver s Tra此e书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象；(我们主要讲了三个地方)“A Modest Proposal ”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony也就是反讽手法。The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominentachieveme nt of 18cen tury En glish literature.Daniel Defoe:“ Robinson Crusoe ” ,“ Mol

7、l Flander 然是,RobinsonCrusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe 是 forerunner of English realistic novel。Samuel Richards on“ Pamela” (first epistolary no vel),“ ClarissaHarlowe ” ,“ Sir Charles Gran dis on”Henry Fielding:“Joseph Andrews ” ,“Jonathan Wi

8、ld ” ,“Ton第JJones”个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被 称为 father of the English novel.Laurenee Sterne“ Tristram Shandy 项狄传Richard Sheridan“ The School for Scandal ”Oliver Goldsmith“ The Traveller ” (poem), “The Deserted Village ”(poem) (both two poems were writte n by heroic couplet),“ The Vicar

9、 ofWakefield ” (novel),“The GOOdtured Man ”(comedy), “She stoops toConq uer ” (comedy),“ The Citize n of the World” (collect ion of essays)Sen time ntalism(名词解释)Thomas Gray “ Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard(英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”)(a representative of sen time ntalism and graveyard s

10、chool of poets墓园派诗人)* Graveyard School / Poets ” ： A term applied to eighteenth -century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of huma n mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pen sive ness to profo und gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely kn

11、ownEnglish poems, Thomas Gray s “ Elegy written in a country churchyardThe writi ng of graveyard poems spread from En gla nd to Con ti nen tal literature in the sec ond part of the cen tury and also in flue need some America n poets.In the latter half of the 18 cen tury, Pre-Roma nticism; represe nt

12、ative:William Blake and Robert Burns.Thomas Percy“ Reliques of Ancient English poetry许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。William Blake比较重要，需要对主要作品有所了解，特别是So ngs ofInnocence 和 Songs of Experienee, 这两本集子的 contrast 一定要注意，另夕卜 Blake的写作特点也要注意，比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等。Robert Burns 伟大的苏格兰民族诗人，A Red Red Ro

13、se, Scots Wha Hae,Auld Lang Syne 等名诗，写作特点 :Scottish dialect; a poet of peasant and Scottish people; pla in Ian guage; in flue nce from Scottish folk songs and ballads; musical quality of his poems.A Survey of British LiteratureEarly and Medieval Literature (Unit 2)three conq ueststhe medieval period

14、: 476 A. D the 15th cen turyAn glo-Saxon Period (449-1066):-oral traditi ons;-“ Beowulf ” : the national epic-Caedm on: the first known En glish religious poetAnglo-Norman Period (1066-15 th century):-Popularity of roma ncens;-Chaucer: the father of En glish poetry;-Ballads developed;“ Beowulf ”-l o

15、n gest; an epic; features (Paga n and Christia n colori ng; kenning; metaphor)Roma nee-Definition: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Roma nces are popular in the medieval period.-“ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”Geoffrey Chaucer-the father of En gli

16、sh literature/poetry;-The Can terbury Tales: a double fictio n; the Wife of Bath s prologue; The Wifeof Bath s Tale; heroic couplet)Ballad:-Definition:A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.-Rob in Hood Ballads.Appreciati on:-from Beowulf ”-from The

17、 Can terbury Tales ”The Re naissa nee (Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5,U nit 6)three discoveriesRenaissanee-a thristing curiosity for classical literature;-a keen interest in life and human activities.Humanism-i ndividualism; the joy of the prese nt life; reas on; the affirmati on of self-worth -Huma nism em

18、phasizes the dig nity of huma n beings and the importa nee of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the uni verse and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the prese nt life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform won ders.Sonnet:

19、-Definition: It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first in troduced it to En gla nd)Shakespearean sonnet:-Defi niti on:AShakespearea n sonnet con sists of threefour-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a

20、 final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef ggBlank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey)Spenserian stanza:-Definition: Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single Alexandr

21、ine line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is ababbcbcc.Appreciation:-Edm und Spen ser and“ The Faerie Quee n(wr”e n in bla nk verse)-Thomas More and “ Utopia ”-Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus (Appreication) ; Tamburlaine;The Jew of Malta; The Passi on ate Shepherd to His Love;-So

22、nnet 18 by Shakespeare ( Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer Day”)： time, mortality, immortalityThe first English essayist: Francis Bacon ( Of Studies ”)Elizabethan theatre the golden age of English drama;Shakespearea n comedies: As You Like It ; The Mercha nt of Ven ice ; A Midsummer Night s DreanMuch

23、 Ado About Nothing ; Twelfth NightShakespearea n tragedies: Macbeth; Ki ng Lear; Hamlet; OthelloShakespearean comedies:-Features: clow ns, serva nts, jesters, fools; dramatic irony; mistake n ide ntity, cross-dress ing;-Patterns: The Green World Pattern (Sample: A Mid-summer Night s Drea mShakespear

24、ea n tragedies:-Features: characters; structure; soliloquy; traveli ng; the role of fate/cha neeAppreciati on:-To be, or not to be ” (from Hamlet) (Hamlet dilemma)-Tommorrow, tomorrow, ” (from Macbeth) (Mabeth is tired of the world; bored with life; metaphors:)The Period of Revolution and Restoratio

25、n (the 17th century) (Unit 7)17th: the beg inning of moder n En gla nd;Cavalier poets:-Reflected the royalist values;-Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;-Style: Direct, short, fran kly erotic-Motto: “ Carpe Diem ”“ Seize the Day ”-Robert Herrick, Ben Joh nson, Rochard Lovelace, etc;-Appreciatio

26、n:“To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick; “to seize theday ”)Metaphysical school:-the foun der of the Metaphysical school: Joh n Donne-conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetchedcomparis ons;-John Donne slove poems: “TheFlea ” ；“ Valediction: Forbidden Mourning

27、 ” (Appreciatio n)-Andrew Marvell:To His Coy Mistress ”Puritan writers:-John Bunyanh: “The Pilgrim s Prograsreligious allegory)-Joh n Milt on:“ ParadiseLost ” (based on The Old Testame nt) ( ParadiseRega ined ”； Sams on Ago ni stes” (Appreciati on)The 18th Century Literature The Age of Enlightenment

28、 (Unit 8 and Unit 9)18th cen tury: the golde n age of En glish no velsEnlightenment-a n in tellectual moveme nt in Europe in the 18 cen tury;-Reas on as the guid ing prin ciple for thinking and action;-the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, n atural equality ;-a continu ati on of Ren aissa ne

29、e;(Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education).Neo-classicism:-A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balanee, simplicity and restrai nedemotion in literature in the 18th century.-Alexa nder PopeEssay on Criticism ” by Alexander Pope-a man ifesto of n eoclassicism;-

30、Appreciation:A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing ” (learning asmountain climb ing; in adequate lear ning may impair a bala need apprecatio n of a poem).Realistic novels:-Jonathan Swift; Gulliver Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;-Da niel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;

31、(Appreciatio n)-Henry Fielding: Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;Sen time ntalism-the middle and later decades of the 18 -Jonathan Swift; Gulliver Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;-Da niel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe; (Appreciatio n)-Henry Fielding:

32、Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;Sen time ntalism-the middle and later decades of the 18 th c.;-definition: passion over reason,return of the patriarchal times;in dustrializatio n-Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, etc.The Graveyard School-subjects, style;-Thomas Gray s “Elegywritten

33、in(Appreciatio n)Pre-roma nticism:-the latter half ot the 18-Robert Burns:-William Blake:“ The Tyger ”pers onallame nti nga countryth cen tury;“Auld Lyne Syne “ Songs)f Innocence;instinets over social duties; the over the destructive effects ofchurchyard ” structure; theme;“A Red, Red Rose ” “ Songs

34、)f Experienee ” ；“TheLamb,Richard Brin gsley Sherida n: The School for Sea ndal; The Rivals;Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to ConquerThe Roma ntic Period (1789-1832) (Unit 10 , Unit 11 and Unit 12)The Romantic period: an age of poetryRomanticism:-Ma ni festoof British Roma ntic

35、ism: Lyrical Ballads: co-published byWordsworth and Coleridge-Features: in dividual as the een ter of all life and experie nee; from the outer world to the inner world; Passion; imagination ; Nature; pastoral; past ; In dividual freedom; simple and spontan eous expressi on; symbolic prese ntatio ns;

36、 fan tastic eleme nts;English Romantic Poets-Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey-The Sata nic Poets: Byro n; Shelley; Keats-Lyrical Ballads : the manifesto of the English Movement;William Wordsworth-“ a worshipper of nature ;”-nature and country poems: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud ” ;“The

37、World isToo Much with us ” ;“ Tin tern Abbey ” ;“ To a ButTheySolitaiy Reaper ”；Lucy Poems ”；-theories on poetry; Poetry is a spontan eous overflow of powerful feeli ngs; it takes its orgin from emoti on recollected in tranq uility.”-Wordsworth view of nature: critique of materialism; a source of me

38、ntal clea nli ness; the guardia n of the heart; the ben eficial in flue nce of n ature;-Appreciation:“I Wanderered Lonely as a CloudThnteirn Abbey ”；Samuel Taylor Coleridge:“ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ”George Gordon Byro n:-Byronic Hero: an idealised but flawed anti-hero created by Byron; love

39、 of freedom, hatred of tyra nny, passi on ate, rebellious, chivalrous, arroga nt, cyn ical, in dividualistic, isolated, sin gle-ha ndedly, mela ncholy-major poems by Byron:“ ChildeHarold P ilgrimage ”(Byronic Hero); “ DonJuan( ;“ She Walks in Beauty The Isles of Greece( (Appreciation)Percy Bysshe Sh

40、elley:-Plato s in flue nce; pan theism-“ PrometheusUnbound” ; “ Odeto the West Wind”“ PrometheusUnbound” ;Ode to a Skylark(; Queen Mab ”; A Defense of Poetry(;-Appreciation :“ Odeto the West Wind” : themes of death and rebirth;destruct ion and rege neratio n;John Keats- “ Odeo n a Grecia n Urn( ; “

41、Odeto a Night in gale ; ” Ode to Autu mn ”； Endymion ”； Isabella ”-Appreciation:Ode on a Greican Urn (: the powers and limitations of artVI The Victorian Literature (1832-1901) (Unit 13 and Unit 14)Authors and Works-William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair-George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss; Silas M

42、arner; Middlemarch; Adam Bede-Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice: Emma; Sense and Sensibility; Mansfield Park -Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd ; Tess of the D UrbervilJude the Obscure; The Retur n of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge-Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre; Shirley;-Emily Bronte: Wut

43、hering Heights-Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest; A Woman of No Importance -Walter Scott: Ivanhoe;1. Bronte Sisters and the Female Gothic Tradition:-Female Gothic refers to the tradition of Gothic writing by women . that represents the female experience within domesticity as one of impris

44、onment, claustrophobia and terror.Appreciaten:-Ja ne Eyre by Charolotte Bron te;-Wutheri ng Heights by Emily Bron te;Naturalism-Definition: Heredity and social environment as the shaping forces of one s character; to determ ine scie ntifically the un derly ing forces in flue ncing the acti ons of th

45、e characters. pessimism; fatalism; detached perspective;-Appreciation: Tess of DUrbervilles ” by Thomas HardyAestheticism-Oscar WildeCharles Dicke ns:-Oliver Twist; David Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times; Great Expectati ons; The Pickwick Papers; Little DorritPoets-Alfred Tennyson:“ Bre

46、ak, Break, Break ”-Robert Browning:“ My Last Duchess ” (dramatic monologue)-Mathew Arnold: Dover Beach” (Appreciation)Thomas Hardy-“ Shakespeare of the English novel.”-novels of character and environment:Far from the Madding Crowd ; Tess of theD Urbervilles Jude the Obscure-fatalism;-n aturalistic t

47、enden cies;George Bernard Shaw-the greatest Irish dramatist in the 20th c.-a member of the Fabia n society; reformist ideas-Plays: Mrs. Warren sProfession; Major BarbaraJoh n Galsworthy-The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, In Chan cery, and To Let.-Analysis: The Man of PropertyVII. The Modern Perio