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1、骨折治疗原则第1页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四GOALS OF FRACTURE TREATMENTRestore the patient to optimal functional statePrevent fracture and soft-tissue complicationsGet the fracture to heal, and in a position which will produce optimal functional recoveryRehabilitate the patient as early as possible第2页,共27页,

2、2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四HOW FRACTURES HEALIn natureRegeneration vs repairThree phases of healing by callusRapid process, rehabilitation slow, low riskWith operative intervention (reduction + compression)Primary bone healingSlow process, rehabilitation rapid, high riskWith operative intervention (nailin

3、g or external fixation)Healing by callusRapid process, rehabilitation rapid, lesser risk第3页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四FACTORS AFFECTING FRACTURE HEALINGThe energy transfer of the injuryThe tissue responseTwo bone ends in opposition or compressedMicro-movement or no movementBS (scaphoid, talus, femor

4、al and humeral head)NSNo infectionThe patientThe method of treatment第4页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四HIGH-ENERGY INJURY第5页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四LOW ENERGY INJURY第6页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四DESCRIBING THE FRACTUREMechanism of injury (traumatic, pathological, stress)Anatomical site (bone and locat

5、ion in bone)Configuration Displacement three planes of angulationtranslationshorteningArticular involvement/epiphyseal injuries fracture involving jointdislocationligamentous avulsionSoft tissue injury第7页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四MINIMALLY DISPLACED DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE第8页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,

6、星期四COMMINUTED PROXIMAL- THIRD FEMORAL FRACTURE WITH SIGNIFICANT DISPLACEMENT第9页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四MANAGEMENT OF THE INJURED PATIENTLife saving measuresDiagnose and treat life threatening injuriesEmergency orthopaedic involvement Life savingComplication savingEmergency orthopaedic management

7、(Day 1)Monitoring of fracture (Days to weeks)Rehabilitation + treatment of complications (weeks to months)第10页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四LIFE SAVING MEASURESAAirway and cervical spine immobilisationBBreathingCCirculation (treatment and diagnosis of cause)DDisability (head injury)EExposure (musculo-s

8、keletal injury)第11页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四EMERGENCY ORTHOPAEDIC MANAGEMENTLife saving measures Reducing a pelvic fracture in haemodynamically unstable patientApplying pressure to reduce haemorrhage from open fractureComplication savingEarly and complete diagnosis of the extent of injuriesDiagnos

9、ing and treating soft-tissue injuries第12页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四第13页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四DIAGNOSING THE SOFT TISSUE INJURYSkinOpen fractures, degloving injuries and ischaemic necrosisMusclesCrush and compartment syndromesBlood vesselsVasospasm and arterial lacerationNervesNeurapraxias, axo

10、notmesis, neurotmesisLigamentsJoint instability and dislocation第14页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四SEVERE SOFT-TISSUE INJURY第15页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四TREATING THE SOFT TISSUE INJURYAll severe soft tissue injuriesequire urgent treatmentOpen fractures , Vascular injuries, Nerve injuries, Compartment s

11、yndromes, Fracture/dislocationsAfter the treatment of the soft tissue injury the fracture requires rigid fixationA severe soft-tissue injury will delay fracture healing第16页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四DIAGNOSING THE BONE INJURYClinical assessmentHistoryCo-morbiditiesExposure/systematic examination“Fir

12、st-aid” reductionSplintage and analgesiaRadiographsTwo planes including joints above and below area of injury第17页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四TREATING THE FRACTURE IDoes the fracture require reduction?Is it displaced?Does it need to be reduced? (e.g. clavicle, ribs, MTs)How accurate a reduction do we

13、need?alignment without angulation (closed reduction - e.g. wrist)anatomic (open reduction - e.g. adult forearm )第18页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四第19页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四第20页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四TREATING THE FRACTURE IIHow are we going to hold the reduction?Semi-rigid (Plaster)Rigid (Inter

14、nal fixation)What treatment plan will we follow?When can the patient load the injured limb?When can the patient be allowed to move the joints?How long will we have to immobilise the fracture for?第21页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RIGID FRACTURE FIXATION第22页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四

15、TREATING THE FRACTURE IIIOperative Non-optveRehabilitationRapidSlowRisk of joint stiffnessLowPresentRisk of malunionLowPresentRisk of non-unionPresentPresentSpeed of healingSlowRapidRisk of infectionPresentLowCost? ?第23页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四INDICATIONS FOR OPERATIVE TREATMENTGeneral trend towa

16、rd operative treatment last 30 yrsImproved implants and antibiotic prophylaxis, Use of closed and minimally invasive methodsCurrent absolute indications:-PolytraumaDisplaced intra-articular fracturesOpen #s#s with vascular inj or compartment syn, Pathological #sNon-unionsCurrent relative indications

17、:-Loss of position with closed method, Poor functional result with non-anatomical reduction, Displaced fractures with poor blood supply, Economic and medical indications第24页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四WHEN IS THE FRACTURE HEALED?ClinicallyUpper limbLower limbAdult6-8 weeks12-16 weeksChild3-4 weeks6-8

18、 weeksRadiologicallyBridging callus formationRemodellingBiomechanically第25页,共27页,2022年,5月20日,16点0分,星期四REHABILITATIONRestoring the patient as close to pre-injury functional level as possibleMay not be possible with:-Severe fractures or other injuriesFrail, elderly patientsApproach needs to be:-Pragmatic with realistic targetsMultidisciplinaryPhysiotherapist, Occupational therapist, District nurse, GP, Social worker第26页,

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