柴油发电机-柴油发动机转速控制系统原理和维修

1、V?尼IE3血vll#!SiL站右从柴油发动机柴油发电机转速控制器Dieselenginedieselgeneratorspeedcontroller柴油机的调速Dieselenginespeed一、柴油机调速One,thedieselenginespeedcontrol柴油机的不同转速是通过改变循环供油量来实现的。Dieselenginespeedbychangingdifferentfuelcycletoachieve.改变柴油机的油量调节机构，使其转速调节到规定的转速范围内就称柴油机调速。Changeengineoilamountregulatingmechanism,thespeedr

2、egulationtothespecifiedspeedrangeiscalledthegovernorfordieselengine.为了实现柴油机调速，就必须设置专门的调速装置，以便根据柴油机负荷的变化自动调节供油量，维持其规定的转速范围。这种装置称调速器。Inordertorealizedieselenginespeed,wemustsetupaspecialspeedregulatingdevice,accordingtothedieselengineloadchangesautomaticallyregulatestheoilsupplyquantity,maintainitsspe

3、cifiedspeedrange.Suchadevicecalledthegovernor.二、调速器的类型Intwo,governortypen按调速范围分类AccordingtotheclassificationofNspeedrangen按执行机构分类Nactuatoraccordingtoclassification1、按调速范围分类In1,accordingtothespeedrangeclassification极限调速器邙艮速器）一一只用于限制柴油机的最高转速不超过某规定值，在转速低于此规定值时不起调节作用。此种调速器仅用于船舶主机，目前已很少单独使用。I?石I日血劉I站:&i?

4、曰小mlimitgovernor(governor)-onlytolimitthemaximumspeedofdieselenginedoesnotexceedaspecifiedvalue,therotationalspeedislowerthantheprescribedvaluedoesnotplayaregulatingrole.Thegovernorisusedonlyformarineengine,nowrarelyusedalone.单制式调速器(定速调速器)在负荷变化时，能使柴油机转速保持在规定范围内。此种调速器应用于发电柴油机。Thesinglesystemgovernor(

5、constantspeedgovernor)-changesintheload,canmakethedieselenginespeedismaintainedwithinapredeterminedrange.Thegovernorusedindieselengine.双制式调速器能维持柴油机的最低运转转速，并可限制其最高转速。中间转速由人工手动调节。此种调速器用于对低速性能要求较高或带有离合器的中小型船用主机。Thedualsystemofdieselenginegovernor-canmaintainaminimumspeed,andcanlimitthemaximumspeed.Inte

6、rmediatespeedbymanualadjustment.Thegovernorisusedforlowspeedhighperformaneerequirementsorwithaclutchofsmalldieselengine.全制式调速器在从最低稳定转速到最高转速的全部运转范围内，均能自动调节喷油量以保持任一设定转速。此调速器广泛应用于船舶主机和柴油发电机组。Thestandardall-speedgovernor-fromtheminimumstablespeedtoamaximumspeedoftheentireoperatingrange,canautomaticallyr

7、egulatetheamountoffuelinjectiontomaintaineitheraspeedsetting.Thegovernoriswidelyusedinshipengineanddieselgeneratingset.2、按执行机构分类In2,accordingtotheexecutionmechanismclassification机械式调速器直接利用飞重产生的离心力去移动油量调节机构，以调节柴油机的转速。Mechanicalgovernor-directlyusingtheflyweightsgeneratedbycentrifugalforcetomovetheoil

8、amountregulatingmechanism,toregulatethespeedofdieselengine.液压调速器通过液压伺服器将飞重产生的离心力加以放大，使用放大后的动力去移动油量调节机构。Thehydraulicgovernorhydraulicserverwillflyweight-bythecentrifugalforcegeneratedbytheamplified,usingtheamplifiedpowertomovetheoilamountregulatingmechanism.电子调速器转速信号监测或执行机构采用电气方式的调速器。Theelectronicgov

9、ernor-speedsignalmonitoringorimplementingagenciesfortheuseofelectricalgovernor.三、调速器的性能指标I?局E3血v#iF站右it曰zamInthree,governorperformaneeindex调速器的性能好坏直接影响柴油机运转的稳定性和可靠性。调速器装机后，应对柴油机进行突变负荷试验，以分析调速器的工作性能。Governorperformaneedirectlyinfluencesthestabilityandreliabilityoftheoperationofdieselengines.Thegovern

10、orismountedmachine,dealwiththedieselenginethemutationloadtest,inordertoanalyzethegovernorworkingperformanee.评定调速器性能有两种工作指标Evaluationofspeedgovernorperformaneehastwoworkindex动态指标Thedynamicindex静态指标Thestaticindex1、动态指标1,thedynamicindex用来评价调速系统过渡过程的性能指标。Usedtoevaluatethespeedsystemtransitionprocessperf

11、ormaneeindex.瞬时调速率61theinstantaneoustimingrate61突加全负荷瞬时调速率Suddenloadtransientspeedregulation突减全负荷瞬时调速率Anticlimaxfullloadtransientspeedregulation我国有关规范要求发电柴油机的突加全负荷调速率和突减全负荷调速率不得大于10%。Oureountryrelatedstandarddieselengineinfullloadspeedrateandanticlimaxfullloadspeedratioshallnotbegreaterthan10%.动范围到转

12、速恢复到全负荷稳定转速(或最高空载转速)的波动范围为止所需时间。ThestabilizationtimeofTS-fromasudden(orsudden)fullload,speedjustdeviatesfromthemaximumspeed(orfullloadstablespeedrangespeed)toreturntofullloadspeedstability(ormaximumno-loadspeed)rangeuntilthetimerequired.我国有关规范规定，交流发电机的稳定时间不得大于5s。Chinasrelevantregulations,ACgenerator

13、stabilitytimeshallbenotmorethan5S.2、静态指标In2,thestaticindex稳定调速率62指当操纵手柄在标定供油位置时,最高空载转速nOmax与标定转速nb之差同标定转速nb比值的百分数。stablespeedrate62-whenthehandleinthecalibrationofthefeedposition,thehighestspeedofn0maxandNbdiffereneewithratedspeedratedspeedratioofNbpercentage.稳定调速率用来衡量调速器的准确性，其值愈小，表示调速器的准确性愈好。Steady

14、speedregulationusedtomeasuretheaccuracyofthegovernor,thesmallerthevalueofthegovernor,saidtheaccuracyisbetter.转速波动率e或转速变化率屮用来表征在稳定运转时，柴油机转速的变化程度，主要是由柴油机回转力矩不均匀而引起的。但两者的定义不同：ThespeedfluctuationrateOorrateofchangeof屮-usedtocharacterizetheperformaneeofdieselenginespeed,theextentofthechanges,mainlybythed

15、ieselenginerotarytorquenonuniformitycausedby.Butthetwodifferentdefinitions:转速波动率O=SpeedfluctuationrateO=转速变化率屮=Rateofchangeof屮=一般，在标定工况时，es(0.250.5)%;炉(0.51)%。Ingeneral,thecalibrationcondition,(0.250.5)%;(0.51).不灵敏度Thesensitivityisnot当柴油机在一定负荷下稳定运转时，由于调速机构中存在间隙、摩擦和阻力，若转速稍有变化，调速器并不立即改变供油量。直到转速变化量足够大时

16、，调速器才能开始起到调节供油的作用。这种现象称为调速器的不灵敏性。Whenthedieselengineisunderacertainloadunderstableoperation,becausetheregulatingmechanismofgap,frictionandresistanee,ifthespeedischangedslightly,thegovernordoesnotimmediatelychangethefuelsupplyquantity.Untilthespeedvariationislargeenough,thegovernorcanbegintoadjustsup

17、plyfunction.Thisphenomenonisknownasthegovernorsinsensitivity.我国用不灵敏度表示不灵敏区域的大小。Ourcountrydoesnotusesensitivityzsaidinsensitiveareasize.不灵敏度过大，会引起柴油机转速不稳定，严重时会导致调速器失去作用发生飞车。一般规定在标定转速时，S(1.52)%；而在最低稳定转速时，S(1013)%Nosensitivityistoolarge,willcausetheenginespeedisnotstable,willleadtoseriouslossofeffectof

18、speedgovernor.Thegeneralprovisionsintheratedspeed,=(1.52)%;andattheminimumstablespeed,=(1013).9-2机械式调速器9-2mechanicalgovernor一、机械式调速器的组成One,mechanicalgovernor.二、调速原理Two,controlprinciple机械式调速器的飞重和调速弹簧组成转速感应元件，按力平衡系统工作。Mechanicalgovernorflyingweightandspeedregulatingspringspeedsensingelement,accordingt

19、otheforcebalancesystem.n当柴油机发出的功率与外界的负荷刚好平衡时Nwhenthedieselengineisapowerandexternalloadisbalaneedn若外界负荷突然减小，柴油机发出的功率大于外界负荷时Niftheexternalloadsuddenlydecreases,dieselgeneratedpowerisgreaterthantheoutsideloadV?尼IE3血vll#!SiL站右从n若外界负荷突然增大，柴油机发出的功率小于外界负荷时Niftheoutsideloadsuddenlyincreases,dieselpowergene

20、ratedissmallerthantheoutsideload调速器的动作与外界负荷减少时相反，飞重离心力和弹簧的作用力在彼此都减小的情况下达到平衡状态Governorsactionandtheexternalloadisreducedwhenaflyweightcontrast,centrifugalforceandspringforceinbothlowertheequilibriumstate三、机械式调速器的特点和适用范围Three,mechanicalgovernorcharacteristicsandscopeofapplicationn机械式调速器不能保持柴油机调速前后的转速不

21、变，即外负荷改变后，不能使柴油机恢复到原来的转速。Nmechanicalgovernorcannotkeepthedieselenginespeedregulationandconstantenginespeedandloadchange,namely,cannotmakethedieselenginetorestoretheoriginalspeed.外负荷减少时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍高；Externalloadisreducedwhen,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlyhigherthantheoriginal;外负荷增加时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍低

22、。Externalloadincreased,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlylowerthantheoriginal.产生这种转速差的根本原因是转速感应元件与油量调节机构之间是刚性连接。Therotationalspeeddiffereneeisthefundamentalreasonforspeedsensingelementandanoilquantityregulatingmechanismisconnectedbetweentherigid.n机械式调速器只能用于中小功率的柴油机。其灵敏度和精度都比较差。Nmechanicalgovernorcanonl

23、ybeusedformediumandsmallpowerdieselengne.Itssensitivityandprecisionarequitepoor.n结构简单Nsimplestructuren维修方便Nrepairconvenience9-3液压调速器9-3hydraulicgovernor液压调速器飞重产生的离心力并不直接去移动柴油机的油量调节机构。所以，这种调速器也称间接作用式调速器。Hydraulicgovernorflyweightcentrifugalforcegenerateddoesnotdirectlytomobiledieseloilamountregulatin

24、gmechanism.Therefore,thegovernorcalledtheindirectactinggovernor.液压调速器中具有控制滑阀和动力活塞组成的液压放大机构，另外，为了提高液压调速器调节过程的稳定性，改善其动态特性，还具有反馈机构，起补偿作用。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhasacontrolslidevalveandpistoncomprisinghydraulicamplificationmechanism,inaddition,inordertoincreasethehydraulicgovernorstabilityoftheprocess,im

25、provethedynamiccharacteristics,butalsohasafeedbackmechanism,compensationaction.液压调速器具有广阔的转速调节范围，调节精度和灵敏度高，稳定性好，广泛用于船舶大中型柴油机。但其结构复杂，对管理要求高。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhaswidespeedregulationrange,precisionandhighsensitivity,goodstability,widelyusedinshipislargeandmedium-sizeddieselengine.Butitscomplexstruct

26、ure,highrequirementsonmanagement.一、液压调速器的工作原理One,theworkingprincipleofhydraulicspeedgovernor1、无反馈液压调速器1,nofeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn无反馈液压调速器存在问题Nwithoutfeedbackhydraulicproblems由于调速系统的惯性，使滑阀和动力活塞的运动总滞后于柴油机转速的变化。当减少供油量时，不可能根据负荷的减少程度适度调节，而使油量减少过头，柴油机降速过度；同理，当柴油机负荷增加时，供油量又会增加

27、过头，柴油机加速过度。如此不断重复降速、加速的调节过程，柴油机转速波动很大，调节过程不稳定，无法满足使用要求。所以，这种无反馈装置的液压调速器在实际中无法使用。Thespeedcontrolsystemofinertia,thespoolvalveandpistonmovementalwayslagsbehindtheenginespeedchanges.Whenreducedfuelsupply,canaccordingtotheloadreductionleveladjustmoderately,andmaketheoiltoreducetheamountofovershoot,diese

28、lspeeddownexcessive;I?石IE3血劉i站右it吕小msimilarly,whentheengineloadincreases,supplyquantityincreasestooexcessiveacceleration,dieselengine.Soconstantlyrepeateddescendingvelocity,accelerationoftheprocessofdieselenginespeedregulation,largefluctuations,adjustingprocessisnotstable,cannotmeettheuserequirement

29、s.So,thiskindoffeedbackdeviceforhydraulicspeedgovernorinpracticecannotbeused.2、刚性反馈液压调速器rigidfeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn刚性反馈液压调速器存在问题Nrigidfeedbackhydraulicproblems调节过程终了时，滑阀回到了原来位置，把控制油孔关闭，切断通往伺服油缸的油路。这时动力活塞停止运动，喷油泵调节杆随之移动到一个新的平衡位置，柴油机在相应的新负荷下工作。既A点位置随负荷而变，与滑阀相连接的B点在任何稳定工况

30、下均应处于原来位置，与负荷无关。由于反馈是通过刚性连接来实现的，故C点的位置必须配合A点作相应的变动亦稳定在新的位置，也就是说柴油机不能恢复到原来的转速。因而调速器的稳定调速率不能为0。Attheendofregulationprocess,slidevalvereturnedtoitsoriginalposition,thecontrolofoilholeclosed,cuttingofftheservocylinderoil.Whenthepowerpistonstopmotion,fuelinjectionpumpadjustingrodtomovetoanewpositionofequilibrium,dieselengineinthecorrespondingnewworkingu