Ten-Principles-of-Economics经济学十大原理

1、Ten-Principles-of-Economics经济学十大原理Ten-Principles-of-Economics经济学Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN. Gregory Mankiw经济学原理（第三版）Principles of EconomicsBrief Description About This CourseWhat do we mean by Western Economics?Western economics versus Marxism Economics (political economy)Economics (in

2、general)A useful definition Economics is the study of how a society allocates scarce resources among alternative uses to satisfy human wantsBasic Principle in this courseBrief Description About This CWhy do we study economics?Understand the way the world works: An useful perspective to explain vario

3、us events, including economic policiesDevelop rational thinking, guiding us to make correct individual decisionMake consistent judgments on economic phenomenaBasic knowledge for our major of business and economicsWhy do we study economics?What Is Economics LikeInteresting economics: ideaBoring econo

4、mics: techniqueUseful economics: Alan Greenspan, the chairman of the FedHow to study economics: Attend classRead textbook: guided by teachingDo exercisesRewrite your class notesConsult instructorsWhat Is Economics LikeHow to use this textbookGuided by class notesReorganize the contents in a way frie

5、ndly to your thinkingRead summary in the end of each chapterChecking the glossary in the end of this bookRefer to other textbooksHow to use this textbookReference TextbooksPaul Samuelson and William :EconomicsJ. Stiglitz: EconomicsGood examplesWilliam Baumol and Alan Blinder: Economics: Principles a

6、nd PolicyReference TextbooksCourse PolicyAttending class is strongly recommended, although not requiredEnglish is required when writing final examFinal grade comes mainly from your performance in final exam. Session tests or mid term tests are also counted.You are required to apply economics to expl

7、ain various economic phenomenaCourse PolicyTen Principles of Economics经济学十大原理Chapter 1Ten Principles of Economics经Economy. . .经济 . . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.” 经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”。Economy. . .经济 . . . The wA household and an economy face many dec

8、isions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：Who will work? 谁去工作？What goods and how many of them should be produced? 应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？A household and an economy faA household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：What resources should be used in production? 应该用什么资源生产？At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的销

9、售价格应该是多少？A household and an economy faSociety and Scarce Resources:社会和稀缺资源：The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。Society and Scarce Resources:Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce a

10、ll the goods and services people wish to have.意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . meanEconomics 经济学Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。Economics 经济学Economics is theEconomists study. . . 经济学家研究 How people make decisions.人们如何作出决

11、策How people interact with each other.人们如何与他人相互交易The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影响整体经济的力量和趋势Economists study. . . 经济学家研究Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to

12、 incentives.How People Make DecisionsTen Principles of EconomicsPeo经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应人们如何作出决策经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍人们如何作出决策Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes im

13、prove economic outcomes.How People Interact with each otherTen Principles of EconomicsTra经济学十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。人们如何与他人相互交易经济学十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。人们如何与他人相互交Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government pri

14、nts too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole worksTen Principles of EconomicsThe经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。影Pe

15、ople face tradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下没有免费的午餐People face tradeoffs.人们面临权衡取1. People face tradeoffs.To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equityMaking decisions requires trading o

16、ff one goal against another.1. People face tradeoffs.To ge1.人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。 大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍1.人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得1. People face tradeoffs.Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity mean

17、s the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v. Equity1. People face tradeoffs.Effic1.人们面临权衡取舍效率 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。平等 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。效率与平等1.人们面临权衡取舍效率 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require

18、 comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?2. The cost of something is 2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益上大学还是去工作?学习还是出去约会?去上课还是睡觉?2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较2. The cost of some

19、thing is what you give up to get it某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。2. The cost of something is wh2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go str

20、aight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.2. The Cost of Something Is Wh当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特3. Rational people think at the margin理性人考虑边际量Marginal changes are small, in

21、cremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。3. Rational people think at th4. People respond to incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision t

22、o choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!4. People respond to incentive4. 人们会对激励作出反应成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应。当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。4. 人们会对激励作出反应成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出5. Trade can make everyone better off.People gain from their

23、 ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.5. Trade can make everyone bet5. 贸易能使每个人状况变好人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作。5. 贸易能使每个人状况变好人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中6. Markets are usually a good way to organi

24、ze economic activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 6. Markets

25、are usually a good 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济当许多企6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided b

26、y an “invisible hand.”6. Markets are usually a good 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法亚当.斯密提出了全部6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to bu

27、y and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.6. Markets are usually a good 6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。结果

28、是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法由于家庭和企业在决定7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.市场失灵市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market

29、 outcomes.政府有时能改善市场结果When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行干预以促进效率和平等。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impa

30、ct of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。7. Governments can sometimes i7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influ

31、ence market prices. 7. Governments can sometimes i7.政府有时能改善市场结果市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力。 市场势力是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。7.政府有时能改善市场结果市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the t

32、otal market value of a nations production.8. The standard of living depe8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量:比较人均收入。比较一个国家产出的总的市场价值。8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生活水平 可8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in co

33、untries productivities.8. The standard of living depe8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 几乎所有生活水平的差异都可以归因于各国生产率的差别。8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 几乎所8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivit

34、y Higher standard of living8. The standard of living depe8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生产率 是指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。高生产率 高生活水平8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生产率 是指9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is t

35、he growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.9. Prices rise when the govern9. 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升通货膨胀 是指经济中物价总水平的上升。通货膨胀的一个原因是货币量的增长。当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值就下降。9. 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升通货膨胀 是指经济中物10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff be

36、tween inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!10. Society faces a short-run 10. 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线 说明了通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 : 通货膨胀 失业这是短期权衡取舍。10. 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线Figure 1 The Phillips CurveUnemploymentRate (percent)0InflationRate(percentper year)Phillips curve4B67A2Figure 1 The Phillips CurveUneWhy the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short Run为什么短期中