Introduction to Business Information Systems介绍业务信息系统(-60)

1、Introduction to Business Information SystemsDr Sherif KamelThe American University in CairoOutlineDifference between data and information.Categories of information.What an information system (IS)?Components of information system. How users use information systems?Benefits of information systemsInfor

2、mation technology and information systems It is important to note thatSYST 305 - Why study Information Systems?TechnologySYST 406 - Why study Management Information Systems?ManagementSYST 430 - Why study Business Information Systems?DevelopmentInformation conceptsBank statementSales forecastProfit a

3、nd loss reportOrder formAirline ticketData representationAlphanumericCharacters such as numbers and lettersImageGraphical images and picturesAudioSound and noiseVideoMoving pictures and imagesData in a contextInterpretation of data.Data that has been processed to be meaningful.Data put into context

4、dissemination of knowledge.Information created depend on the relationship defined.Data versus InformationInformation is created by defining and organizing relationship among data.Defining different relationships results in different information.Information creationData processesClassificationSorting

5、AggregatingCalculatingSelectingData Information ExerciseDateXBank statementXThe number 1355.76XBalance sheetXBus timetableXCar registration plateXData InformationQuality of informationTimeTimely, frequent, currentContentAccurate, concrete, relevant, reliableFormPresentation, detail, clarityValue of

6、informationTangible Intangible Can be measured in terms of financial valueNot possible to calculate the valueExerciseImproved Inventory Control TEnhanced customer service IIncreased production TReduced administration cost TGreater customer loyalty IEnhanced public image ITangible IntangibleInformati

7、on categoriesStrategic informationAnnual reportBusiness planTactical informationMonthly sales reportBank statementOperational informationDaily weather forecastAttendance sheetInformation pyramidStrategic informationTactical informationOperational informationWhat is an information system?An organised

8、 collection of components that interact to accomplish a goal.A group of interrelated components working together towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organised transformation process.What is a sub-system?A component of a system - that is a system in its own right is

9、called a subsystem.A systems often consists of numerous subsystems.Each subsystem has elements, interactions with other subsystems, and objectives.What is a sub-system?A component of a systemelementSub-systemselementSub-systemsIT/IS in a business contextInformation technologyInformation systemBusine

10、ss processOrganisationBusiness environmentSystems and sub-systemsIn business, functions such as marketing, finance, and manufacturing are subsystems.Subsystems perform specialised tasks for the overall system.Environment A system modelInputOutputA boundary, interrelated sub systems, interfaceSystems

11、 boundariesDefines the system.Distinguishing it from everything else the environment.Defines what is inside and what is outside the systemBoundaries depict the scope of activities for a system.Boundaries delineate areas of responsibility.Boundaries for business systems should be defined.Systems envi

12、ronmentComponents of the systems environment are, things which are outside the system but have relevance to it and interact with it.It is always important to identify the strengths and the limitations of the system.Information systems functionsInput Capturing and gathering raw dataProcessingConverti

13、ng or transforming data into useful outputsOutput Useful information, usually in the form of documents, reports, and updated recordsFeedback Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activitiesInput, processing, output and feedbackInformation systems are never complete, continuous u

14、pgrading and amendments are required to be able to capitalize on the competitive edge of using information technology.SupplierDesignProduceSellDeliverProduct DesignOrder to SupplierPurchased partsActual and forecasted ordersCustomerpreferencesEquipment informationService requestFinished goodsordersT

15、he FirmFinished goodsServiceAn Organization with 5 Sub-systemsSell Design Deliver Produce Service Supplier Purchased partsOrder to SupplierCustomer Preferences Finished goods Finished goodsService requestProduct designActual and forecasted ordersOrders An organization as a systemInformation systemOr

16、ganisationTechnologyManagement IS are more than computersInformation systems rolesSupport of strategic advantageSupport of managerial decision makingSupport of business operationsMSSOISManagementSupport SystemsOrganizationalInformationSystemsTypes of information systemsOperations Support SystemsMana

17、gement Support SystemsTransaction Processing SystemsEnterprise Collaboration SystemsMISDSS, GDSSEISOperationsManagementExpert Systems AI SystemsOrganizational problemOrganizational levelTacticalStrategicKnowledgeOperations, Production, ServiceSenior managementGeneral or Middle managementKnowledge an

18、d Data workersProduction and Service workersAn integrated view of the role of IS within an OrganizationPotential benefits of ISIncreased market shareIncreased revenueReduced costsIncreased customer serviceWider market exposureMarket visibilityEdging competition IS in functional business areasFunctio

19、nal areas are the operating divisions of businessFinancial information systemsAccounting information systemsMarketing information systemsManufacturing information systemsHuman resources management information systemsInformation systems in the industryAirline industryInvestment firmsBanks and savings

20、 and loan companiesTransportation industryPublishing companiesHealth care organisationsRetail companiesPower management and utility companiesIt is important to note thatComputer and information systems are constantly changing the way organisations conduct business.The value of information is directl

21、y linked to how it helps decision makers achieve the organisations goals.The goal of information systems architecture is to enable the organisation to achieve its business goals.Information systems and information technologyAn information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, com

22、munications, and information technology that interact to support and improve day-to-day operations in a business, as well as support the problem-solving and decision-making needs of management and users.Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technolo

23、gy (hardware and software) with telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks).Stakeholders: players in the systems gameA stakeholder is any person who has an interest in an existing or new information system. Stakeholders can be technical or non-technical workers.For information sy

24、stems, the stakeholders can be classified as:System ownersSystem usersSystems analystsSystem designersSystem buildersIT vendors and consultantsInformation versus knowledge workersInformation workers are those workers whose jobs involve the creation, collection, processing, distribution, and use of i

25、nformation.Knowledge workers are a subset of information workers whose responsibilities are based on a specialized body of knowledge.System ownersSystem owners are the information systems sponsors and chief advocates. They are usually responsible for funding the project to develop, operate, and main

26、tain the information system. System usersSystem users are the people who use or are affected by the information system on a regular basiscapturing, validating, entering, responding to, storing, and exchanging data and information. A common synonym is client. Types include:Internal usersClerical and

27、service workersTechnical and professional staffSupervisors, middle managers, and executive managersRemote and mobile users (internal but disconnected)External usersSystem designers and system buildersSystem designers translate system users business requirements and constraints into technical solutio

28、ns. They design the computer files, databases, inputs, outputs, screens, networks, and programs that will meet the system users requirements.System builders construct the information system components based on the design specifications from the system designers. In many cases, the system designer an

29、d builder for a component are one and the same.Systems analystsA systems analyst studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, communications, and information technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. When information technology is us

30、ed, the analyst is responsible for:The efficient capture of data from its business source, The flow of that data to the computer, The processing and storage of that data by the computer, and The flow of useful and timely information back to the business and its people.Variations on the systems analy

31、sts titleA business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis.A programmer/analyst (or analyst/programmer) includes the responsibilities of both the computer programmer and the systems analyst. Other synonyms for syste

32、ms analyst include:Systems consultantSystems architectSystems engineerInformation engineerSystems integratorProblem-solving scenariosTrue problem situations, either real or anticipated, that require corrective actionOpportunities to improve a situation despite the absence of complaints Directives to

33、 change a situation regardless of whether anyone has complained about the current situationGeneral problem-solving approach1. Identify the problem.2. Analyze and understand the problem.3. Identify solution requirements or expectations.4. Identify alternative solutions and decide a course of action.5

34、. Design and implement the “best” solution.6. Evaluate the results. If the problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate.Where systems analysts workIn traditional businessesWorking in traditional information services organizations(permanent project teams)Working in contemporary informa

35、tion services organizations(dynamic project teams)In outsourcing businessesContracted to traditional businessesIn consulting businessesContracted to traditional businessesIn application software businessesBuilding software products for traditional businessesTraditional IS services organizationContem

36、porary IS services organizationBusiness trends and driversTotal quality management (TQM)Continuous process improvement (CPI)Globalization of the economyInformation technology problems and opportunitiesEnterprise resource planning (ERP)Electronic commerce Total Quality ManagementTotal quality managem

37、ent (TQM) is a comprehensive approach to facilitating quality improvements and management within a business.Information systems quality standards:ISO 9001, Quality systems Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation, and servicing.Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a

38、framework to assess the maturity level of an organizations information systems development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas.Business process redesignBusiness process redesign (BPR) is the stu

39、dy, analysis, and redesign of fundamental business processes to reduce costs and/or improve value added to the business.Usually complemented by continuous process improvementContinuous process improvementContinuous process improvement (CPI) is the continuous monitoring of business processes to effec

40、t small but measurable improvements to cost reduction and value added.Essentially the opposite of business process redesign; however,CPI can and frequently does complement BPR.Legacy systemsLegacy systems are older information system applications that have become crucial to the day-to-day operation

41、of a business and that may use technologies considered old or outdated by current standards.Enterprise resource planningAn Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software product is a fully integrated information system that spans most basic business functions required by a major corporation. An ERP product is built around a common database shared these business functions. Examples of ERP software vendors include.BaanJ. D. EdwardsOraclePeoplesoftSAPElectronic commerceElectronic commerce (eCommerce) involves