中级财务会计：第9章 存货估值的其它问题

1、Chapter 8Cost flow method:LIFOFIFOAVERAGE COSTInventories: Additional Valuation IssuesChapter 9Intermediate Accounting12th EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可实现净值相对销售价值购货承诺成本与市价孰低计价基础毛利法零售价盘存法表述与分析上限与下限如何运算LCW对LCW的运用“市价”对该原则的评价毛利率对这种方法的评价概念传统方法特殊项目对这种方法的评价表

2、述分析市价 = 重置成本成本与重置成本孰低效用损失与损失发生当期的收入进行配比.当公司某项资产的未来效用（产生收入的能力）低于其初始成本是，它就违背了历史成本原则Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.LCM重置成本的下降= 销售价格的下降.RC 使企业能够保持销售毛利率不变.若RC下降不能反映效用的下降，因为受到另外两个价值的限制: Ceiling- 可实现净值NRVFloor 扣除正常毛利的可实现净值.为什么使用重置成本(RC) 来作为市价?Lower-of-Cost-o

3、r-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.上限与下限Ceiling and FloorLower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Ceiling and FloorNotIllustration 9-3Ceiling 防止企业对存货的高估或者对当期损失的低估.Floor 防止企业低估存货，或高估当期损失.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and appl

4、y the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Rationale for LimitationsNotIllustration 9-3P9-1 Grant Wood 是一家制造桌子的公司。公司希望保持20%的毛利率。在December 31, 2008, 公司存货中有如下的产成品。Instructions:假设公司采用的LCW，并以单个项目为基础进行。那么，公司的存货应该是哪个数值?Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.NotNotNotNotLow

5、er-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.How LCM Works (Individual Items)Illustration 9-4Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Methods of Applying LCM如果不是对每一项存货用LCM，而是对大类，甚至对所有存货总额用LCM，那么一些存货市价的上升，会掩盖另一些的下降。Lower-of-Cost-o

6、r-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Methods of Applying LCMIllustration 9-6LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketRecording LCM (data from Illus. 9-5 and 9-6)Ending inventory (cost) $ 415,000 Ending inventory (LCM)350,000Adjustmen

7、t to LCM $ 65,000Allowance on inventory 65,000Loss on inventory65,000Inventory 65,000Cost of goods sold65,000AllowanceMethodDirectMethodLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketBalance Sheet PresentationLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.L

8、ower-of-Cost-or-MarketIncome Statement PresentationEnding inventory-decreased,beginning inventory- no change,COGS- increased损失发生当期而非销售期将其费用化。另一方面，只是在销售时，才确认资产价值的上升。处理方法不一致。“正常利润”，主观的计量为盈余操纵提供了空间。在资产负债表中，LCW谨慎地计量了存货，但它对损益表的影响可能是谨慎的，也可能不是 。缺陷:Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of

9、-cost-or-market rule.对LCW原则的评价许多财物报表的使用者都高度评价了LCW原则:防止高估存货确认了全部的损失而没有预计利得，将会带来更低的收益.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.对LCW原则的评价Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可实现净值相对销售价值购货承诺成本与市价孰低计价基础毛利法零售价盘存法表述与分析上限与下限如何运算LCW对LCW的运用“市价”对该原则的评价毛利率对这种方法的评价概念传统方法

10、特殊项目对这种方法的评价表述分析存在一个受管制的市场，所有存货在其中都有报价不存在重大的处置成本某些能够以报价立即出售的农产品某些情况下，即使NRV高于成本，GAAP也允许采用NRV来记录存货:Valuation BasesLO 2 Explain when companies value inventories at net realizable value.可实现净值计量当企业一次性购置多种不同的部件时，就存在特殊问题Valuation BasesLO 3 Explain when companies use the relative sales value method to value

11、 inventories.以相对销售价值计量E9-7 (Relative Sales Value Method) Phil Collins Realty Corporation purchased a tract of unimproved land for $55,000. This land was improved and subdivided into building lots at an additional cost of $34,460. These building lots were all of the same size but owing to differences

12、 in location were offered for sale at different prices as follows. Operating expenses allocated to this project total $18,200. Sort the lots into 3 groups as follow:Instructions: Calculate the net income realized on this operation to date.一揽子购置The petroleum industry 化工行业The real estate industry房地产Ho

13、w to allowcate the total cost?Valuation BasesE9-7 (Relative Sales Value Method - Solution)x=x=xStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6to accurately value each unit, the common and most logical practice is to allocate the total among the various units on the basis of their relative sales value.LO 4 Disc

14、uss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.通常，买方不因为承诺购买卖方尚未发运的商品而编制分录买方不必在资产负债表中报告 买方和卖方通过普通订单来确定发运时的价格，但是也可能被取消，因此普通订单比不能代表买方的资产或负债.如果签署的是一份正式的、不可取消的购货合同 买方在合同成立日也不必确认资产或负债，因为这项合同实质上是“未执行的”。 如果是重大合同，那么买方应在财务报表附注中披露有关合同细节.Valuation Bases购货承诺 如果合同价格高于市场价格，买方预计在购买生效时将会发生损失，那么买方应该在市场价格下跌的当期确

15、认损失。Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可实现净值相对销售价值购货承诺成本与市价孰低计价基础毛利法零售价盘存法表述与分析上限与下限如何运算LCW对LCW的运用“市价”对该原则的评价毛利率对这种方法的评价概念传统方法特殊项目对这种方法的评价表述分析Determine ending inventory without a physical countLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.公司有时需要判断永续盘存制是否正确使用了，有时因为火灾、洪水等问题，

16、存货记录丢失了。如何不用通过盘点就知道期末存货是多少呢？How can we determine ending inventory without a physical count?毛利法零售库存法依赖于三个假设:毛利法LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.存货估价中的毛利法: 估计期末存货的替代方法期初存货加购货等于全部要核算的商品没有销售的商品一定在库存中将销售额降至成本，然后再从期初存货与购货的总和中扣除掉已销售部分，即可得到期末存货E9-12 (Gross Profit Method) M

17、ark Price Company 在编制月报时采用毛利法来估计存货。以下是5月份的信息.Instructions:(a) 假设毛利占销售额的30%，计算5月31日的估计存货.(b) 假设毛利占成本的30%，计算5月31日的估计存货.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.E9-12 (Gross Profit Method - Solution)(a) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit

18、is 30% of sales.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.E9-12 (Gross Profit Method - Solution)(b) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 30% of cost.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method

19、.30%100% + 30%= 23.08% of sales缺点:Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.评价提供的是一个估计值运用过去的百分比采用一个总括毛利率 GAAP允许在中期（通常是季度）报告时采用毛利法来确定期末存货.Retail Inventory MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.零售价盘存法： 根据零售价格来汇集存货。用一个

20、公式来将零售价转换为成本. 使用很普遍，尤其是大型的百货公司购入商品的总成本和零售价值可供销售商品的总成本和零售价值当期销售额要求零售商们记录：Step 1 可供销售-本期已销售Step 2 成本/零售价比率Step 3 期末零售价*成本/零售价比率应该选择哪个假设？答案取决于公司选择什么零售存货方法假设A不考虑价格下调传统零售存货法市价与成本孰低假设B 考虑价格下调平均成本法假设A不考虑价格下调传统零售存货法市价与成本孰低P9-8 (Retail Inventory Method) Jared Jones Inc. 公司在编月报时采用零售价盘存法估计期末存货。2008年10月其中一个部门的数

21、据如下.Retail Inventory MethodInstructions: Prepare a schedule computing estimate retail inventory using the following methods: (1) Cost(2) LCM(3) LIFO (appendix)LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.Retail Inventory - Cost MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by appl

22、ying the retail inventory method.=/Retail Inventory - LCM MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.=/被普遍采用的原因:评价不必进行实物盘点就能计算出净收益在确定存货短缺时可以作为一种控制手段在调节库存商品数量时可以作为一种控制手段能够取得有关保险方面的信息Retail Inventory MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.一些公司对零售价法进行了改良，单独计算每个部门的存货。或是将毛利率类似的商品分为一组。会计准则要求