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1、Clay中心词moreoverischeapandformingthelpedclay e the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but outsideitaswell,inSyria,AsiaMinor,Clay中心词moreoverischeapandformingthelpedclay e the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but outsideitaswell,inSyria,AsiaMinor,Persia

2、,andevenforawhileinCreteand 并列逻辑：factors：cheap&tablet&CIn part because of its low cost and ease of use, clay became the preferred writing throughoutMesopotamiaand因果逻辑+并列逻辑：lowcost&easeofusepreferredwriting对Clay was cheap throughout Mesopotamia, so clay tablets from Mesopotamia became preferredwritin

3、gmaterialasfaras（远至）the因果逻辑：cheappreferredwriting另外 throughout Mesopotamia 修饰错，这里说的是本身的 clay 很便宜，没有说只在MesopotamiaForawhile,theclaytabletswerethepreferredwritingmaterialinCreteandMinor,Persia,andtheMediterranean,itwascheapand1 因果逻辑：usedasthewritingmaterial2 anicfertilizers, lly on sloped（倾斜）The wides

4、pread use of l nutrientsareonearbybodiesof因果逻辑*2widespreaduseoffertilizersowater并列逻辑：causes1&onslopelandnearstreams&The main cause of ollution isthe wide spread use of l anic onslopedlandnearstreamsand因果逻辑：widespreaduseoffertilizers举例逻辑：onslopedlandnearstreamsand错因：mainIn addition, the widespread us

5、e of l anic fertilizers causes whennitratesandphosphatesareostreamsand因果逻辑*2：thewidespreaduseofostreamsandlakes 并列逻辑：Inaddition指示并列逻辑举例逻辑：onslopedlandnearstreamsand错因：mainIn addition, the widespread use of l anic fertilizers causes whennitratesandphosphatesareostreamsand因果逻辑*2：thewidespreaduseofostr

6、eamsandlakes 并列逻辑：Inaddition指示并列逻辑 lproductionofinbodiesofwatersuchasstreamsand因果逻辑：thewidespreaduseoffertilizers lwhichcauseollutioniftheyenterstreamsand指代逻辑：mostcommonlyusedfertilizer：N&因果逻辑：N&owaterIn discussing the growth ofhe United henineteenthcentury,onereally use the term “urban planning,” a

7、s it suggests modern concerns for spatial and anizationBeautifulost ,didnotexistbeforetheplanningrevolutioncalledthet heSpatial 比较逻辑：after1890sbeforeurban举例逻辑、并列逻辑：urbanplanning：spatial&Understandingthegrowthofcitiesinnineteenth-centuryAmericarequiresrecognizing theCity因果逻辑：howtheCityderstandingtheg

8、rowthofFor the most part, there was no “urban planning”, t termisunderstoodtoday, thebeginningoftheCityBeautifulhe比较逻辑：after1890sbeforeurban对Concernsforspatial and anizationhadlittleimpact onthe growthofcities the1890swhentheCityBeautifulMovement比较逻辑：after1890sbefore(spatialandThe growth of cities i

9、n nineteenth-century he creation of the Beautifulhe1890sandtheriseoftheterm“urban The growth of cities in nineteenth-century he creation of the Beautifulhe1890sandtheriseoftheterm“urban the tagriculturalsbeenmoremodestandlessreliable,makingtheriskoffailureandhardshipytightened edonproductionagricult

10、uraloutputcropttopographyedon比较逻辑：beforenow（agricultural output & reliable） Nowbefore （riskofcropfailureandhardship）limits:topography&limitsoutputmodestand reliable-risk+ nalongtheSea,wheretopographyandclimatemakelifedifficultfor比较逻辑：NEislandsea 因果逻辑：topographyandclimate liferesultinginanincreasedri

11、skofcropfailureand 对AlongtheinlandSea,wheretopographymakestheclimatemoreseveredeceasedsresultedfromcropfailureandcropfailureandThe risk of crop failure in northeastern Japan has caused greater hardship nhaveclimate and topography 错因：因果逻辑错误 ok-Vclimateandtopography-cropfailure greaterhardshipcropfail

12、ure climateandtopographyAlthoughThe risk of crop failure in northeastern Japan has caused greater hardship nhaveclimate and topography 错因：因果逻辑错误 ok-Vclimateandtopography-cropfailure greaterhardshipcropfailure climateandtopographyAlthoughthefailureofagriculturetokeepupwiththegrowingpopulationdide cri

13、sisuntilthefourteenthcentury, clearsignsoftheproblemhadalreadyemerged bytheof the thirteenth century, when revealedhowperilousthebalanceally low yields due to bad weather or l nEuropespopulationanditsfoodsupplyperilous的 比较逻辑：14thbefore比较逻辑：13th中before13th中（problem 出现因果逻辑：badweather&ldisruptionlowain

14、ingthepopulationofEuropewithexistings continued to be aafterthemiddleofthethirteenthainingthepopulationofEuropeisproblemincontinuedtobeaproblem 14c ThedelicatebalancenpopulationandfoodsupplyinEuropewasapparentinyearspoorlfacenturybeforeitbecameahefourteenth比较逻辑：13thbefore13th（delicatebalance） 14thbe

15、fore 14th（crisis）对ClearsighsoftheemergingcrisisinEuropehethirteenthheformrest,andinsufficientsighs（badweatherrest,andinsufficientfood）inhethirteenthcentury,aproblememergedinEuropewhenthefoodsufficienttofeedpopulation简单句：foodsufficienttohethirteenthcentury,aproblememergedinEuropewhenthefoodsufficient

16、tofeedpopulation简单句：foodsufficienttofeedthepopulationonlyprobleminthefoodsufficienttofeedthepopulationonly Because nests at the edges of breeding colonies are more vulnerable to predators hecenters,thepreferenceforadvantageouscentralsitespromotesdensecentralizedofVulnerable 因果逻辑：edgesvulnerable比较逻辑：

17、edge It is more advantageous for birds to choose central locations for their colonies locationsneartheedgesoftheir比较逻辑：centraledges （advantageous）赞赞赞Compared to nests at the edges of colonies, centrally located nests are preferred for safetyfrompredatorsandthereforearemoredenselypacked 对Predatorsgen

18、erallypreferthedenselypacked,centralportionofnestingcolonies,whichmakethispartofthecolonymorevulnerableto比较逻辑：denselypacked（predators）因果逻辑：vulnerable preferBirds nesting in t are vulnerable to tend to prefer more packedneststothoseless比较逻辑：densely packed less densely. （Birds nestingFor centuries Eur

19、opean artisans had operated in small, autonomous handicraft but by the sixteenth century an evolving economic systemmoving toward modern withitsfree-marketpricing,anizationofproduction,investments,andFor centuries European artisans had operated in small, autonomous handicraft but by the sixteenth ce

20、ntury an evolving economic systemmoving toward modern withitsfree-marketpricing,anizationofproduction,investments,andsoonhadtoerodetheirstableandrelatively 因果逻辑：evolvingeconomicsysteminition & In the sixteenth century, the European economy moved toward a system of free-pricing,newwaysofproduction,an

21、dBefore the sixteenth century, European makers of joyed stability, andrelativeBy the sixteenth century, the rise of capitalism began to weaken the autonomy and prosperityofEuropean因果逻辑：capitalismweakentheautonomyandrelativeprosperityofEuropean对European artisans operated small, autonomous businesses

22、before modern hesixteenthAs people and their e more mobile, and as our populations o wecontactothertotmaycarrydiseasestowhichtheyareimmunetprove因果逻辑：mobile&areasdeadly并列逻辑：mobile&spread tcarrydiseasesdeadlytohumansliveinareaswithsmall,mobile并列逻辑：mobile&spread tcarrydiseasesdeadlytohumansliveinareasw

23、ithsmall,mobileIncreasedmobilityandpopulationareaseshumansdiseasescarriedbyother因果逻辑：mobilityandpopulationSome thumans contact in little-inhabited areas are immune to t deadlyto错因：无因果逻辑 Because ocean water is in constant contact with the atmosphere, and the function together in a e of dynamic equili

24、brium, the transition from an oxygen-poor to oxygen-richatmospherealsoveoccurredduringthisEquilibrium Oceanwatermosphere&functiontogether poortoSincetheoceansandtheatmospherefunctiontogether,theatmosphereeoxygenrichduringthis并列逻辑: Becauseoceanwaterisinconstantcontactwiththeatmosphere,aindynamic 错因：结果错误 The transition to an oxygen-rich atmosphere could not have happened onstantcontactwiththe 对（without