非谓语动词语法详解

1、非谓语动词 语法讲解Wuxun High SchoolNon-finite1非谓语动词的类型:Infinitive 不定式（to do)Gerund 动名词(doing)Participle 分词(-ing分词，-ed分词）Non-finite2Structure : to be doneInfinitive（不定式）:to doNegative (否定):not to doPassive voice（被动）:3被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式Tense and Voice （时态与语态） to be doing to have done to have been done - to ha

2、ve been doing-to doto be done主动语态41. 作主语2. 作表语3. 作宾语4. 作补语5. 作定语6. 作状语在句中承担的成分:7. 作独立成分8. 与疑问词等连用5(1). 主语 Subject不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.To get enough sleep at night is important.It_.It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.It is+a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.It takes sb +time to do.Non-finiteis important

3、 to get enough sleep at night61.吸烟对你来说是不好的。It is not good for you to smoke. 2.和你一起共进晚餐很愉快。It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.It only took two years to complete the project.3.完成这项工程只花了二年时间。巩固练习17(2). 表语 PredicativeMy jobisYour task _(努力学习).is to study hardNon-finiteTo see is to believe.to teach

4、 you English.8Everyone wants to get a good job in the future.(3) 宾语 Object常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.+ to doNon-finitelike to domanage to do9think considerfind make feel形式宾语4.我希望很快收到你的信。I hope to hear from you soon.5.我决定不留下来。I decided not t

5、o stay.6.学生们认为玩电脑游戏很有趣。Students thought_.7.她觉得没有没有必要和他辩论。 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him.it interesting to play computer games.it + adj.+ to do 巩固练习210The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.(4). 补语 Complement五看 watch see look at observe notice三使 let make have 二听 listen to hear一感觉:

6、 feel当遇到下列动词时,不定式省略to: allow, cause, ask, advise, expect, force, permit, persuade, tell, want, warn, teach等. Non-finite8.医生建议他去南方.The doctor advised him to go to the south.+ sb to do11I made him do his work.He _by me.See sb do sth-sb be seen to do1.He was seen _ from the tree and get hurt.fall B. to

7、 fall C. falling D. fallen1改错: He was heard talk to his mother for an hour.to talkwas made to do his work12(5). 定语 Attributive (如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)He is looking for_.（一间可以住的房子）There is nothing_.2.-What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _.A. school to study in B. school for child

8、ren to studyC. studying school D. school to studyto worry about The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the 2010 Expo.（没有什么可担心的）a room to live in13I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.(6) 状语 Adverbialin order to , so as to ,1.表目的2.表原因We were very excit

9、ed to hear the news.3.表结果This room is big enough to hold us.enoughto, tooto, only to, etc.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.Non-finite143._ late in the morning , Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 2001春季高考 第21题巩固练习翻译：1935年,他离开家再也没回来。In 1935 he le

10、ft home never to return.15(7).独立结构to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truthTo tell the truth, I dont agree with you.16who, which, when, how, what,whom,whether 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not.(宾语)How to solve the problem is very important.(主语)如何解决这个问题很

11、重要。我的问题是什么时候开始。My question is when to start.(表语)Non-finite8. 不定式与疑问词连用:注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?171. 作主语2. 作表语3. 作宾语4. 作补语5. 作定语6. 作状语在句中承担的成分:7. 作独立成分8. 与疑问词等连用18(1).They pretended not to see us.(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (3).She pretended to ha

12、ve known it before.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/在它之后发生.)(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)关于时态 191.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be t

13、elling D. to have been told巩固练习3203. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.(MET93 34) A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay.A. to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave21

14、关于省略 (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词. e.g.: Would you like to go with me ? (2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher? A. Id like to B.Id like to go Yes, _.Non-finiteA.Id like to be. B. Id like to.Yes,_.221. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A. expected B. tried to C. m

15、anaged to D. planned2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to巩固练习423不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but _ .(cry)(2). I have no choice but_. (go)(3).

16、What do you like _ besides_ . (do, sleep)cryto goto dosleepNon-finite24固定句型:had better+ (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事Why (not) do sth.?would rather (not) do sth.would rather do A than (do) Bwould rather + 句子（过去式） （虚拟语气）25注意以下几种情况不定式的用法*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。 如：He was the last to l

17、eave the classroom *如果understand，realize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。 如：I began to understand the truth*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as not to do。 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window ()Not to be seen, he came into the room thr

18、ough the window ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seen*so as to do一般不放在句首。 ()He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus (X) So as to catch the early bus，he got up at five this morning26不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：(1)动宾关系 I have a l

19、ot of work to do. (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come. (3)同位关系We all have a chance to go to college.271.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you.3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you.5.He is the man to see you.6.Im glad to see you.7.I went to see you.8.He went so e

20、arly as to see you9. To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.10. How to solve this problem is very important.（作主语）(作宾语）（作宾补）(作表语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）独立成分和疑问词连用28休息一下29Gerund（动名词）一. Structure： doing Negative： not doing二. 时态和语态主动语态被动语态ing 一般式完成式makinghaving made(不作定语）being madehaving been m

21、ade(不作定语30三. 在句中承担的成分:1. 作主语2. 作宾语3. 作定语4. 作表语31Collecting information is very important to business.1.作主语:Seeing is believing. e.g.-What made him so unhappy?-_ the ticket for the football match.Having been lost B. Lost C. Because of losing D. LosingKey : _DLosing the ticket for the football match m

22、ade him so unhappy32对着打翻了的牛奶哭是没用的。Crying over the spilt milk is no use.It is no use crying over the spilt milk.类似的还有：It is no good doing sth.It is no use doing sth.33I enjoy learning English.How about meeting outside the theatre?2.作宾语: Vt. Prep.+doing34下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：admit, appreciate, deny, resist

23、, stand, imagine, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, cant help, 等。如:1） 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗? Would you mind my smoking here ? 2）这女孩被告知每天练习三个小时的钢琴. The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3） Good news keeps coming. 35 下列

24、V.+prep.通常用ing形式作宾语,尤其注意介词toe.g. insist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forward to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc. Prep. 后通常用ing形式作宾语.e.g. The boy stood still without _ (dare) to raise his head because of _ (b

25、reak) a vase.daringhaving broken36to do 和doing 的区别:remember to do remember doingforget to do forget doingstop to do stop doinggo on to do go on doingtry to do try doingregret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing37注意: 动词如： permit ,allow，forbid，advice，consider 有不同的用法:V + sb to do sth & V + doing s

26、the.g. ：Please permit me to introduce myself to you first I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes. My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man38permit allow forbid advisec

27、onsider admit doing sth.e.g. ： We do not permit smoking in the officeThey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow. I forbid smoking in my houseThe little boy admitted having broken the glass.393.作表语My hobby is collecting stamps and fishing.His job is teaching.Whats the difference betwe

28、en them?Im fishing.My hobby is fishing.动名词现在分词404.作定语:a walking stickA swimming poolA sleeping car区别The walking manThe swimming girlThe sleeping boy动名词修饰名词表示名词的功能现在分词修饰名词表示该名词所处的状态41Gerund的逻辑主语:Tom insisted on coming to the party.Tom insisted on my coming to the party.我几乎无法想象peter在五天内横渡大西洋.I can har

29、dly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.42动名词表示被动意义:在动词或词组need, want, require, be worth, deserve, etc. 后的动名词表示被动意义:Your composition needs improving.Your composition needs to be improved.The book is worth reading a second time.The book is worthy to be read/of being read a sec

30、ond time.43休息一下44非谓语动词的类型:Infinitive 不定式Gerund 动名词Participle 分词Non-finite-ing 分词-ed 分词45 -ing分词(以make为例 )-ed 分词主动语态被动语态一般式完成式主动语态被动语态一般式 完成式Having mademakingbeing madeHaving been mademadeXXX46分词在句中承担的成分:由于分词具有形容词性和副词性,在句子中不能充当具有名词特征的主语和宾语. 成份类别主语宾语定语表语宾补状语现在分词过去分词471.作定语-the sun which is rising-ing分

31、词和-ed分词修饰名词有前置位&后置位.1. the rising sun 2. He is a retired worker.-He is a worker who has already retired.e.g.3. The problem bothering us is the lack of money.4. These are goods imported from Japan. 前置位:后置位- The problem (which is) bothering us is the lack of moneyWhats the difference between -ed and i

32、ng participle?-ing分词表示“进行” -ed分词表示“完成”-ing分词表示“主动”-ed分词表示 “被动”主动进行被动完成在时态上:在语态上:- These are goods (which were) imported from Japan. 48More examples:1.China is a developing country. 3.He is a well-educated librarian.2.Japan is a developed country. =a country which is developing.=a country which has d

33、eveloped.-a librarian who has been well educated.More exercise:The _(work) people have played a great role in the activity. I dont like _(can) food , I prefer something fresh . workingcanned491. 站在她妈妈旁边的那个女孩看上去很胆小。The girl_ by her mother looked very timid. 2. 最近到处在议论的话题都与2010年世博会有关。 The topics _ eve

34、rywhere recently are concerned about the 2010 World Expo .standingwho was standingwhich are being discussedbeing discussed50Whats the difference?1. The topics being discussed everywhere recently are concerned about the 2010 World Expo. to be discusseddiscussed进行完成将来2. The topics _(discuss) at tomorr

35、ows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.3. The topics _ (discuss) at yesterdays meeting was about the Olympics 2008.51巩固练习一用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spy2)A man_ (respect) others will be respected3)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were fo

36、reigners.4)The matter _(discuss) is very importantbeing questionedrespectinginvitedbeing discussed525.被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。 The boy injured by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.6.每天给我办公室送邮件的人是位退休工人.The man delivering mails to my office every day is a retired worker .53The glass is broken.The

37、food smells inviting .2.作表语What he said sounds_ (convince). He was _(interest) in what he learned in Canada and he thought everything in Canada was _(interest)convincinginterestedinteresting这道菜香味怡人。Please fill in the blank with the verb given：使信服54-ed 分词Sb. + Link.v + -ed分词-ing分词 Sth. + Link.v + -in

38、g分词 类似情况还有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encouraged ， amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.人的感觉事物本身的特点55巩固练习二用所给动词的-ed 或ing形式填空：1)The journey was quite_(tire)2)The result of the exam made me _ (disap

39、point)3)This was really an _moment(excite)4)His _look suggested that he didnt understand it(puzzle)5)He seemed quite _at the idea. (delight)6)The present situation is _(encourage)tiringdisappointedexcitingpuzzled delightedencouraging56They caught him cheating in the mid-term examinationHe was caught

40、 cheating in the mid-term examination.You cant leave the workshop with the machine running.3.作补语1.宾语补足语2.主语补足语3.介词宾语补足语57Fill in the blank:He was surprised to find his room thoroughly _.(clean)Last night I saw him _(play) the violin with his eyes _(shut).“被动”“主动”More exercisescleanedplayingshut“被动”5

41、8I heard my sister _ that song in English outside. (sing) They once heard the song _ in English. Mother heard her kid _ the door . Mother heard the door _. (open)With the test _(finish), we began to analyze the result.We _ during our last meeting.我们留下了很多问题没解决.Would you please speak louder so as to _

42、? A. make you hear B. make yourself hear C. make you heard D. make yourself heardleft a lot of problems unsolvedDsingingsungopeningopened巩固练习三finished59分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语,而句子本身可与状语从句等句型转换。4.作状语601.When we heard the news, we jumped with joy. = Hearing t

43、he news ,we jumped with joy.2.When it was heated, the metal expands. = Heated, the metal expands.3.Because he didnt know, he went to his father for help.= Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help. 4.As they were deeply moved, the children began to cry.= Deeply moved by the story, the

44、 children began to cry. “主动”“被动”表示时间表示原因615. _(look) out of the window, you can have a full view of the beach.= If you look out of the window, you can have a full view of the beach. 6._ (keep) in refrigerator, these vegetables will remain fresh. =If they are kept in refrigerator, these vegetables wi

45、ll remain fresh.表示条件Looking Kept 627. The children rushed out, shouting and jumping. 8. She walked out of the house, _by her little daughter. (follow)9. She walked out of the house, _ her little daughter. (follow)10. (consider) as a building material, wood is not very strong. = Although it is consid

46、ered as a building material, wood is not very strong. e、表示让步表示方式和伴随情况followedfollowingConsidered 6311.The car was held up by the snowstorm, thus _ (cause) the delay. 12.The glass fell to the ground, _ (break) to pieces. 表示结果Exercises 分词作状语时，分词前可加连词表示强调。e.g. heated, ice can be changed into water When

47、 tired ,I went on with the work. walking in the street, I saw a road accidentWhileThoughcausingbroken641)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them.2)Just now I saw a man_ (walk) in the street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shoulder 3)The lady would love to have her lug

48、gage _(weigh).4)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again 5)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ? -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) awaysellingwalkingseatedweighedstealingknockeddrove巩固练习四65巩固练习五_ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dared to s

49、leep in her room. (frighten)After _ it carefully, he locked the room again. (examine)The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_ (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here _ in 1949, the exhibition hall is over 50 years old. (build) _ from a distance, the Opera House looks like shi

50、p sails. (see) Although _ in the leg, he continued firing at the enemy. (shoot)FrightenedexaminingBuiltSeenshotadding66 7)_(wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt come 8) When first_ (introduce) the market, these products enjoyed great success.9) Helen had to shout to make hers

51、elf _ (hear) above the sound of the music.10) When _(compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at roducedheardcomparedWorn671.作定语2.作表语4.作状语3.作补语分词68分词的时态:-ing/ -ed +主句（不强调动作先后）;Having done Having been donee.g.1.Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike

52、 is very useful.2. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing. More exercises+ 主句（强调时间先后）691)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going on2)_(be) there more than once, the old professor offered to show us around the newly-built li

53、brary.3)_(invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bag4)_ (not know) his telephone number, she lost touch with rmedHaving beenHaving been invitedNot knowing70分词的逻辑主语:分词的逻辑主语一般为_,但当分词的动作执行者和句子的动作执行者不一致时，分词前必须有自己的主语，e.g.If weather permits, we will have a field trip. Weather permitt

54、ing, well have a field trip tomorrow 这被称为_。时间允许,我们将在去杭州的路上顺道看一下我叔叔.Time permitting, we will visit my uncle on my way to Hangzhou.主句的主语分词的独立结构71*但有些分词作状语属习惯用法，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致。如：Judging from the expression on his face, he had failed the driving test again Generally speaking ,girls are more careful

55、than boys .类似的还有:Speaking ofTalking of 72高考题1.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.(2004)A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt2.The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.(2004)A. recorded B. recording C.

56、 to be recorded D. having recorded3. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(2003)A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be takenBBA73休息一下741._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To loseC解

57、析“陷入深思”有两种表达法， A. Lose oneself in thought B. be lost in thought 综合练习752._ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not receivedC3.Before _, the machine must be checked. being used B. using it C. being used to D. using A4._ better attentio

58、n , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and _ them light. A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; givingD765) Victor apologized his_ (not be) able to inform me of the change in the plan.6) After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones r

59、eturned home,_ (exhaust).7) The discovery of new evidence led to the thief_ (catch).8) Generally_ (speak), When _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.9) She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role_ (play) in making the earth a better place_ (live).not beingexhaustedbeing caughtspeakingtakento playto p