英语语法长难句讲义

1、2015考研英语基础班讲义（语法长难句部分）考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoile

2、dthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.（1996年真题）例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise插入语或隐性定,market-orientedeconomy分译inwhich在这种经济中consumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegood

3、sandservicesthattheywantmost.合译例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinte

4、restratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegiv

5、enprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision

6、,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXianafewdaysago.观众从网上知道了这则消息：几天前，西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事故。例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomeju

7、stnow.她和她男朋友私奔的谣言根本站不住脚，例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(2009年第3篇)在贫穷国家，为了促进经济的快速发展，教育应该是最优先考虑的方面之一，然而这个传统的观点是错的。三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是

8、将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(completeinversion)。如Thenbeganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partialinversion)。如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差

9、异。例1介词短语提前(Amongtheadvantages(thatfuturebiochips,or“livingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchips(that定从)are(thattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation)that主语从句,makingthemfasterthantodayssemiconductordevices.例2Thisistheworldoutofwh

10、ichgrowsthehope(thehopegrows),forthefirsttimeinhistory(插入语)，ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.注意：调整语序，加强语气。以Therebe弓丨出的倒装句Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistance.以副词here,there,the

11、n,now,next弓丨出的侄U装句Herecometherestoftheparty.Nowcomesyourturn.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewcompound.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.以表地点的介词短语引岀的倒装句Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.主语为代词时，不用倒装Behindthecounterhestood.Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.

12、以表方位的副词引出的倒装句Upwentthearrowintotheair.Downfelladozenapples.Offwentthehorse.not短语置于句首Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.no短语置于句首Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.Innowayareca

13、nweallowthistocontinue.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.only置于句首Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.O

14、nlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.比较状语从句中的倒装HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.让步状语从句中的倒装Small

15、asatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.Complexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidntunderstand.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.Vaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanessay.Tryashewould,hecouldnotliftthe

16、rock.四、考研英语长难句之被动语态1.变为汉语的主动形式e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall

17、.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiesto

18、bemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.2被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是的”“由的”等。e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.3译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。e.g.Forallt

19、hehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelarg

20、elydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise

21、.e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy

22、.综合例题：Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.（2007年真题）五、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构Itis+adjective/noun+clause注意：先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。Soitisquitesad-形式主语（whendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,when

23、parentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofartthelonglove.）ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormark

24、etproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto注意：先翻不定式部分，再翻形容词部分。Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignl

25、anguages.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.3.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause注意：先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.ItissaidthatItisbelievedthatItisrumoredthatItisestimatedthatItisknownthatItisarguedthat六、考研英语长难句之强调句型例l.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedem

26、and（ofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes）thattogetherdetermine（whatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.被动句）七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构英语常用并列连词，如：and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:.butalso,either.or或neither.nor以及所有并列

27、连词，比较连词（morethan/notmorethanetc）等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。例1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalities要素tobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedand（然而）（thetestswork）leasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.（1995年真题）例2Astrophysicistsworkin

28、gwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.（1998年真题）例3Itisnotthat（不是）thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking,butthat（而是）thelatter（后者）isamuchfinerapparatusa

29、ndofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer（前者）。（1993年真题）八、考研英语长难句之省略句型例1.从句(Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships),【theinformalflowofinformationx】信息的流通渠道iscutoff,andwithit【theconfidence】(isalsocutoff)(thatinformationwillbeava

30、ilablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.)同位语从当家庭远离了自己稳定的社区，远离了自己多年的朋友，远离了自己原来大家庭的人际关系，信息的流通渠道就被切断了，随着沟通渠道被切断，人们的自信也被斩断了，这种自信认为当需要的时候，就可以得到信息，而且得到的这些信息是值得信赖、可靠的。九、考研英语长难句之否定结构A:部分否定partialnegation常用词有代词或副词：all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,many,everything,entirely,altogether,absolute

31、ly,wholly,completely,weathered,always,often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”Bothofthemarenotmybrothers.C.f.“Neitherofthemismybrother.”Allisnotgoldthatglitters=notallisgoldthatglitters.Everymancannotdoit=noteverymancandoitIdontrememberalltheseformulas.Thiskindoftreeisnotfoundeverywhere.Thericharenotalw

32、ayshappy.Everycoupleisnotapair.B:转移否定否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Everybodycannotenjoypopmusic.(noteveryone)否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Theclothdoesnotfeelverysoft.=Theclothfeelsnotverysoft.Idontagreewithallofyou.(someofyou)Idontlikebothofthebooks.(Ilikenotbothofthem.)否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语Hehasnotcometothede

33、cisionquickly.(notquickly)Ididnotdoitformyself.(Ididitnotformyself.)Thestudentsdidnotsittherelisteningtotheteacher.在not.and结构中，否定的往往是and后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.HedoesntspeakRussianandFrench.Dontdrinkanddrive.Weca

34、ntputonairsandmakepeoplelikeus.正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。Idontknowanythingabouther（无所知）Idontknoweverythingabouther（并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正确）Alltheanswersarenotright.（并非都正确）Idontknowanyofthem.（全不认识）Idontknowallofthem.（并非都认识）C:双重否定，意义肯定双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯

35、定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。Noonecancommandotherswhocantcommandhimself.Therewasneveragreatgeniuswithoutatinctureofmadness.Therearenoroseswithoutthorns.Youcantmakesomethingoutofnothing.Whatsdonecantbeundone.Nothingisnothingatall.Hardlyadaypassedwithoutourlearninganythingnew.可用于表示双重否定的词有no.not,n

36、o（not）.without,no.but,cannotbut+v,cannothelp+v-ing,withoutdoubt,withoutfail,cannothelp+v,withoutexception,nothinglessbut,（正是）nonebut（除外，别无）noonebut（除了.夕卜，没有别人）nonetoo（一点也不）havenoalternative/choicebuttodo（除.，别无选择）,Thereisnodoubtthat.,Thereisnodenyingthat.,Thereisnoquestionthat.,notseldom,notinfrequen

37、tly,notunlike,notdispleasedWecannotbutreadbookstoenrichourselves.Wecannothelpadmiringhiscourage.Icanthelpbutfeelsorryforher.D:几乎否定几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：little,few,barely,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,Thisproblemhasbeenlittlestudied.Helittlerealizedthedangerhewasin.Sheisbarelyright.Iseldomgotanysl

38、eeplastnight.Scarcelyanythingremainstobesaid.E:形式否定，意义肯定英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。a.cannot.too,越越，无论怎样也不过分(Itsimpossibletooverdoit.Themore.,themore.)在此结构中，cannot可改为canhardly,scarcely,never,too也可改为over+v,enough,sufficient等Youcannotbeloocautious.Youcanhardlypraisehim_toom

39、uch.Amancanneverhave_toomanyfriends.Newtonscontributiontomodernsciencecanscarcelybeoverrated.Hecantseeyouquicklyenough.(Hedesirestoseeyouassoonaspossible.)cannotwaittodo(eagertodo)Icannotwaittoreadyournewbook.Icannotwaittoseeher.b.no(nobody).but都，没有.不，只有.才Thereisnomanbuthashisfaults.Thereisnorulebut

40、hasexception.Nobodyreadsthebookbutwillbemoved.Thereexistsnomanbuthasanenemy.这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that,which,whodoes/will/havenot.注意句子结构Noonebelievesthathewillsucceed.Noonebelievesbuthewillsucceed.Thereisnoonewhoknowshim.Thereisnoonebutknowshim.Thereisnomanthaterrs.Thereisnomanbuterrs.Youwillnotfindt

41、heanswerbut(that)youstudyitthoroughly.But为否定含义never(not).but(that)每当总是，没有哪次不是Ineverseeyoubutthinkofmymother.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Neveradaypassedbutbroughtusgoodnews.Hewillnotbeangrybutthatheisoffended.nothingbut,nonebut仅仅，只，只有.才nothingbut后接非指人的名词，nonebut后接指人的名词，与nothingotherthan同义意为“仅仅，只有.才”Wecans

42、eenothingbutwater.Wefoundnonebutanoldmanintheroom.Nonebutmeknewwhathappened.Nonebutafoolwoulddosuchathing.YoucanfindthatsortofbirdnowherebutinAustralia.notingelsethan(仅仅，完全)Hisfailurewasduetonotingelsethanhisowncarelessness.no(none)otherthan正是,仅仅是,Thisisnootherthanthebookwewanttobuy.Sheisnoneotherth

43、anmyadviser.moreoftenthannot,asoftenasnot常常,往往Duringfoggyweather,planesarelatemoreoftenthannot.Asoftenasnot,hegetsuplate.likelyasnot#!.有可能Shewillforgetallaboutitaslikelyasnot.h.否定词+比较级(相当于最高级)Icannotagreewithyoumore.C.f.Icannotagreewithyouanymore.Hecouldnotfeelbetter.Thefilmcannotbebetter.Hewantsnot

44、hingmorethantime.Nothingismorepreciousthanhealth.否定词+withoutThereisnosmokewithoutfire.Hebelieved，notwithoutreason,thattheprojectwillbeasuccess.j.nootherwisethan只是，仅仅Heisnootherwiseafraidthanofhisfather.(nobodybut.)Hedoesnootherwisethanfoolaroundallday.(donothingbut)在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。Iwonderifhecan(not)helpyouinyourwork.Idontknowwhetherhehas(no)friendshere(ornot).F:形式肯定，意义否定morethan.can=cannot简直不、无法，难以Thebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscandescribe.ThisismorethanIcantell.morethanone