药学英语(上册)TextATranslation

1、药学英语(上册)_TextATranslation药学英语(上册)_TextATranslation8/8药学英语(上册)_TextATranslation精选文档Unit1Afullappreciationofthephysiologyofalivingorganismmustbebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Anatomydoesnotmerelystudytheseparationofparts,buttheaccuratedescriptionofthemorphologiesandfunctionsofdifferentorgans.对生物生理

2、学的全面认识一定鉴于解剖学的系统知识。解剖学不不过是研究人体各部分的分别，还要正确的描绘各个器官的形态和生理功能。Ourdailyfoodintakemustmatchrequirementsandanyexcessmustbeexcretedforbalancetobemaintained.我们每日摄取的事物一定知足需要，任何剩余的东西一定排出体外才能保持均衡。Theprocessofstabilizationoftheinternalenvironmentiscalledhomeostasisandisessentialifthecellsofthebodyaretofunctionnor

3、mally.内环境稳固的过程称之为体内均衡，体内均衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必不行少的。Humancellshavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemoleculestosmalleronestoliberatesufficientenergyfortheiractivities.人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力，进而为自己活动开释足够的能量。Aslongasnormalconditionsaremaintainedinthisinternalenvironment,thecellsofthebodycontinuetoliveandfunctionproperly

4、.只需这类内环境正常的条件得以保持，机体的细胞就能持续生计并发挥正常功能。Unit2Biochemistryaskshowthethousandsofdifferentbiomoleculesinteractwitheachothertoconfertheremarkablepropertiesoflivingorganisms.生物化学探访的是数千种不一样的生物分子如何互相作用，以给予生物体具备明显的特征。Enzymesarecatalyststhatacceleratetheratesofbiologicalreactions.Eachenzymeisveryspecificinitsfu

5、nctionandactsonlyinaparticularmetabolicreaction.酶是能加快生物学反响速率的催化剂。每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反响中发挥作用。Oneofthemostfruitfulapproachestounderstandbiologicalphenomenahasbeentopurifyanindividualchemicalcomponent,suchasaprotein,fromalivingorganismandtocharacterizeitschemicalstructureorcatalyticactivity.用以认识生物学现象的最

6、有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单调化学成分，比如蛋白质，并对其化学构造或催化活性进行表征。Thechemicalprinciplesthatgovernthepropertiesofbiologicalmoleculesincludethecovalentbondingofcarbonwithitselfandwithotherelementsandthefunctionalgroupsthatappearincommonbiologicalmolecules,etc.决定生物分子特征的化学原理包含碳与自己或其余元素的共价联合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等。ThebasicunitofDN

7、Aisalinearpolymeroffourdifferentmonomericsubunits,deoxyribonucleotides,arrangedinapreciselinearsequence.脱氧核糖核酸的基本单位是由四种不一样的脱氧核糖核苷酸单调亚单位以精准的线性序列进行摆列而构成的线性聚合物。Unit3Althoughtheexistenceofmicrobeswasdeterminedalmostthreehundredyearsago,thestudyofmicrobiologyisonlygettingstartedcomparedwithzoologyand.精选文

8、档botany.只管三百年古人们就确立世界上存在微生物，但与动物学和植物学对比，微生物学研究还不过刚才开始。Inancienttimes,theexistenceofmicrobeswashypothesizedandtheymightbetheresponsibleagentofdiseases,whichwaspurespeculation(推测)astherewasnomicroscopeatthetime.在古代,人们以为有微生物存在并且微生物可能是传得病的致病原，但当时没有显微镜，所以这全部纯属猜想。Thefirstonewhosuggestedtaxonomicclassifica

9、tion(分类法)ofbacteriaanddiscoveredsporesisFerdinandCohn,abotanistwhostudiedalgaeandphotosyntheticbacteria.Heestablishedbacteriology.第一位提出对细菌分类和发现孢子的人是植物学家费南科恩，他对藻类和光合细菌进行了研究，创立了细菌学。Microbesmaybetiny,butthefieldofmicrobiologyisrelativelyhuge,whichencompassesmanysubdisciplinesaffectingpeopleslifeandheal

10、thalot.微生物体积虽小，但微生物学领域却很大，此中包含好多分支学科，对人类生活和健康产生了重要影响。Someofmicrobesmaycausediseasesbutnotallmicrobesaredetriment,suchassomeofthemusedinindustrialfermentation(发酵)tomakewineandvinegar(醋).有些微生物能引起疾病，但不是全部的微生物都是有害的，如一些微生物可用于工业发酵，制作酒和醋等。Unit4Thescienceoftheeffectsofdrugsonthebodyiscalledpharmacology,andt

11、hescientistswhostudyitarepharmacologists.Pharmacologyisnotasciencethatcanbestudiedonitsown,butthatcloselyrelatedtootherbranchesofscience.Pharmacologistsshouldnotonlyunderstandthenormalprocessthattakeplaceinthebody,butknowhowthefunctionsofthebodyareaffectedbydisease.研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学，研究这门学识的科学家即是药理学家。

12、药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学，而是与其余学科密切有关的。药理学家不单要认识人体内进行的正常反响过程，还应懂得机体功能是如何受疾病影响的。Forphysiciansandmedicalstudents,thescopeofpharmacologyisnotsoexpansiveasitscommondefinition.Theclinicianisinterestedprimarilyindrugsthatareusefulintheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofhumandisease,orinthepreventionofpregnancy.医生和

13、医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范围那么宽泛。临床医生的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊疗及治疗，或许在避孕方面所起的作用。Allphysiciansshouldsharetheresponsibilitytoresolvekindsofsociologicalproblemscausedbytheabuseofdrugs,properlyused,drugsaregreatblessingtomankind;improperlyused,theycoulddestroyhumanrace.Whenapatient,particularlytheelderlyisprescribedf

14、requentlytotakemorethanonetherapeuticagent,druginteractionsresultingintoxicitywilloccur.全部医生都应当负起责任解决药品滥用所惹起的各样社会问题。药物用得适合，将是人类的一大福音，用得不妥，则可能毁了人类。病人（特别是老年病人）常常性使用一种以上治疗药物的话，常常会发生产生毒性药物的互相作用。Atonetime,itwasessentialforthephysiciantohavebroadbotanicalknowledge,becausetheyhadtopossesstheabilityandskill

15、toselectproperplantsfromwhichtopreparehisowncrudemedicinalpreparations.从前，医师一定具备很宽泛的植物学知识，因为他要懂得精选适合的植物的能力和技巧，.精选文档并将它们制备成简单的药物制剂。Thestudyofbiochemicalandphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanismsofactionistermedaspharmacodynamics,whoseuniquenessliesmainlyinthatitsattentionisfocusedonthecharacter

16、isticsofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofphysiology,biochemistry,immunology,andpathology.对药物的生化生理作用及其活性体制的研究叫做药效学，该学科的独到之处主要在于其关注的重点是药物的特色。药效学作为一门边沿学科，大批借鉴了生理学

17、、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。Unit5Tofightagainstdisease,theimmunesystemgeneratesproteinsknownasantibodiesthatbindtoinvadingorganisms.Buttherealcaseisthattheimmunesystemisnottodevelopaspecializedantibodyeachtimeitisfacedwithanewpathogen.Infact,theimmunesystemselectthemosteffectiveonebymassscreeningofitsa

18、ntibodyrepertoire,thusidentifyingtheonesthatworkbest.为了抗衡疾病，免疫系统生成了被称为抗体的蛋白质，它们附着于入侵细菌。但实质状况是免疫系统其实不可以在每次面对一个新的病原体时都制造出一种特别的抗体；实质上，免疫系统是经过对其抗体库的大规模挑选而确立最有效的抗体。Inaprocesscalledcombinatorialchemistry,chemistsgeneratealargenumberofrelatedcompoundsandthenscreenthecollectionfortheonesthatcouldhavemedicin

19、alvalue.在一种被称为“组合化学”的过程中，化学家们第一生成好多有关化合物，而后对它们进行挑选，来找到那些可能拥有药用价值的化合物。Inaparallelsynthesis,chemistsoftenuseaso-calledmicrotiterplatetoassemblealltheproductsseparatelyintheirownreactionvessels.在平行合成中，化学家们常常利用所谓的微量滴定盘将全部的产物都在其各自的反响容器中结集。Aparallelsynthesisandasplit-and-mixsynthesisaredifferentwiththatin

20、aparallelsynthesis,alltheproductsareassembledseparatelyintheirownreactioncontainers,whileinasplit-and-mixsynthesis,therelatedcompoundsaremixedupinthesamereactionvessel,whichreducesthenumberofcontainersrequired.平行合成和分裂混淆合成的不一样在于,在平行合成中每个化合物都留在自己的反响器中，而在分裂混淆合成中，有关化合物都混淆在同一容器中，这类方法极大地减少了所需容器的数目。Attheen

21、dofasplit-and-mixsynthesis,allthemoleculesattachedtoasinglebeadarefoundtobeofthesamestructure.Chemistspulloutfromthemixturethebeadsthatbearbiologicallyactivemoleculesandthen,usesensitivedetectiontechniquestodeterminethemolecularmakeupofthecompoundattached.在分裂混淆合成过程结束时，能够发现全部附着于一个小珠上的分子构造都同样。化学家们从混淆物

22、中分别出拥有生物活性分子的小珠,而后利用敏捷的探测技术来确立附着的化合物的分子构造。Units6Plantnaturalproductshavehad,andcontinuetohave,animportantroleasmedicinalandpharmaceuticalagents,notonlyaspurifiedisolatesandextractives,butalsoasleadcompoundsforsyntheticoptimization.植物天然产物已经并持续拥有作为医药和药剂的重要作用，不单是纯化的分别物提取物，并且作为合成优化的先导化合物。Plantsecondarym

23、etabolitesalsoshowpromiseforcancerchemoprevention,whichhasbeendefinedas“theuseofnon-cytotoxicnutrientsforpharmacologicalagentstoenhanceintrinsicphysiologicalmechanismsthatprotecttheorganismagainstmutantclonesofmalignantcells”.精选文档植物次生代谢产物也有希望用于肿瘤化学预防，即“利用无细胞毒营养物或药物加强内在生理体制以保护有机体，防备恶性肿瘤细胞的突变复制。3.Neve

24、rtheless,thevastmajorityoftheworldsquarterofamillionplantspecieshasnotbeenevaluatedinpharmaceuticalscreens,andthesmallpercentagethathasbeentestedhasgenerallybeenscreenedforactivityagainstonlyafewtherapeutictargets.但是，世界上25万栽种物的绝大多半还没有进行药物挑选评论，一小部分已经进行测试的也不过对极少几种治疗靶标进行了活性挑选。Althoughmanysamplingprogra

25、msdesignedtogeneratelargenumbersofsamplesforhigh-throughputscreeningprogramshavebeencharacterizedasrandom,ithasbeenshownthattheyareneithertrulyrandomnorhaphazard,butthatsamplingoccurswithoutpreconceivedselectionofspecies.只管很多产生大批用于高通量挑选的样品的采样程序已经拥有随机的特色，可是已有结果表示他们其实不是随机的，也不是随意的，除非采样是在没有先入为主的种类选择下进行的

26、。Threemainresearchapproachesareusedindrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentprocesses:(1)bioactivityormechanismofaction-directedisolationandcharacterizationofactivecompounds,(2)rationaldrugdesign-basedmodificationandanalogsynthesis,and(3)mechanismofactionstudies.在药物发现和开发程序中应用的三种主要思路是：生物活性或作用体制为导向的分别及活性化合物的判定，鉴于

27、修饰或近似物合成的合理药物设计，作用体制研究。Unit7Absorptionistheprocessofadrugenteringsystemiccirculationfromitssiteofadministration.Exceptdirectinjectionintothebloodvessels,otherroutesofadministrationinvolvethetransportofcellmembrane.汲取是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。Drugabsorption,especiallythoseorallyad

28、ministereddrugs,dependsonmanyfactors,suchastheintrinsiccharacteristicsofthedrug,dosageform,food,patientageandthelike.好多要素都能够影响药物的汲取,特别是口服药物的汲取，如药物自己的性质，剂型，食品，患者年纪等。Thedistributionofadruginthebodyisunevenandisinastateofdynamicequilibrium,thatis,itchangesconstantlywiththeabsorptionandeliminationofthed

29、rug.药物在体内的散布多半是不平均的，且处于动向均衡状态中，即随药物的汲取与排泄不停地变化着。Afteradrugenterstheblood,itwillmoreorlessbindtoplasmaprotein,butthisbindingislooseandreversible,andisalwaysinastateofequilibrium.药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白联合，但这类联合是松散的，可逆的，常常处于动向均衡。Bioavailabilityistherelativequantityandrateofdrugswithdifferentdosageformswhich

30、areabsorbedandreachthesystemiccirculation;itisconcernedwiththeintensityandspeedofdrugaction.生物利用度是指不一样剂型的药物能汲取进入体循环的相对份量及速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。Unit8Analyticalchemistryaimstoresolvetwoquestions:whatitisandhowmuchitis,thatisqualitativeanalysisandquantitativeanalysis.Qualitativeanalysisistoidentifytheeleme

31、nts,.精选文档ionsandcompoundscontainedinasamplewhilequantitativeanalysisistodeterminetheexactquantity.剖析化学的核心任务在于解决两个问题：一个是有什么；另一个是有多少，也就是定性剖析和定量剖析。定性剖析是指鉴识所含的物质而定量剖析是测定物质的正确含量。Analyticalchemistryhasexpandedbeyondtheboundsofjustchemistry,andmanyhaveadvocatedusingthenameanalyticalsciencetodescribethefiel

32、d.Eventhistermfallsshortofrecognitionoftheroleofinstrumentationdevelopmentandapplications.Onesuggestionisthatweusethetermanalyticalscienceandtechnology.剖析化学的发展已经高出了化学的界限，所以有人建议用剖析科学来描绘这个领域。但是，该名词忽略了仪器发展和应用的作用，有人建议使用“剖析科学和技术”这一名词。Analyticalchemistsworktoimprovethereliabilityofexistingtechniquestomeet

33、thedemandsforbetterchemicalmeasurementswhichariseconstantlyinoursociety.Theyadoptprovenmethodologiestonewkindsofmaterialsortoanswernewquestionsabouttheircompositionandtheirreactivitymechanisms.剖析化学家致力于提升已有技术的靠谱性以更好的知足社会中屡次出现的化学检测的需求。他们将已证明的方法学应用于新式资料，或回答对于其构成及反响机理的新问题。Qualitativetestsmaybeperformedb

34、yselectivechemicalreactionsorwiththeuseofinstrumentation.Forexample,theformationofawhiteprecipitatewhenaddingasolutionofsilvernitratetoadissolvedsampleindicatesthepresenceofchloride.Infraredspectrawillgive“fingerprints”oforganiccompoundsheirfunctionalofgroups.定性鉴识可能经过选择性的化学反响或许仪器剖析来达成。比如当把硝酸银溶液滴加到一份

35、溶解样品中，生成白色积淀就说了然样品中存在氯离子。而红外光谱能够给出有机化合物或官能团的“指纹”Thefirstphaseinthetestingofbannedsubstancesiscalledfast-screeningphase,inwhichqualitativeanalysissuchasGCorLCisadoptedtotestsuspicioussamples.Inthesecondphase,GC-MSisemployedforfurthertestingofthosesuspicioussamples.Finally,spectrophotometryorGCisappli

36、edforaccuratequantification.违禁药物检查的第一阶段称作迅速挑选阶段，往常采纳气相色谱或液相色谱等定性剖析方法检查出可疑样本；第二阶段使用气质联用对可疑样本进一步检测；最后，应用分光光度法或气相色谱进行正确立量。Unit9Thedevelopmentofanewtherapeuticagentinvolvesamultidisciplinarygroupinmanyyearsofwork，andwiththedevelopmentofgeneticengineeringandtheproductionofmonoclonalantibodies,itislikelyt

37、hatevenmoreagentsshouldbeproduced.新药研发波及多学科研究人员多年的共同研究成就，并且跟着遗传工程学和单克隆抗体技术的发展，人们势必研制出更多新药。Theactivityofbiopharmaceuticalsdependsontheircomplicatedconformationbasedonsecondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructures.Thesestructurescannotbefullydefinedwithourpresentsetofanalyticaltechniquesandapproachesforpot

38、encytesting.生物药剂的活性依靠于其二级、三级和四级构造基础上的复杂构象，并且这些构象采纳当前的剖析技术和方法还没法完整被确立并用于效能试验。Apartfromtheintravenousrouteofdrugadministration,whereadrugisintroduceddirectlyintothebloodcirculation,allotherroutesofadministeringsystemicallyactingdrugsinvolvetheabsorptionofdrugfromtheplaceofadministrationintotheblood.除了

39、静脉注射这一给药门路能够直接进入血液循环外，全部其余浑身性作用的药物的给药门路都波及药物从给药地址汲取进入血液的过程。Biopharmaceuticalsarepharmaceuticalproductsconsistingof(glyco)proteins,andtheyhaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatsetthemasidefromlowmolecularweightdrugs.生物药剂是含有（糖）蛋白的药物制剂，它们拥有很多与小分子量药物不一样的特征。Insafetytestingandclinicaltestprogramsofbiopharmaceut

40、icals,questionshavetobeaddressedregardingspeciesspecificresponses,selectionofdosingschedulesandrouteofadministration,andthepossibleoccurrenceofimmunogenicity.精选文档在生物制剂安全性试验和临床试验计划中，一定将重点放在种属特异性应答、给药门路和给药方案的选择以及可能发生的免疫原性上。Unit11Theinformationthepackageinsertcontainsisderivedfromdatasuppliedbyinvestig

41、atorsandsubmittedbythepharmaceuticalfirmtotheFDA,includingthechemicalstructureofthedrug,asummaryofitspharmacologicalthetoxicologicalaction,itsclinicalindicationsandcontraindications,precautions,reportedadversereactions,dosagerecommendations,andavailabledosageforms.FDA的数药品说明书中所包含的信息来自于检查人员供给的、由药品生产厂家

42、提交给据，包含药品的化学构造、药理/药毒性能的概说、临床适应症和禁忌症、注意事项，有报导的不良反响、建议用量和可用剂型。Thephysicianmayexercisehisprofessionaljudgmentintheuseofanydrug.However,ifhedeviatesfromtheinstructionsinthepackageinsertandadversereactionsoccur,hemustbepreparedtodefendhispositionincourtifthereisamalpracticesuit.Ifaseverereactionoccurreda

43、ndlitigationfollowed,howwouldacourtreactifaphysicianadmittedtotheuseofthisdrugforthetreatmentofsomediseasesinviewoftheprohibitionsinthepackageinsert?Wouldthepublishedclinicalstudy,plusthephysiciansjudgmentinprescribingthedrug,suffice?TheFDAcannotrequireapharmaceuticalfirmtoincludeanewuseforthedrugproductintheinsertevenifithasbeenclinicallytestedandfoundusefulforagivenproblem.But,ifanewuseforadrugisnotyetincludedinthepackageinsert,themanu