测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译

1、andandandandand(II)andandandESTis（什么是测绘学）doescomeandandgeogeobeentoemergedandbeennumberemergeanddemandanddemandandandhumanandtoandbeenadoptedtobetoengagedtomoreand术。）toandandtotoandonbothangedtodoesnottotobeenandandtobothandandtoandandbutand】界限）toandandbasedand，这basedandtoand大改革【andbothandAand).both

2、toremotemanagementtotobeenadoptedtoandremoteandcomponentandandmapsandandmanagementandandandonandoutputonandbeenandmodernremoteandandandandmodermmodernmeanstoandmanageandandmanagementmanagementmeans域。【.managementandandtoandremoteandandandmanagementmoderntoandandtermedcomeandandgroundbasedandanddepend

3、onandandandto.termedandbothandremoteandandandmanagementandandandandand:and（大地测量与平面测量）beenandandmapand/andonandandbutandon.andandtoneededandmoreandmethodspermanentmonumentsandpermanentmonumentsandandground-based,andmadetoAand】【AthoughtnotonnotbutonandtoandandonAand提供【andnumberandandbemeanbetotoandtob

4、esameandtobeandbebutand7mmsubtendedsumandsubtend7mmbebe重视】）AnumberandandhumanmadetoandandandtobetomeanandIftofillheandsamemeanandmeandatumanddatumupondatumtomeanmeanandandandandtoandadoptsandtotoandmapand（距离测量）needtonotononetobeandbeonIfandthoughnotbeonodometerbetoandnumberbetoand定】）commontocommonth

5、emtoabouttoandmoretapeandcomposedand】系数【ononeandonandmandIftoAandB,doABtapetoBandtapeA,bobpumptoA.BAAbobpumptapeupanddownpumpandtapeIfandgetsegmentsegmenttotapeto】测meansmeansandtopandbottomonandtobeKandto+K+KbutbeKandonbeandandandtotoAandtoandbeandtoandtoandtoandtogoonetobebetoandtouptonottoanduptoa

6、nduptotoandmethodsandmethodsmethodandmore即】脉冲【pathtobeandandandtotoupononebeamtouponendtobetoneedandandto（角度和方向测量）andtobeandbetotoAandsuspendedsuspendedoneAtonumberAtooneAnumberAontotoBandA(ABandontoABABACandnottotototobetotobeouttobeouttotobeoutAtotoandtoAandonandtotomostbemostandandbetotoandandtoa

7、ndAtotoABtoandtoBABBandA,B,AandbeABABandonBandtoonandtoBandnoteBbesamemeanbeandandandon(LEDs).LEDsbebesometobetobuttontoononmeanandto,beendtototoandto（导线测量）toononanduponandAbutnobutnobothandandtoandandtototoonandbenumbermethodsandtomethodbasedononeandbecomputed命题】【onebebecomputedmethodadoptedto出现【ba

8、sedonbecomputedsomeandneededbemoreandsomeandAandonandandbeAandtobasedonsomebetocomputedbeand】新的地物【emergedmostmethodtoandemergetoandandopen上【openopentodatumandnotopennoandandmeansnotobetoandOpenAbeoneAnametodatumandsameAandbeenAandXandYonXYtoonandbothbeandbemoreandandonandsumbebutduetoandrandomnotnum

9、bernduetosumandsumbetosameonandbemeansbetoontobeandtendtocomputesumandsumandthemandtotendtocomponentandcomponentcomponentbebothandontosomeYandXtoYXYXYX（高程测量方法）betodatummeanAllonbebeenmosttoandtodatumdatumtotodatumtotototobeand.mostmethodandoneandandandandmeansmeansmeansoneoutputtoandbeenandtoandon施加

10、【】特殊限制【tobutbetodatumnumberdatumtommostmethodandmostmethodmeanstoremoteremotetoBtoAtobeupAandB,andbothandbABA，在ABbtobe+BbeBbtoB,andbeBtosomebeontobontobto+toandbetoamountandnoandandtobetoamount中间】）】使用常规的【moderntoandtoandandandbehgroundAandBABhiAandB.iABandbutmethodtommoderateandtomoderatemandbeandan

11、dmadebothtermedtermedmeancomputedbothandmean.betototogroundground（智能型全站仪）obegantomoreonbothand】和无线电通讯【noAmostAandAllageandsame，都能基本【beenuponandandbeenuptobeandoutputandandbeandandtoandIfandgroundandcomputetoandtobecomputedtotobecomputedAllbeonAtobothand】电动机【motorendbeandandbeen(ATR)toandtoand1mm+1pp

12、mto1mm+1ppmandontothemtoandremotetoneedremoteAllbeanddoesATRATRtoonATRnotetotosamebetoandandspeedautomatedTCAmodeandmoreTCAspeedandontoandandroadheadeAandtobenumberErrors（测量工作中的误差）madetobeAoneneedtotocomputetapeandbetonotto际的】时becomputedandandpropagatedpropagatebeneedtosometoneedtobenoandandmostthem

13、andandandbemoreandbutbeandbroadbroadonnotbeandduetohumantotoduetotoandbeandhumanstobeduetohumandueto整性【themtoandrandomtonotcomparedtobadpoorandandcommonnotandbetapedownbetobemostmostandgoodandandandbeandandbeandtosomeandbesome,andtoandbasedoncomputedandonsome,basedontotoandbetodoessomesometoandbecom

14、pensatedtoRandomhumanandonandbeenrandomrandomanddonotandtobebutbeandto这样的【】误差的大小【】未知，但是可以依照【torandomgroundnotandrandomtorandomphenomenarandommanagebeandBasicErrorsandandbeenm.randomdoesnot.andrandomrandomArandomnotamount.andrandomsame.mto.meanrandomtoto,random.Auponnumber,to.Thesmooth.Tm.mrandom.to.

15、nonnumber,andsmoothmto.If,toandsum.Anumberrandomand.andmostrandom.randommeanandbemN,.be.:mostmean.meantomostrandom.,meanmeaniiin,number,andmeanmosttobem.bemeanmean.amountabout.touponone.mmeanii.e.i_,andmeanbe,and,ni()i.mean.,on,number.and.mnumbernto;,niime,and.random.Aand,random.Ifnottogetm.torandom

16、,random,andi.e.=.,andi.e=.tomeanniiiandnnumber.:.and.toon.onem.torandomcomputed,onemoreandrandomonem.totoandsumthemto.=,andamount,amountto,mi.nnto,.tod.and,()().()n.Tand.（准确度和精度）butnotnumberbebutnotoutllandAbebutbutmadesameandonemorebemeansamebetoandmorethoughagreementamongthoughamongtoandtotowhom】）

17、:degreedegreeandmethodsto重复能力】。）toandtotobentandtotomoretoandtotoduetoandmmdueto:degreeto).tobentand,beneedtotodegreeheandbothandmadeonedegreenotchangedbutduetorandomduetoandbe;aboutbecomparedcomparednotbetotodenotestoberandombeenandtodotodo关】）seemtonotneedtodegreebetomoremoreandneededtosame,no,hemo

18、reto.Atapedonemto.one.termedand.basedon,methodsdonot.sum.to,andbe.Acomposedand.A.be,.If,betoto.,supposee.Alltoandbe.,to,toattempttoamong.sum.Ifsum,more.,toand.needtobeandnot.,needtoetoto.,sum.adequatetoandtoabout.and.,andbe.totoamount.notto.tobeand.and.,uponand.sumn,nnumbersum,sumandsumand.hen.,toan

19、dmostmosttobecomputed.Atotomost.no,endandsame.andtotobemet.tobutandand,to.,and.Theandto.Theandtoandandtobe.Themostand.Tonmade.not,betoamount.be.mgeodesy.n.and,geo-.and,toand.,tooneand,p.tobe.and,p:“,.”toand.to,.,tobetoand,beande.,.,and,andphenomena,and.andandgeo,tomoon,.andbe,and.andon.andandon,meth

20、odsbothandand,andon.modernaddedmethodsmethodsto.andtodeduceand.,toand.and.,andbeen,and.andand,and.beand,:.andandon,.andphenomena,.uponmadeand.oduetoandbeandbecomputedon.andto.Ifontom.betoandtocompute.toand.bedatumtoandonmapsandeneedand.toandandto.be,mean.uponeon,ground.Lbe.mostmean.,to.downto.bebase

21、don.sameand,m.thoughttobeduetom.mtoto.mmto,b-bobmeansbeto.to.andmtodatum.,and,toL.bemdatumdependent.and.aboutand.tomeetneedsdatum.andnot,smoothbetocompute,and.to,notto.mandm.,andnoteto,h.,eenand.toand.,computeand.mtoto,.Lbe.nothomogeneousandon.tom,not.to,doesnot.doesnotmean.Tmeansnotsame.amongbe:to,

22、name.andsame.and.be.A.Adatumtoandonmap,.datumandandandtomap.datumbeentomade.someand.basedon.datumsmapsanddatums.datumsbemandto.to.mapsandmean.hundreddatums.datumandto.Theandcomputed.mapmoreoneondatum.:Adatum.datum.todatum:toto,andoneto(i.,.m,andto,andtoandtometo.Aondatum.,andandondatumbeto.datums.an

23、d.,tobenotenoughtomodernand.datumandon.tonotebasedondatum,to.,Xidatum.:,todatum.mostmean.to.to,toto.and.,andsame.tomeansto.emeanuponeon,ground.notmost.to,notmean.Amonebasedon.basedonsamedatum,tobethem.ondatumsame.anddatumto.Adatumdatum.Adatumtoonedatumdatum.datumbasedonand.anddatumsbe,XYZonedatumand

24、,and.toon.,and.some.metomode.Nobeand.:maponmapsame.and.onmaps.:Amaptoonmap.:Amapmonto.:onmapandsameon.:mapmapmappedsametoonmapmap.tocommon.,.),not.onto.Abembeen.Ifandontoandunrapped,and.Thebeandbutmnotmore.mapnot.totermed,.toon.bothmonnot.to.henupontoand.toon.henmetoand.monto.to.,one.ontoto.mandmnot

25、.,more.,mapbecomes.maps.meetsandmappedon.montotoon.,doesnot,.andanddonot.to,and.tobemappedto,A.A.A.mbmapand.memeandandm.butedgemap.map-usemapneedtobesome.some,.,.Themtobeand.(UTM).,mto.rhumb.and.m.,recommendedtoto+/m.to,to.and.,moston.toto.andandm.one,.,toomMandmandtobeFMmr.,onpathon.Ifon,pathonto.p

26、ath.sumand.onononon.thoughonabout.toand,to,tospeed(i.,.,made.,d.one.Thenot.onandm.Ameanon.onm.modernto=10.,to.m.andE,.about.mademmandnotbutduetoand.Allon.,and.totodropand.be.and.Ifbem.Ifmore.,madesome.mostnumber.becomputed.,methodbeenmethodbasedonbetobeenmadeandtodatumand.Theand,and.

27、decade.tobeandmademore,m.beentooandand,notbe,beentodenseneededmadem,and.,bemade,putedto.,todatum.out,damsand.doneto.tobeandmeans.notbe.tobeandtooneandtom.andandgetmoreandmoremodern.tomeet,:datum,bothAandL,to.tosometotodatum.datumdatumcommon.anddatumbemeans.to.andL.toA.:andA,Lto.toto,meetto,be,and.an

28、dbothAandLbe.to.beand.togoodto.Thencomputedandandupdatedenoughtoone.methodnot,begoodenoughto.methodand.The.Thembe,i.andmand.andand,.Ifdonot,tooand/orbebe.,mbetonumbertotom.beto.Iftoaddto.be.,.nottotoomsame,buttoonembe.,bebothandoneandsame.to,sameboth.been,madeandbemore.,.Land.andLthem,.tosomeandmore

29、doesnot.be,and.Thebem.tobe.sameto.basedonandon.andbe.morei.to.basednotuponbutondegreeto.Ifdonno,andand.dueto.,tobemeans.doetoandbemade.,meansnot.Computedamountsbe.,too.totomthemneedsnumbermnotbe.betoto,and.andnottobetobe.（施工放样）toand代替】）mapsandneedtoaboutandtotobeandtoandongroundbe”或“”）andongroundand

30、onandontotoandman-madehadsomeamountnotman-madebutto:toandonandnotbeonandbetoandproposedproposedonemorenotbeandtogoodpermanentbutmoretogoodpermanentpermanentbenotbeneededtobe】）on:betodowndowndown放下、设下】，monumentsendmonumentsbeandtoandandnotbutonsomesome】偏移【】）donenottoromtoandbeandto:toandtobecomputedt

31、otobecomputedbetoAtoupandtoandbeenupandandtobe】）andandup/downneededto/:beenandtoandbeandcomponentsbeneededandUnit19DeformationMonitoringofEngineeringStruvturetoman-madeandand.toground.)toto.moreandbothand.,and.andandmovementtoneedtoand.toand.andman-mademadeand.bee.damandmadee.andmore.,mtobeto,.m,.be

32、,more.and.andtothem.beandmethods.methodsbe,and,andand.Anumberbeenandtoand.butto,.methodsbemethodandmethod.methodand.A.Ttomovementandmovement.andbe.mostdependuponandtoandtotobe.notgeobutneedsdependsonand.,proposedbebasedon.AcommonbothandmethodsThetotobe,andtodatumbe,andandnotmovement.bebothproposedan

33、dbeandgood.andandbetoandto.,be,be.betomeanandandmeanbecomparedmoston.andmanagement.be.moreonebeenenoughtoboth.toi.,tobe.e.,m.,tomeand,to.Thebeonei.,.besome.The,andand.GPS（认识GPS）IsGPS?betoon.and能。）andbeandbothandandaboutandtomeanstoupononetomostandandtoandonandsameandtotomanagementtooneandAandandongr

34、oundandcomputebasedonandtotospeedspeedtocomputetotocomputeandtotoandIfto.IfAllsamesame.to.Ifbutononandonnotonbutoutupandandtobemeansonbebeonupandoneneededto.GPS认识Errordegradecomputedbeandspeedtobespeed.aboutcomputedhecomputedonboardtotoonpathbouncetopathtoonTV.Errors.tooutandgetbutdependsontotobutmo

35、stonbutmoretomorebutbemethodtoandcommontobothandgroundtoandthemtonumbersameandupononetoonoutonoutonnottoandthemandget.abouttoto.andhsameto,andenduptotocompute.bothandandandbeIsGPS?bedependsontocomputeandandtoandthem.读数。）meansmeansbenotomoreandaboutto.tonumbertomoreto.Space（太空轨道上的竞争）toandannounced.an

36、dneedsdepartmentupaboutspendtobetogetsomeontoGALILEOandGALILEOandcomposed+nodesandtoandmessageandCommandandandtoandandtoupdatemessageupdatedtoL2L1L2onL1andL2;L1L2datumandtoandnosometoandtoandsegment.tobetoneededtoandtobemediumandbetoandontotoandbothandAand.GALILEOnotobothnotoneedtoGALILEO,beto(EC)an

37、d(ESA).GALILEOEC）和欧洲航天局（ESAto.GALILEOGALILEOand）开始）GALILEObeGSTBtoESA.ESAuptobetoGALILEOandgroundGALILEObeenbeto.GALILEO+3andtoGALILEOGALILEOgooduptotoandGALILEOnumberandonenoonGALILEObeongroundtoandtoGALILEOGALILEObetoGALILEOGALILEOGALILEOtocomputeandtoandgroundandbeand-bandbeandGALILEObeenandGALIL

38、EObasedonsameandanddegreetoGALILEOGALILEOnotandGALILEO,bemeansonbetouptoGALILEOandandsegment+1bothandoneonbeandandGALILEO),BEIDOUbeGALILEOandand555andandGALILEOdonottoGALILEOneedtotoandtocompbasedongetandbothout.bothandandGISBasics（GIS的基础）GISand,.,adoptandgoo,bename,and.bename,ho,and.,),totoAbemadeu

39、pandto.,.map,do.outandandandandto,Amapnotmoretoononmapand.,All,andand.thememap.,themebemadeupthemesame,themesbeontoponeaboutsamebeandamountabouttoonmap.,.,componentsbeandhumanand:/,bebebehookedandandtomap.,.:,),bothandandandto(ESRI)one(ESRI)same,butto.toneeds,toandmanagement:mapmapandmapmapmand.,and

40、,and,andto,anddocumentabout.,/,Managementteamandmanagesoutputandmanagesoutputtomeetsand,Ato,andmanage,and,and.,Alltobetonumber:,mostcommontotoandtoand,:,.,tobe.:,mapsnotmneedtobeand.mapphotoopenonmaptomap.be.:,mostcommonmethodmapsandphotophotograph,.:,:beand:toandremotebeand/:,:age.methodstoandmetho

41、dsandand.:,methodstoandmethodsandand,.componentandbe.:,on.,and.tobeupdatedand.tobeand.Agoodand/toandand.thought.,andmemethods.tomapand.The.map,.tomandmaptoto.andbetomapand.GISGIS中的数据类型和模型and.toto.beand,.andembeddedbeto.beon.,andbethought,and.,mostandhumanphenomenaonandto,to.betobe.phenomenaone.tobea

42、ndtonono.be.beupon.to.tom.,to.bothand.mposedandendsame.and,andamount.,.,to.and.totoand.,and.,andbe,amount,and.about.be,.m.map.mapbetoabout.bebe.Ifabout,.If.,onmap.tomapbeto.dtomapandsometo.be.meander,undergosuddenduetoandduetoto.toandto.togetandmoreto.one.one,downcomponentsandtothem.needtoaddtobemap

43、smap.bemap.addtomapon.,map.onopenup.,beand.and.,and,toand.be.,m,.and.be,.,and.Aoneand.onebeto.mosttoandhomap.bebasedonmapand.toosometobe.too,andtotomapbeand.,:.,/（数字地面模型）andtoandR.A.,and.mXXXXnumberknownXYnumberandtocommoncommonXandYandtoXYAandandabouttodatumandtomadeupK:andphotogramandtoandandmetho

44、dstoandandtoandto）。methodmadetobebebemethodtotodenseandhomogeneousamongandand(X,Y)andandX,YbeonandandgroundmethodsmostandphotogrammethodsberemoteonamounttendtoandtoandtoandandtototonumbersameamountabouttobothandmoremeshandtototoandonemoretoandAtobeonTtoaboutandcomponentbothandtobeandandmostandmostme

45、thodbemadeonAX,YontoX,Y,mapX,YonAX,Y,tobeX,YX,Y,XXYZpseudoonandphenomenageoonemostbeenandbeennotandandandbutandUnit26ApplicationsofGIStomoreemergeaboutandandandbeenandandhumanandandandandandbecomeandmeanstomanageandandnotbuttodoandmoreandmoderntomaptoandandmapandandandandandbe/toandmanagementandandm

46、anagementTandandand/beendependentonbasedmapandmapbemoreupdatedtomapandmapmapsbasedmapsmademoretomapsautomatedmapsmanagementandandnumbertotomanageandandmapISmanagementtoandandandanddemandsontoandtodemandstoandandmanagementandtomanageandtoandandtoandtoandandontoandtoandandmanageandandandbecomesmoreand

47、beenmoreandtotoanddemandandsometoandandandESRItoandESRIEarthandandandtoandtoandandandandtotothemandcommongroundandmanagement/andandandtomanagetoandandandtoandandandandbe,Remote.butbeontape.most.togroundmodernmosttoand,andtoe.,to.beand.to.mostcommontogroundmaps.and.beand.toground.beandmapped.mostcomm

48、onmapsmethodandmanagement.beproposedand.,tototobemappedongroundandengageandanddams,andand.andto.,and.:to.and,both.maps.:someandcomponentsandtoandphotographed.onand.,photo.,to.andorthophoto.bebutbemapsand.:become.toandon.bebe,notonon.and.,andon.outputbemapsandon.onbetobeonsame;be.Full,onemostand.mode

49、andmethod.duetospeedand.,mostand.,Member,and.,toandand.modeand.notand.,butand.and.（遥感的基础）Isremotebe.doneandand,:,remoteandremoteand,(A)remotetotoandman-madebutnospeedspeedtobeandtoand.mostremotetomushX(B)tocomeandto(C)toonbothandandand,and,andmodessomesomeandsomeandsomeandonandbeen,notand.remotetoto

50、andonremotebeonon(E)tobetoandand/(F)andremoteand/toaboutremotebebeand/bemeansontotobe(G)remotebeentoabouttosome.beandremoteandandbetonobeamountenoughtoberemotetobeandtobenottoamounttoandremotebeandremoteandremoteandand(SLAR)andtoremotebasedonandbeentotomapnotbeentobothand.andremoteUnit29DigitalImage

51、ProcessingandItsApplicationsinRStobe.beandAbehumanandandAmoreoneandone,oneand.Aandgn.bebegnnmng,.goneandtomeannumberandtobothandandonandtoandandtoandandandtobebasedonononandonbe,:,toremotebetotoandremoteand/toabout/andremote.human.donetoandtobetobeonandbeandbandsremoteandbebeandandphoto,toandandbase

52、donandremoteandbe,betotoandbeouttoandhumanandoutdonetoandhumanandsome.andtoautomatedand.toremotebeandontapetoandtocommonbeandremoteremotemostcommonmethodandtoand/more/andandtocommonbebemapsandon.remotemapbetoupdatemaptoandmoreandLaser（机载激光测图技术）nddoesmeantobeentomademethodmoreremote.tobutandcomparedt

53、o,toand.and(LIDAR)and(IRS).mountedtomapsbeneathpathcomposedandgroundandandhousedheadandandandonandtobetoon/benoAnumberneedson.toonandtoand.beenbeenanddemand.toontototobasedonspeedtogrounddamagetobeup.Bydensetotomapandonandpath,.,andonand.AmappedtodoesnotandtoXYZ.basedonbutmethods.begroundmethods.toa

54、ndmtoXYZandandandremoteLIDARamountLIDARandandtosomeandandandoncomparedtomorenotandto.ontotobetototoaddedand/.andMoon.to.maps.andtobemappedbetobe.tonumberbemadeto.bemadebothand.Aandi.andon.andandtoground.be.madeupto,one.Ifsame,butonetobesameand.,andpathandmeans.pathbenumberone.be.onesameonground.,and

55、.todegree.mostdegradeduetotermed.togood.outputandgoode.,andbad.notbut,i.onto.tocomputeandtobei.beaddedto.Ifground.and.to,onbetomap.method.Aand.onetocommonout,i.onon.andtoto.most.,toand.,one,toon.and.andneedstobeto.oneandnotto.tandem.on,.and,andbeon.andon.tandemmodeand.to.,butmore,todeduceandphenomen

56、a,.to,andpresumedtobeand,mononand.methodscomposedbut.onehandmethodsandtothem.bebe.methodsandand.methodsmethod.,methods.bemethods.themneededmediumtoto.methods.method.methodsmethodsto.nogroundmethodsbe,.andmethodsbeenadaptedto.,onspeedgroundandbemade,andbeground.groundmeanstendtomergeoneone.aboutbeong

57、round.,to.,methodsneedto.tooandto.nototomethodsandbeon.groundbutbeto.,upnot.e.to.beandbeto.moreV,notuncommonon.tobenoton.beenmostduetoandup.edgesandbut.tostoppedand.membraneandbeenphenomenonbeand.benotbutmoresum.sometobebejgroundj(iE)(iIPandEandand.beenmade.andsome!and.attempttomeansandoneattemptm=m

58、andjend.amountstoto-mto.doestodependence.dependence.morebeenmadetodependenceanddependence,more.beto.tophenomenononand.,ground.and,madeto.If=.(tobe=1/dependon,dependson.be,phenomenon.nottophenomenon.madetouponbe.andandtoto.:CEE=,u=m.)tobeand.ubeto.endnoandtoon.andEEEEdenotesnumberatome,and.Atodepende

59、nce.andsame.tonotetobetoandutobeE,same.andtobeoutandnotFIGFIG.and.andtoandthemmeetneedsand.and.FIG.toandFIGand.;andbe.ManagementandandManagementandandManagementandManagementIUGGandtoandand.onegrouped.toandandand.andandcomponent,andandand,magnetosphereandandMoonand.toand.themes.and.IAG)oneand.and.toa

60、ndamongand.IAGIAG,andandtoandto.and.IAGandandand,andandand.numberIAGandand.,andbe.andandtoandremoteand.on,.and.remoteandand,andand.andandmonumentand.,andandandandandandICAandmaps.topromoteand.andtoand.and.onandonand.onand.andonandand.ISSN:mbroadandm.,photogram,mand.,andmanagement,and,and.ISSN:,.been